Coping with Loss and Bereavement in Post-war Tigray, Ethiopia

Transcultural Psychiatry

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 545-565

  Nordanger, Dag ø ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

bereavement; coping; culture; PTSD; religion; trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BEREAVEMENT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COPING BEHAVIOR; CRYING; CULTURAL FACTOR; ETHIOPIA; FEMALE; GRIEF; HEALTH STATUS; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RELIGION; SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SORROW; VICTIM; VIOLENCE; WAR;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; AGED; BEREAVEMENT; CATCHMENT AREA (HEALTH); CULTURE; ETHIOPIA; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RELIGION AND PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WAR;

EID: 37249040541     PISSN: 13634615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1363461507083896     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Agger, I. (2002). Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of refugees — A historical perspective. Available [Accessed 13 April 2005]: http://www.oasis-rehab.dk/Sider/Bibliotek/Artikler/Inger%20Agger.pdf
2. Alem, A., Jacobsson, L., Araya, M., Kebede, D., & Kullgren, G. (1999). How are mental disorders seen and where is help sought in a rural Ethiopian community? A key informant study in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 40-47.
3. Alem, A., Kebede, D., Woldesemiat, G., Jacobsson, L., & Kullgren, G. (1999). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of mental distress in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 48-55.
4. Alem, A., Shibre, T., Kebede, D., Kullgren, G., & Jacobsson, L. (2002). The Butajira Study — a comprehensive Ethiopian study on mental disorders. European Psychiatry, 17, 47S.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
7. Bazeley, P. (2000). The NVivo qualitative project book. London: SAGE.
8. Bracken, P.J. (2001). Post-modernity and posttraumatic stress disorder. Social Science & Medicine, 53(6), 733-743.
9. Bracken, P.J. (2002). Trauma: Culture, meaning and philosophy. London: Whurr.
10. Breslau, J. (2004). Cultures of trauma: Anthropological views of posttraumatic stress disorder in international health. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28(2), 113-126.
11. Bruner, J.S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. de Jong, J.T., Komproe, I.H., Van Ommeren, M., El Masri, M., Araya, M., Khaled, N., et al. (2001). Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(5), 555-562.
13. deVries, M.W. (1996). Trauma in cultural perspective. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 398–413). New York: Guilford Press.
14. Eisenbruch, M. (1992a). The ritual space of patients and traditional healers in Cambodia. Bulletin de l'école Française d'extrême-orient, 79(2), 283-316.
15. Eisenbruch, M. (1992b). Toward a culturally sensitive DSM: Cultural bereavement in Cambodian refugees and the traditional healer as taxonomist. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(1), 8-10.
16. Englund, H. (1998). Death, trauma and ritual: Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Social Science & Medicine, 46(9), 1165-1174.
17. Ethiopian Embassy UK. (2004). The state of Tigray. Available [Accessed 16 April 2004]: http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/Regional%20States/The%20State%20of%20Tigray.htm
18. Giel, R. (1970). Some patterns of thinking and feeling in 50 neurotic Ethiopian students. Psychiatria Neurologia Neurochirurgia, 73(1), 49-57.
19. Giel, R. (1972). Psychiatric observations on hostility in Ethiopian students. Psychiatria Neurologia Neurochirurgia, 75(1), 73-77.
20. Giel, R. (1999). The prehistory of psychiatry in Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 2-4.
21. Giel, R., Bishaw, M., & Vanluijk, J.N. (1969). Behaviour disorders in Ethiopian children. Psychiatria Neurologia Neurochirurgia, 72(4), 395.
22. Giel, R., Gezahegn, Y., & Vanluijk, J.N. (1968a). Faith-healing and spirit-possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science & Medicine, 2(1), 63-79.
23. Giel, R., Gezahegn, Y., & Vanluijk, J.N. (1968b). Psychiatric morbidity in 200 Ethiopian medical outpatients. Psychiatria Neurologia Neurochirurgia, 71(2), 169-176.
24. Giel, R., Kitaw, Y., Workneh, F., & Mesfin, R. (1974). Ticket to heaven — Psychiatric illness in a religious community in Ethiopia. Social Science & Medicine, 8(11): 549-556.
25. Giel, R., & Vanluijk, J.N. (1968). On the significance of a broken home in Ethiopia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114(513), 957-961.
26. Giel, R., & Vanluijk, J.N. (1969). Psychiatric morbidity in a small Ethiopian town. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115(519), 149-162.
27. Giel, R., & Vanliujk, J.N. (1970). Psychiatric morbidity in a rural village in south-western Ethiopia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 16(1), 63-71.
28. Giorgi, A. (1985). Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
29. Global Information Network in Education. (2003). Trauma projects. Available [Accessed 23 February 2003]: http://www.ginie.org/ginie-crises-links/trauma/projects.html.
30. Goenjian, A.K., Karayan, I., Pynoos, R.S., Minassian, D., Najarian, L.M., Steinberg, A.M., et al. (1997). Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(4), 536-542.
31. Honwana, A.M. (1997). Healing for peace: Traditional healers and post-war reconstruction in southern Mozambique. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 3(3), 293-305.
32. Horowitz, M.J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209-218.
33. Huberman, A.M., & Miles, M.B. (1994). Data management and analysis methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 428–444). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
34. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. (2003). Armed conflict report 2003. Available [Accessed 16 April 2004]: http://www.ploughshares.ca/CONTENT/ACR/ACR00/ACR00-EthErit.html.
35. International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims. (2005). A world without torture. Available [Accessed 13 April 2005]: http://www.irct.org/usr/irct/home.nsf/unid/JREW-5MSCQ2.
