Warhorse and post-nomadic empire in Asia, c. 1000-1800

Journal of Global History

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-21

  Gommans, Jos ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 37249022091     PISSN: 17400228     EISSN: 17400236     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S174002280700201X     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. P. J. Smith, Taxing heaven's storehouse. Horses, bureaucrats, and the destruction of the Sichuan tea industry, 1074-1224, Harvard: Council on East Asian Studies, 1991, p. 303
2. G. J. Alder, 'The origins of "the Pusa experiment". The East India Company and horse-breeding in Bengal, 1793-1808', Bengal Past and Present, 98, 1979, p. 28
3. B. Lewis, The political language of Islam, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 19
4. R. Law, The horse in West African history. The role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 184-5
5. L. White, Medieval technology and social change, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962
6. Law, The horse, p. 188
7. see also J. Goody, Technology, tradition and the state in Africa, London: Oxford University Press, 1971
8. M. G. S. Hodgson, The venture of Islam, vol. III: The gunpowder empires of modern times, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1974
9. For India, see J. J. L. Gommans, Mughal warfare. Indian frontiers and high roads to empire, 1500-1700, London and New York: Routledge 2002
10. For China, apart from Chase, see H. van de Ven, ed., Warfare in Chinese history, Leiden: E.J. Brill Publishers, 2000
11. N. di Cosmo, ed., Warfare in Inner Asian history (500-1800), Leiden: E.J. Brill Publishers, 2002
12. N. di Cosmo, 'Did guns matter? Firearms and the Qing formation', in L. A. Struve, ed., The Qing formation in world historical time, Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004, pp. 121-67
13. P. C. Perdue, China marches west. The Qing conquest of Central Eurasia, Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005
14. J. J. L. Gommans, 'The silent frontier of South Asia, c. 1100-1800 AD', Journal of World History, 9, 1998, pp. 1-2
15. More in particular, see A. Wink, Al-Hind: the making of the Indo-Islamic world, vol. II: the slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries, E.J. Brill Publishers, 1997
16. P. Golden, 'War and warfare in the pre-Činggisid western steppes of Eurasia', in di Cosmo, ed., Warfare in Inner Asian history, pp. 150, 157
17. Th.T. Allsen, Mongol imperialism. The policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia and the Islamic lands, 1251-1259, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987, p. 189
18. B. S. Bachrach, 'Animals and warfare in early medieval Europe', Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo (L'Uomo di fronte al mondo animale nell'alto medioevo), 31, 1985, pp. 707-52
19. M. Elvin, 1973. The pattern of the Chinese past, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983
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21. A. M. Watson, Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. The diffusion of crops and farming techniques 700-1100, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983
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23. For an earlier interpretation, see M. G. S. Hodgson, The venture of Islam, vol. II: The expansion of Islam in the middle periods, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1974, pp. 69-85
24. J. Masson Smith, Jr, 'Nomads and ponies vs. slaves on horses', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 118, 1998, pp. 54-63
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27. O. Lattimore, Inner Asian frontiers of China, Boston: Beacon Press, 1962
28. Gommans, Mughal warfare, pp. 8-23
29. Cf. J. C. Heesterman, 'Warrior, peasant and Brahmin', Modern Asian Studies, 29, 1995, pp. 637-54
30. R. H. C. Davis, The medieval warhorse: origin, development and redevelopment, London: Thames and Hudson, 1989
31. A. Coates, China races, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994
32. J. J. L. Gommans, The rise of the Indo-Afghan empire, c. 1710-1780, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995, pp. 68-104
33. M. Mitterauer, 'Roggen, Reis under Zuckerrohr. Drei Agrarrevolutionen des Mittelalters im Vergleich', Saeculum, 52, 2001, pp. 245-66
34. W. G. Clarence-Smith, 'Horse breeding in mainland Southeast Asia and its borderlands, in P. Boomgaard and D. Henley, eds., Smallholders and stockbreeders. Histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia, Leiden: KITLV-Press, 2004, pp. 189-211
35. For this, see in particular the following contributions by J. Masson Smith, Jr: 'Ayn Jalut: Mamluk success of Mongol failure?', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 44, 1984, pp. 307-46
36. Mitsutaka Tani, 'A study on horse administration in the Ming period', Acta Asiatica, 21, 1971, pp. 73-98
37. Smith, Taxing heaven's storehouse, pp. 17-31
38. Gommans, The rise of the Indo-Afghan empire, pp. 68-79
39. S. Digby, 'The Arab and Gulf horse in medieval India', unpublished ms
40. R. Ptak, 'Pferde auf See: Ein vergessener Aspekt des maritimen Chinesischen Handels im frühen 15 Jahrhundert', Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient, 34, 1991, pp. 199-233
41. Tani, 'A study on horse administration', pp. 80-2
42. S. Digby, War-horse and elephant in the Delhi Sultanate, Oxford and Karachi, 1971
43. Digby, 'The Arab and Gulf horse'
44. Gommans, 'Silent frontier'
45. cf. P. Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate: a political and military history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
