The Pathogenesis of Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Seminars in Hematology

Volumn 44, Issue SUPPL. 5, 2007, Pages

  McMillan, Robert ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; EPITOPE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; GLYCOPROTEIN; GLYCOPROTEIN IB IX; GROWTH FACTOR; THROMBOPOIETIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BONE MARROW; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DESTRUCTION; CELL MATURATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL SURVIVAL; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; CYTOLYSIS; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IN VITRO STUDY; LYSIS; MEGAKARYOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECIPIENT; SPLEEN; T LYMPHOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS;

ADULT; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; AUTOANTIBODIES; BLOOD PLATELETS; BONE MARROW CELLS; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; PLATELET COUNT; PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIB-IX COMPLEX; PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX; PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC; SPLEEN; SPLENECTOMY; THROMBOPOIESIS;

EID: 37149026418     PISSN: 00371963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Cines D.B., and Blanchette V.S. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 995-1008
2. Semple J.W. Immune pathophysiology of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood Rev 16 (2002) 9-12
3. Coopamah M.D., Garvey M.B., Freedman J., and Semple J.W. Cellular immune mechanisms in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: An update. Trans Med Rev 17 (2003) 69-80
4. Cooper N., and Bussel J. The pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 133 (2006) 364-374
5. Frank E. Die essentielle Thrombopenia (Konstitutionelle purpura-Pseudohämophilie). II. Pathogenese. Berl Klin Wochenschr 52 (1915) 490-494
6. Kaznelson P. Verschwinden der hämorrhagischen Diathese bei einem Falle von "essentieller Thrombopenie" (Frank) nach Milzexstirpation. Splenogene thrombolytische Purpura. Wien Klin Wochenschr 29 (1916) 1451-1454
7. Dameshek W., and Miller E.B. The megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a form of hypersplenism. Blood 1 (1946) 27-52
8. Diggs L.W., and Hewlett J.S. A study of the bone marrow from thiry-six patients with idiopathic hemorrhagic (thrombopenic) purpura. Blood 3 (1948) 1090-1104
9. Pisciotta A.V., Stefanini M., and Dameshek W. Studies on platelets. X. Morphologic characteristics of megakaryocytes by phase contrast microscopy in normals and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 8 (1953) 703-723
10. Stahl C.P., Zucker-Franklin D., and McDonald T.P. Incomplete antigenic cross-reactivity between platelets and megakaryocytes: Relevance to ITP. Blood 67 (1986) 421-428
11. Epstein R.D., Lozner E.L., Cobbey T.S., and Davidson C.S. Congenital thrombocytopenic purpura. Purpura hemorrhagica in pregnancy and in the newborn. Am J Med 9 (1950) 44
12. Harrington W.J., Sprague C.C., Minnich V., Moore C.V., Aulvin R.C., and Dubach R. Immunologic mechanisms in idiopathic and neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 38 (1953) 433-469
13. Shulman N.R., Marder V.J., and Weinrach R.S. Similarities between known antiplatelet antibodies and the factor responsible for thrombocytopenia in idiopathic purpura: Physiologic, serologic, and isotopic studies. Ann NY Acad Sci 124 (1965) 499-542
14. Shulman N.R., Weinrach R.S., Libre E.P., Andrews H.L., and Shannon J.A. The role of the reticuloendothelial system in the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 78 (1965) 374-390
15. Kappler J.W., Staerz U., and White J. Self-tolerance eliminates T cells specific for MLS-modified products of the major histocompatibility complex. Nature 332 (1988) 35-40
16. Mueller D.L., Jenkins M.K., and Schwartz R.H. Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: A costimulatory signaling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy. Annual Rev Immunol 7 (1989) 445-480
17. Thymic function and peripheral T-cell homeostasis in rheumatoid arthritis. Trends Immunol 22 (2001) 251-255