36. Jacobsson, L. (1985a). Mental disorders in patients admitted to a general-hospital in western Ethiopia 1960-1970. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71(4), 410-416.
37. Jacobsson, L. (1985b). Psychiatric morbidity and psychosocial background in an outpatient population of a general-hospital in western Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71(4), 417-426.
38. Jacobsson, L., & Merdasa, F. (1991). Traditional perceptions and treatment of mental-disorders in western Ethiopia before the 1974 revolution. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84(5), 475-481.
39. Janesick, V.J. (1994). The dance of qualitative research design: Metaphor, methodolatry, and meaning. In N. K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 209–219). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
40. Jensen, S.B., Neugebauer, R., Marner, T., George, S., Ndahiro, L., & Rurangwa, E. (1997). The Rwandan children and their families: Understanding, preventing and healing traumatization. An evaluation of the government of Rwanda and UNICEF trauma recovery program (1995-1997). Copenhagen: European University Centre for Mental Health and Human Rights.
41. Kinzie, J.D., Tran, K.A., Breckenridge, A., & Bloom, J.D. (1980). An Indochinese refugee psychiatric clinic: Culturally accepted treatment approaches. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1429-1432.
42. Kirmayer, L.J., & Young, A. (1999). Culture and context in the evolutionary concept of mental disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(3), 446-452.
43. Kirmayer, L.J., Young, A., & Hayton, B.C. (1995). The cultural context of anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 503-521.
44. Kirmayer, L.J., Young, A., & Robbins, J.M. (1994). Symptom attribution in cultural perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39(10), 584-595.
45. Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking psychiatry: From cultural category to personal experience. New York: Free Press.
46. Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
47. Levine, D.N. (1965). Wax and gold: Tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Lincoln, Y., & Cuba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
49. Lopez, S.R., & Guarnaccia, P.J.J. (2000). Cultural psychopathology: Uncovering the social world of mental illness. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 571-598.
50. Machel, G. (1996). Promotion and protection of the rights of children: Impact of armed conflict on children. Report A/51/306. New York: United Nations.
51. Marsella, A.J., Friedman, M.J., Gerrity, E.T., & Scurfield, R.M. (1996). Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Some closing thoughts. In A. J. Marsella, M. J. Friedman, E. T. Gerrity, & R. M. Scurfield (Eds.), Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research and clinical applications (pp. 529–538). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
52. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
53. McNally, R., Bryant, R., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(2), 45-79.
54. Mjaaland, T. (2004). Ane sugh’ ile. I keep quiet. Master's thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
55. Mooren, T., de Jong, K., Kleber, R., & Ruvic, J. (2003). The efficacy of a mental health program in Bosnia—Herzegovina: Impact on coping and general health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 57-69.
56. Nordanger, D. (2007). Discourses of loss and bereavement in Tigray, Ethiopia. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 31(2), 173-194.
57. Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
58. Pupavac, V. (2001). Therapeutic governance: Psychosocial intervention and trauma risk management. Disasters, 25(4), 358-372.
59. Refugees International. (1999). Ethiopia: Internally displaced desperately need food, shelter. Available [Accessed 23 April 2005]: http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/703/
60. Schreiber, S. (1995). Migration, traumatic bereavement and transcultural aspects of psychological healing: Loss and grief of a refugee woman from Begameder County in Ethiopia. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 68(2), 135-142.
61. Shweder, R.A. (1995). Cultural psychology: What is it? In J. B. Veroff & N. R. Goldberger (Eds.), The culture and psychology reader (pp. 41–86). New York: New York University Press.
62. Silove, D. (2004). The challenges facing mental health programs for post-conflict and refugee communities. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19(1), 90-96.
63. Silver, S.M., & Wilson, J.P. (1988). Native American healing and purification rituals for war stress. In J. P. Wilson & Z. Harel (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 337–355). New York: Plenum Press.
64. Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. London: SAGE.
65. Stubbs, P. (2005). Transforming local and global discourses: Reassessing the PTSD movement in Bosnia and Croatia. In D. Ingleby (Ed.), Forced migration and mental health: Rethinking the care of migrants and displaced persons (pp. 53–66). New York: Springer.
66. Summerfield, D. (1999). A critique of seven assumptions behind psychological trauma programmes in war-affected areas. Social Science & Medicine, 48(10), 1449-1462.
67. The World Bank. (2004). Ethiopia: A country status report on health and poverty. Report 28963-ET. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
68. Tronvoll, K. (2003). Identities in conflict: An ethnography of war and the politics of identity in Ethiopia. Thesis dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
69. Utviklingsfondet. (2004). Regional profile — Tigray. Available [Accessed 14 May 2004]: http://www.u-fondet.no/sw294.asp.
70. Victims's Web. (2005, 1 August). Impact of Event Scale. Available [Accessed 9 November 2005]: http://www.swin.edu.au/victims/resources/assessment/ptsd/ies-r.html.
71. Wessells, M. (1999). Culture, power, and community: Intercultural approaches to psychosocial assistance and healing. In N. Dubrow & K. Nader (Eds.), Honoring differences: Cultural issues in the treatment of trauma and loss (pp. 267–282). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
72. Workneh, F., & Giel, R. (1975). Medical dilemma — Survey of healing practice of a Coptic priest and an Ethiopian sheik. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 27(4), 339-431.