Labour law 2008: 40 years on

Industrial Law Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 397-424

  Wedderburn, Lord ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 36949032755     PISSN: 03059332     EISSN: 14643669     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/indlaw/dwm027     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Especially S. Sciarra, 'The Evolving Structure of Collective Bargaining in Europe 1990-2004'. Draft General Report (EU Brussels, 2005, and University of Florence, 2007) Comparative Analysis Based on National Reports in the Countries of the European Union; http://www.lex.unict.it/eurolabor/ricerca/dossier.htm. For National Reports, see http://www.unifi.it/polo-universitario-europeo/ricerche/ collective_bargaining.html.
2. See M. Freedland, The Personal Employment Contract (Oxford: OUP, 2003), and 'Constructing Fairness in Employment Contracts' (2007) 36 ILJ 136-40. See too (2006) 35 ILJ 1-29.
3. N. Countouris (2007) 36 ILJ at 254.
4. 29 August 2007.
5. Section 172 is omitted from Peter Wallington's Handbook when he understandably nodded in his great task.
6. Global acquisitions and mergers reached £1,656 billion in the first half of 2007: Financial Times, 23 August 2007.
7. M. Desai, Rethinking Islamism (I.B. Tauris, 2007) 24.
8. See P. Davies and M. Freedland, 'The Employer' in G. Davidov and B. Langville (eds), Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law (Horst Pieber, 2006).
9. From Wedderburn, Comparative Labour Law: Giugni, Kahn-Freund - but Where Now? (2007) 39 Giornale di Diritto del Lavoro e di Relazioni Industriali 371,379. On the adaptation of national tax laws to dissuade business from moving abroad or outsourcing: See Financial Times, 9 February 2007; Sunday Times, 18 February 2007.
10. R. McCallum, 'The New Work Choice Laws: Once Again Australia Borrows Foreign Labour Law Concepts' (2006) 19 Australian Journal of Labour Law 98-104, and 'In Defence of Labour Law', the Sir Richard Murray Lecture 2007 (Industrial Relations Society of Victoria, 1 May 2007, typescript, p 2).
11. E. Hobsbawm, Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (Little Brown, 2007), p 3.
12. An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries (UNICEF, 2007).
13. University of Sheffield Department of Geography, 'Rowntree Foundation Survey', Times, 23 July 2007; Guardian, 18 July 2007, L. Ward, 'A Divided Country: Survey Reveals Growing UK Wealth Segregation', Daily Telegraph, 18 June 2007, Christopher Hope.
14. See Wedderburn, The Future of Company Law: Fat Cats, Corporate Governance and Workers (Institute of Employment Rights, 2004), Chs 3-5; and see now for 2006, Guardian, 29 August 2007.
15. Smaller companies are no exception to the fat cat trend: A. Taylor, Financial Times, 6 August 2007, 'Big Pay Rises for AIM-List Business Chiefs'.
16. Financial Times Leader, 30 December 2003. The theory that an international market for executives requires such rises has been exploded: N. Isles, Life at the Top (Work Foundation, 2003).
17. See generally T. Hurst (Florida), 'Hedge Funds in the 21st Century Do the Benefits Outweigh the Dangers to the Financial Markets?' (2007) 28 Company Lawyer 228-34.
18. From £7.5 billion in 2005 bonuses for thousands of city employees rose to a total of £8.8 billion in 2006: Times, 23 August 2007.
19. In Eastern Europe too, multinational corporations have reached the very rich while one-third of the people remain below the poverty line: Financial Times, 6 August 2007: S. Wagstyl, 'Europe's Untapped Mass Market'.
20. Daily Telegraph, 28 April 2007; Sunday Times, 29 April 2007; Financial Times, 31 April 2007; in one merger (AA/Saga) three funds made £2.4 billion profit. The 'super-rich' trebled their wealth in a decade.
21. D. D. M. Davis 'Death of a Labour Lawyer?' in J. Connaghan, R. M. Fischl and K. Klare (eds), Labour Law in an Era of Globalisation (Oxford: OUP, 2002) 170, see his discussion of this 'contradiction', 167-71.
22. Financial Times, 11 July 2007; see too, Times, 11 July 2007, p 36.
23. During August 2007, official figures showed 500 people a day arrived from Eastern Europe.
24. Financial Times, 15 August 2007.
25. Sunday Times, 15 July 2007.
26. Compare K. Klare, 'Countervailing Workers' Power as a Regulatory Structure' in H. Collins, P. Davies and R. Rideout (eds), Legal Regulation of the Employment Relationship (Kluwer, 2000), pp 63-82.