18. Jonuleit H., Schmitt E., Steinbrink K., and Enk A.H. Dendritic cells as a tool to induce anergic and regulatory T cells. Trends Immunol 22 (2001) 394-400
19. Sinha A.A., Lopez M.T., and McDevitt H.O. Autoimmune diseases: The failure of self tolerance. Science 248 (1990) 1380-1388
20. Mackay I.R. The "autoimmune diseases" 40th anniversary. Autoimmunity Rev 1 (2002) 5-11
21. Elson C.J., and Barker R.N. Helper T cells in antibody-mediated, organ-specific autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 12 (2000) 664-669
22. Watts C. Capture and processing of exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC molecules. Ann Rev Immunol 15 (1997) 821-850
23. Chambers C.A. The expanding world of co-stimulation: the two-signal model revisited. Trends Immunol 22 (2001) 217-223
24. Chess L. Blockade of the CD40L/CD40 pathway. In: Austen K.F., Burakoff S., Rosen F., and Strom T. (Eds). Therapeutic Immunology (2001), Blackwell Sciences, New York 441-456
25. Solanilla A., Pasquet J.M., Viallard J.F., Contin C., Grosset C., Dechanet-Merville J., et al. Platelet-associated CD154 in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 105 (2005) 215-218
26. Piessens W.F., Wybran J., Manaster J., and Strijckmans P.A. Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous platelets in a case of thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 36 (1970) 421-427
27. Morimoto C., Abe T., Hara M., and Homma M. Cell-mediated immune response in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 8 (1977) 181-189
28. Trent R.J., Clancy R.L., Danis V., and Basten A. Disordered immune homeostasis in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Clin Exp Immunol 45 (1981) 9-17
29. Semple J.W., and Freedman J. Increased antiplatelet T helper lymphocyte reactivity in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Blood 78 (1991) 2619-2625
30. Kuwana K., Kaburaki J., and Ikeda Y. Autoreactive T cells to platelet GPIIb-IIIa in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Role in production of anti-platelet autoantibody. J Clin Invest 102 (1998) 1393-1402
31. Kuwana K., Kaburaki J., Kitasato H., Kato M., Kawai S., Kawakami Y., et al. Immunodominant epitopes on glycoprotein IIb-IIIa recognized by autoreactive T cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 98 (2001) 130-139
32. Kuwana M., Okazaki Y., Kaburaki J., Kawakami Y., and Ikeda Y. Spleen is the primary site for activation of platelet-reactive T and B cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Immunol 168 (2002) 3675-3682
33. Sukati H., Watson H.G., Urbaniak S.J., and Barker R.N. Mapping helper T-cell epitopes on platelet membrane glycoprotein IIIa in chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 109 (2007) 4528-4538
34. Mosmann R.T., and Sad D. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 17 (1996) 138-146
35. Romangnani S. Th1 and Th2 subsets in human diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 80 (1996) 225-235
36. Semple J.W., Milev Y., Cosgrave D., Mody M., Homstein A., Blanchette V., et al. Differences in serum cytokine levels in acute and chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: Relationship to platelet phenotype and antiplatelet T-cell reactivity. Blood 87 (1996) 4245-4254
37. Panitsas F.P., Theodoropoulou M., Kouraklis A., Karakantza M., Theodorou G.L., Zournbos N.C., et al. Adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the manifestation of a type-1 polarized immune response. Blood 103 (2004) 2645-2647
38. van Leeuwen E.F., van der Ven J.T.H., Engelfriet C.P., and von dem Borne A.E.G. Specificity of autoantibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Blood 59 (1982) 23-26
39. Warner M.N., Moore J.C., Warkentin T.E., Santos A.V., and Kelton J.G. A prospective study of protein-specific assays used to investigate idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 104 (1999) 442-447
40. Berchtold P., Muller D., Beardsley D., Fujisawa K., Kaplan C., Kekomaki R., et al. International study to compare antigen-specific methods used for the measurement of antiplatelet autoantibodies. Br J Haematol 96 (1997) 477-483
41. Brighton T.A., Evans S., Castaldi P.A., Chesterman C.N., and Chong B.H. Prospective evaluation of the clinical usefulness of an antigen-specific assay (MAIPA) in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and other immune thrombocytopenias. Blood 88 (1996) 194-201