46. M. Khodarkovsky, Russia's steppe frontier. The making of colonial empire, 1500-1800, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002, pp. 26-7
47. Perdue, China marches west, p. 79
48. The Chinese situation is mainly based on: S. Jagchid and C. R. Bawden, 'Some notes on the horse-policy of the Yüan dynasty', Central Asiatic Journal, 10, pp. 246-69
49. M. Rossabi, 'The tea and horse trade with Inner Asia during the Ming', Journal of Asian History, 4, 1970, pp. 136-69
50. Tani, 'A study on horse administration'; Smith, Taxing heaven's storehouse; Perdue, China marches west
51. G. Roth Li, 'State building before 1644', in W. J. Peterson, ed., The Cambridge history of China, vol. 9, part 1: the Ch'ing empire to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 70
52. M. C. Elliott, The Manchu way. The eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001
53. Gommans, Mughal warfare, 2002. It goes without saying that the lifestyle of the early Mughals in Turkistan was not at all unspoiled or nomadic but already rather urban and post-nomadic
54. J. Fletcher, 'Turco-Mongolian monarchic tradition in the Ottoman empire', Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 3/4, 1979-80, p. 242
55. See also J. A. Millward, 'The Qing formation, the Mongol legacy, and the "end of history" in early modern Central Eurasia', in L. A. Struve, ed., The Qing formation in world historical time, Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004, pp. 101, 110
56. Wink, 'India and the Turko-Mongol frontier'
57. J. Waley-Cohen, 'Ritual and the Qing empire', in di Cosmo, ed., Warfare in Inner Asian history, pp. 405-45
58. J. Waley-Cohen, 'Changing spaces of empire in eighteenth-century Qing China', in N. di Cosmo and D. J. Wyatt, eds., Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history, London: Routledge Curzon, 2003, pp. 324-50. To a lesser extent, this is even relevant for seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe (think about the Hussars and other pseudo-tribal contingents) and Southeast Asia, regions that were far less conducive to the breeding and employment of strong warhorses in great numbers but also seem to have experienced a marked revival of pseudo-nomadic, equine rituals and apparel both in the armies and at the courts
59. For Southeast Asia, see J. J. L. Gommans, 'Trade and civilization around the Bay of Bengal, c. 1650-1800', Itinerario 19, 1995, pp. 82-108
60. and W. G. Clarence-Smith, 'Elephants, horses, and the coming of Islam to northern Sumatra', Indonesia and the Malay world, 32, 2004, pp. 271-85
61. Th.T. Allsen, 'The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in North China', in H. Franke and D. Twitchett, eds., The Cambridge history of China, vol. 6: Alien regimes and border states, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 376
62. D. Twitchett and K. P. Tietze, 'The Liao', in Franke and Twitchett, eds., The Cambridge history of China, vol. 6, p. 95
63. C. Melville, 'From Qars to Qandahar: the itineraries of Shah Abbas I (995-1038/1587-1629)', in J. Calmard, ed., Études Safavides, Paris and Teheran, 1993, pp. 195-225
64. Waley-Cohen, 'Changing spaces of empire'; Perdue, China marches west, pp. 409-29
65. Th.T. Allsen, The royal hunt in Eurasian history, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006
66. Elliott, The Manchu way, pp. 182-91
67. J. Nemeth, 'Wanderungen des mongolischen Wortes Nökür "Genosse"', Acta Orientalia, 3, 1953, pp. 1-24
68. P. B. Golden, '"I will give the people unto thee": the Cinggisid conquests and their aftermath in the Turkic world', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd Series, 10, 2000, pp. 21-41
69. N. Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145-6
70. Cf. D. H. A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and sepoy. The ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450-1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990
71. C. Talbot, Precolonial India in practice. Society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 165
72. Fletcher, 'Turco-Mongolian monarchic tradition', p. 243
73. H. Franke and D. Twitchett, 'Introduction', in Franke and Twitchett, eds., The Cambridge history of China, vol. 6, pp. 21-3
74. D. Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols: cross-cultural influences on the steppe frontier, 1304-1589, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 36-44
75. For Manchu apartheid and Mughal circulation, see respectively Elliott, The Manchu way and Gommans, Mughal warfare
76. D. Ayalon, 'Mamlukiyyat', Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 2, 1980, pp. 340-50
77. Golden,'"I will give"', p. 32
78. A. Gat, War in human civilization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 323-401
79. Th.T. Allsen, 'Sharing out the empire: apportioned lands under the Mongols', in Khazanov and Wink, Nomads, pp. 172-91
80. C. Cahen, 'L'évolution de l'iqta du IXe au XIIIe siècle: contribution à une histoire comparée des sociétés médiévales', Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 8, 1953, pp. 25-52
81. Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols, pp. 48-9
82. Ph.B. Wagoner, 'Harihara, Bukka and the sultan. The Delhi Sultanate in the political imagination of Vijayanagara', in D. Gilmartin and B. B. Lawrence, eds., Beyond Turk and Hindu: rethinking religious identities in Islamicate South Asia, Gainsville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2000, pp. 300-26
83. Roth Li, 'State building', pp. 46-8
84. Gat, War, p. 343