27. Section 172 (1)(b) of the Companies Act 2006.
28. A. Sampson, Who Runs This Place? (Murray, 2004).
29. See H. Collins, 'Against Abstentionism in Labour Law' in J. Eekelaar and J. Bell (eds), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Oxford: OUP, 1987), pp 79, 85; see too on subordination 'Labour Law as a Vocation' (1989) 105 LQR 478-81, and n 36, below.
30. M. D'Antona 'Labour Law at the Century's End: An Identity Crisis?' in J. Conaghan, R. M. Fischl and K. Klare (eds), Labour Law in an Era of Globalisation, p 43, compare Wedderburn, R. Lewis and J. Clark, Industrial Relations and the Law, Building on Kahn-Freund (Oxford: OUP, 1983), 'A Crisis in Fundamental Concepts' 144-55. For P. Ireland, see (1965) 65 MLR 102-40.
31. Hornby v Close [1867] LR2 QB 153.
32. See s 11 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 [TULR(C)A], exclusion of common law rules on restraint of trade.
33. O. Kahn-Freund, Labour and the Law (Stevens, 1972), p 8.
34. See S. Fredman, 'Labour Law in Flux: The Changing Composition of the Workforce' [1997] 26 ILJ 337-52 and 'The Ideology of New Labour Law' in C. Barnard, S. Deakin and G. Morris (eds), The Future of Labour Law (2004, Article).
35. See P. Smith and G. Morton, 'Nine Years of New Labour - Neoliberalism and Workers' Rights' (2006) 44 BJIR 401-20.
36. H. Collins, 'The Productive Disintegration of Labour Law' (1997) 26 ILJ 295, 301-7. Compare Kahn-Freund's earlier two most notable monographs translated in R. Lewis and J. Clark, Labour Law and Politics in the Weimar Republic (Blackwell, 1981), pp 108-92.
37. His last book misjudged what lay ahead: Labour Relations: Heritage and Adjustment (Oxford: OUP, 1979), pp 84-8; but there were few who correctly predicted the changes of the 1980s.
38. See the reaction to them in O. Kahn-Freund, Labour Law: Old Traditions and New Developments (Clark Urwin, 1968). See too, especially his self-critical notes on his earlier writings in view of later 'economic, political, social and legal change', Selected Writings: Otto Kahn-Freund (Modern Law Review, 1978, Stevens), 39-40 and 75-9, eg government 'anti-inflationary wage policies' were now 'at the centre' of the subject.
39. Ministry of Labour Evidence to the Royal Commission, 1965, see Ch X, Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers Associations 1965-1968 (Chairman Lord Donovan, Cmnd 3623). Kahn-Freund associated the origin with the growth in 'white-collar' workers in the changing society, Heritage and Adjustment (n 40), 72-3.
40. On the development compare, P. Davies and M. Freedland, Labour Legislation and Public Policy (Oxford: OUP, 1993), pp 161-4,
41. and Wedderburn, R. Lewis, above n 30, 'Modern Labour Law: Problems, Functions and Policies', 173-84.
42. Compare the approach by Collins in nn 29 and 36 above; and 'Regulating the Employment Contract for Competitiveness' (2001) 30 ILJ 17-47.
43. That is not to say that legal institutions do not have some life of their own, which some describe as 'co-evolving' with economic changes (see S. Deakin and F. Wilkinson, The Law of the Labour Market: Industrialization, Employment and Legal Evolution (Oxford: OUP, 2005), p 18.
44. See on the early experience of the tribunals K. Wedderburn and P. Davies, Employment Grievances and Disputes Procedures in Britain (University of California Press, 1969), pp 129-53 and 242-73.
45. See K. Ewing, C. Gearty and B. Hepple, Human Rights and Labour Law Essays for Paul O'Higgins (Mansell, 1994).
46. See, eg S. Fredman, 'Equality: A New Generation' (2001) 30 ILJ 145-68; Women and the Law (Oxford: OUP, 1997), and Discrimination Law (Oxford: OUP, 2002). On racial discrimination the path-breaking work was B. Hepple, Race, Jobs and the Law (Penguin, 1968).
47. F. Raday,' The Decline of Union Power - Structural In evitability or Policy Choice?' in J. Conaghan, R. M. Fischl and K. Klare (eds), Labour Law in an Era of Globalisation, p 353.
48. P. O'Higgins, 'The End of Labour Law as We Have Known It?' in C. Barnard, S. Deakin and G. Morris, Liber Amicorum Bob Hepple QC (eds), The Future of Labour Law (Hart, 2004).
49. Financial Times Leader, 8 February 2007.
50. See D. G. Blanchflower, 'International Patterns in Union Membership' (2007) 45 BJIR 1-29.
51. On the new union weakness in face of 'labour market regulation', see P. Davies and M. Freedland, Towards a Flexible Labour Market (Oxford: OUP, 2007), pp 5-11, 105-12.