42. McMillan R., Wang L., and Tani P. Prospective evaluation of the immunobead assay for the diagnosis of adult chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). J Thomb Haemost 1 (2003) 485-491
43. Varon D., and Karpatkin S. A monoclonal antiplatelet antibody with decreased reactivity for autoimmune thrombocytopenic platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80 (1983) 6992-6995
44. Hou M., Stockelberg D., Kutti J., and Wadenvik H. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa autoantigenic repertoire in chronic idiopathic thrombcytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 91 (1995) 971-975
45. Escher R., Muller D., Vogel M., Miescher S., Stadler B.M., and Berchtold P. Recombinant human natural autoantibodies against GPIIb/IIIa inhibit binding of autoantibodies from patients with AITP. Br J Haematol 102 (1998) 820-828
46. He R., Reid D.M., Jones C.E., and Shulman N.R. Extracellular epitopes of platelet glycoprotein Ibα reactive with serum antibodies from patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 86 (1995) 3789-3796
47. Nugent D.J. Human monoclonal antibodies in the characterization of platelet antigens. In: Kunicki T., and George J.N. (Eds). Platelet Immunobiology: Molecular and Clinical Aspects (1989), Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA 273-290
48. Stockelberg D., Hou M., Jacobsson S., Kutti J., and Wadenvik H. Evidence for a light chain restriction of glycoprotein Ib/IX and IIb/IIIa reactive antibodies in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 90 (1995) 175-179
49. McMillan R., Lopez-Dee J., and Bowditch R. Clonal restriction of platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies in patients with chronic ITP. Thromb Haemost 85 (2001) 821-823
50. Roark J.H., Bussel J.B., Cines D.B., and Siegel D.L. Genetic analysis of autoantibodies in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura reveals evidence of clonal expansion and somatic mutation. Blood 100 (2002) 1388-1398
51. Askonas B.A., and Humphrey J.H. Formation of specific antibodies and g-globulin in vitro: A study of the synthetic ability of various tissues from rabbits immunized by different methods. Biochem J 68 (1958) 252-261
52. McMillan R., Longmire R.L., Yelenosky R., Donnell R.L., and Armstrong S. Quantitation of platelet-binding IgG produced in vitro by spleens from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 291 (1974) 812-817
53. Karpatkin S., Strick N., and Siskind G.W. Detection of splenic anti-platelet antibody synthesis in idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP). Br J Haematol 23 (1972) 167-176
54. McMillan R., Luiken G.A., Levy R., Yelenosky R., and Longmire R.L. Antibody against megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. JAMA 239 (1978) 2460-2462
55. McMillan R., Yelenosky R.J., and Longmire R.L. Antiplatelet antibody production by the spleen and bone marrow in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. In: Battisto J.R., and Streinlein J.W. (Eds). Immunoaspects of the Spleen (1976), North Holland Biomedical, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 227-237
56. Fujisawa K., and McMillan R. Platelet-associated antibody to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients often binds to divalent cation-dependent antigens. Blood 81 (1993) 1284-1289
57. Kosugi S., Tomiyama Y., Shiraga M., Kashiwagi H., Mizutani H., Kanakura Y., et al. Platelet-associated anti-glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa autoantibodies in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura mainly recognize cation-dependent conformations: Comparison with the epitopes of serum autoantibodies. Thromb Haemost as 75 (1996) 339-345
58. Bowditch R.D., Tani P., and McMillan R. Reactivity of autoantibodies from chronic ITP patients with recombinant glycoprotein IIIa peptides. Br J Haematol 91 (1995) 178-184
59. McMillan R., Lopez-Dee J., and Loftus J.C. Autoantibodies to αIIbβ3 in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura bind primarily to epitopes on αIIb. Blood 97 (2001) 2171-2172