52. Davies and Freedland, National Report, n 1 above (paras 2.1ff, especially 2.14); see too their Towards a Flexible Labour Market, n 49, pp 118-29, on recognition.
53. D. Guest and R. Peccei, 'Partnership at Work: Mutuality and Balance of Advantage' (2001) 39 BJIR 207-36.
54. See S. Oxenbridge, W. Brown, S. Deakin and C. Patten, 'Interim Responses to the Statutory Provisions of the ERA 1999' (2003) 41 BJIR 315-34.
55. 'Repressione della condotta antisindacale': Art 28 Statuto dei lavoratori, 1970 (translated in Wedderburn, Employment Rights in Britain and Europe [ERBE] (Lawrence and Wishart, 1991), pp 264-75;
56. see G. Giugni, Diritto Sindacale (Cacucci, 2001), Ch 6. It banned all employer conduct 'directed at limiting or obstructing trade union liberty or lawful activity, including the right to strike' (which is enshrined in the Constitution); an employer could of course take action to avoid particular strikes.
57. Wilson and NUJ v UK [2002] IRLR 568 EC HR; see now TULR(C)A 1992 as amended, ss 145A-146 (the amendment made to this last section arguably applies new limits on workers' rights). Compare A. Bogg, 'The Employment Relations Act 2004' (2005) 34 ILJ 72.
58. Health Service and Support v British Columbia (2007) SCC 27.
59. See the law in Finland, as understood in Viking v ITWF [2007] IRLR 58, CA, at para 26, per Waller LJ.
60. See J. Banks, 'The Impact of Globalisation on Labour Standards' in J. D. Craig and S. M. Lynk (eds), Globalisation and the Future of Labour Law (Cambridge: CUP, 2006).
61. A. Lo Faro, Regulating Social Europe: Reality and Myth of Collective Bargaining in the EC Legal Order (translated by R. Instone, Hart, 2000).
62. O. Kahn-Freund, 'A Lawyer's Reflections on Multi-National Enterprise' (1972) Journal of Industrial Relations 341.
63. K. W. Wedderburn, 'Multinational Enterprise and National Labour Law' (1972) 1 ILJ 12; also in Labour Law and Freedom (Lawrence and Wishart, 1995), 245ff.
64. Times, Leading Article, 12 February 2007.
65. Torquay Hotel v Cousins [1969] 2 Ch 106 CA, 138.
66. See Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law, 3rd edn (Sweet and Maxwell, 1986), Ch 8.
67. Ibid, p 617.
68. Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 493; Assoc. British Ports v TGWU [1989] 1 WLR 939, CA (ibid, HL, decided on other grounds); compare Clerk and Lindsell on Torts (R. Simpson, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006), paras 25-106.
69. OBG v Allan; Douglas v Hello; Mainstream Properties v Young [2007] IRLR 608-42.
70. See ibid at para 61: On 'two party intimidation', where one party intends to break a contract to the damage of the other party, he says starkly that this 'raises altogether different issues' and 'I do not intend to say anything about' that issue.
71. Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129 HL; for criticism, Wedderburn (1964) 27 Modern Law Review 237; for support, L [now Lord] Hoffmann (1965) 81 LQR 116. Kahn-Freund called the decision a 'frontal attack on the right to strike' (1964) 14 Federation News 12; the novel liability was not protected by trade dispute immunities at the time and a threat to strike therefore became a threat to do intentional damage to the employer by the workers' breach of their employment contracts.
72. Ibid, n 66, paras 149-156, 189.
73. And in Douglas v Hello, where causing breach of confidence was central for the majority; the headnote is curiously defective on this issue.
74. Taff Vale Rlwy Co v A.S. Rlwy Servants [1901] AC 426 HL; Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 HL.
75. [2007] IRLR 608, at para 306. Compare Lord Nicholls para 148. The Law Lords' speeches set out a new conservative ambit of liability for the 'economic torts' generally (other than conspiracy), differing in details inter se; compare the similar treatment in Clerk and Lindsell on Torts, 19th edn (R. Simpson, 2006), Ch 25.
76. [2001] ICR 480 HL. On the parallel mess that has arisen in respect of the overlapping jurisdictions of the Tribunals and the High Court concerning 'wrongful dismissal', see now Fraser v HLMAD [2006] IRLR 687 CA.
77. [2007] IRLR, para 305.
78. See eg J. Hoskyns, Just in Time, Inside the Thatcher Revolution (Aurum, 2000) on the development of 'Stepping Stones' to kill off 'trade union power'; and on Hayek's ideological contribution, Wedderburn (1989) 18 ILJ 1-38.
79. See the Trade Union Freedom Bill, prepared by J Hendy QC, introduced to the House of Commons by John McDonnell MP in 2006, and gained support at the TUC 2007.