60. McMillan R., Wang L., Lopez-Dee J., Jiu S., and Loftus J.C. Many αIIbβ3 autoepitopes are localized to αIIb between amino acids L1 and Q459. Br J Haematol 118 (2002) 1132-1136
61. Kosugi S., Tomiyama Y., Honda S., Kato H., Kiyoi T., Kashiwagi H., et al. Platelet-associated anti-GPIIb-IIIa autoantibodies in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura recognizing epitopes close to the ligand-binding site of GPIIb. Blood 98 (2001) 1819-1827
62. Harker L.A. Thrombokinetics in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 19 (1970) 95-104
63. Stoll D., Cines D.B., Aster R.H., and Murphy S. Platelet kinetics in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and moderate thrombocytopenia. Blood 65 (1985) 584-588
64. Branehog I., Kutti J., and Weinfeld A. Platelet survival and platelet production in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Br J Haematol 27 (1974) 127-143
65. Heyns A.P., Badenhorst P.N., Lotter M.G., Pieters H., Wessels P., and Kotze H.F. Platelet turnover and kinetics in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: Results with autologous 111-In-labeled and homologous 51-Cr-labeled platelets differ. Blood 67 (1986) 86-92
66. Ballem P.J., Segal G.M., Stratton J.R., Gernsheimer T., Adamson J.W., and Slichter S. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Evidence for both impaired platelet production and increased platelet clearance. J Clin Invest 80 (1987) 33-40
67. Handin R.I., and Stossel T.P. Phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets by human granulocytes. N Engl J Med 290 (1974) 989-993
68. Zucker-Franklin D., and Karpatkin S. Red-cell and platelet fragmentation in idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 297 (1977) 517-523
69. McMillan R., Longmire R.L., Tavassoli M., Armstrong S., and Yelenosky R. In vitro platelet phagocytosis by ITP splenic leukocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 290 (1974) 249-251
70. Clarkson S.B., Bussel J.B., Kimberly R.P., Valinsky J.E., Nachman R.L., and Unkeless J.C. Treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura with anti-Fcg-receptor antibody. N Engl J Med 314 (1986) 1236-1239
71. McMillan R., Bowditch R., Tani P., Anderson H., and Goodnight S. A non-thrombocytopenic bleeding disorder due to an IgG4-kappa anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibody. Br J Haematol 95 (1996) 747-749
72. Hauch T.W., and Rosse W.F. Platelet-bound complement (C3) in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 50 (1977) 1129-1136
73. Kurata Y., Curd J.G., Tamerius J.D., and McMillan R. Platelet-associated complement in chronic ITP. Br J Haematol 60 (1985) 723-733
74. McMillan R., and Martin M. Fixation of the third component of complement (C3) to platelets in vitro by antiplatelet antibody for patients with ITP. Br J Haematol 47 (1981) 251-256
75. Olsson B., Andersson P., Jernas M., Jacobsson S., Carlsson B., Carlsson L.M.S., et al. T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward platelets in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nat Med 9 (2003) 1123-1124
76. Olsson B., Andersson P.O., Jacobsson S., Carlsson L., and Wadenvik H. Disturbed apoptosis of T-cells in patients with active idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Haemost 93 (2005) 139-144
77. Houwerzijl E.J., Blom N.R., van der Want J.J.L., Esselink M.T., Koomstra J.J., Smit J.W., et al. Ultrastructural study shows morphological features of apoptosis and para-apoptosis in megakaryocytes from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 103 (2004) 500-506
78. Heyns A.P., Lotter M.G., Badenhorst P.N., de Kock F., Pieters H., Herbst C., et al. Kinetics and sites of destruction of 111-Indium-oxine-labeled platelets in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a quantitative study. Am J Hematol 12 (1982) 167-177
79. McMillan R., Wang L., Tomer A., Nichol J., and Pistillo J. Suppression of in vitro megakaryocyte production by antiplatelet autoantibodies from adult chronic ITP patients. Blood 103 (2004) 1364-1369
80. Chang M., Nakagawa P.A., Williams S.A., Schwartz M.R., Imfeld K.L., Buzby J.S., et al. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) plasma and purified ITP monoclonal autoantibodies inhibit megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. Blood 102 (2003) 887-895