80. T. Novitz, International and European Protection of the Right to Strike (Oxford: OUP, 2003), 12-14.
81. See D. Brodie, A History of Labour Law (Hart, 2003); cf. ACL Davies, Perspectives on Labour Law (Cambridge: CUP, 2004) where interesting discussions suffer from starting labour law history in the 1950s.
82. See Wedderburn, 'The Right to Strike; Is There a European Standard?' ERBE n 53 above (Lawrence and Wishart, 1991), Ch 10.
83. See Lord Askwith, Industrial Problems and Disputes (Murray, 1920); on Australia, S. Macintyre and R. Mitchell (eds), Foundations of Arbitration (Oxford: OUP, 1989).
84. See Wedderburn (2004) Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 127-38.
85. On the contract of employment and types of industrial action, Wedderburn, ERBE, n 53 above, 106-28,276-334;
86. on Dilke, see D. Nicholls, The Lost Prime Minster (Hambledon, 1995), 297-306.
87. Especially M. Freedland above n 2. On the vacillating 'tests' for 'employee' as against non-dependent workers, see S. Deakin and G. Morris, Labour Law (Hart, 2005), pp 136-78.
88. B. Hepple, 'Restructuring Employment Rights' (1986) 15 ILJ 69, 74.
89. O. Kahn-Freund, 'The Personal Scope of English Labour Law' (in English) Studi in memoria di Ludovico Barassi (a cura di V. Carullo, 1966) Riv. di Diritto del Lavoro 510, at 514, 518-19.
90. See eg 'Does the Personal Employment Contract Provide a Basis for the Reunification of Employment Law' (2007) 36 ILJ 68-85; see too his Ch 9, Labour Law in an Era of Globalisation, J. Connaghan, R. M. Fischl and K. Klare (eds).
91. On the use of 'worker' and the inadequacy of the 'contract of employment' in protective legislation: See S. Deakin and G. Morris Labour Law (Hart, 2005), Ch 4, especially 379-83 on the 'floor of rights'; and H. Collins (1986) 15 ILJ 1-15. Compare now the scope of the Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004, especially ss 4, 26.
92. Compare Lightening the Load: The need for Employment Law Simplification (2006, CBI); C. Wynn-Evans (2007) ILJ 238-42.
93. M. Gibbons, Better Dispute Resolution: A Review of Employment Dispute Resolution in Great Britain (2007, DTI). This report is full of anecdotal evidence and errs in snatching at isolated labour relations institutions abroad to implant them in another (our) system (pp 30, 40). It was welcomed by J. Guthrie, 'Deliver Us from Employment Tribunal Hell', Financial Times, 19 July 2007; compare the TUC response to the Supplementary Review on Disputes Procedures (DTI, 2007) in Resolving Disputes at Work (TUC, 2007) and the impressive Unfair Dismissal Cases (TUC, 2007), arguing that the 'band of reasonable responses' doctrine should be reviewed, and, as the principle in Polkey [1988] AC 344 HL, is to be reconsidered, the rules set out there should be restored to prevent unfair dismissals.
94. See Written Answer from Lord Hunt of King's Heath, Hansard HL, 20 August 2007. From 130, 408 in 2000-2001, they now run at about 115,000 annually.
95. Standing Committee F, 13 December 2001 (morning) col 119. See the debate at cols 117-124. New figures issued in September 2007, however, showed a large recent increase in equal pay claims and the first thousand claims on age discrimination.
96. The doctrine whereby a servant impliedly 'agreed' to take the risk of fellow servants' negligence, invented by the judges in 1837, adopted by American courts, but 'quite unsuitable to the enormous development of industrial machines' and 'extremely unpopular with the working class': P. Winfield, Textbook on the Law of Tort (Sweet and Maxwell, 1946), pp 127, 135, abolished by statute only in 1948.
97. Plato, Republic at 338 c-e, where Thrasymachus maintains 'Justice is nothing but the interest of the stronger'in E. Hamilton and H. Cairns (eds), Plato: Collected Dialogues (Princeton, 1989), p 588.
98. See s 17, Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007.
99. Of course the development of the concept was different in style and origin, and even content in different countries: See B. Veneziani in B. Hepple, The Making of Labour Law in Europe (Mansell, 1986), pp 51-72.
100. Reprinted 2003 (a cura di Mario Napoli). I am grateful to Professor Napoli for this reference. See too, his La Nascita del diritto del laviri, "Il contratto di lavoro" di Ludovico Barassi centanni dopo-Novita, influssi, distanze (Vito Pensiero, 2003).
101. Including L. Mengoni, Il contratto di lavoro, M. Napoli (ed) (Vito e Pensiero, 2004).
102. M. Napoli (in cura di), Globalizzazione e rapporti di lavoro (Vita e Pensiero, 2006), see especially M. Rodrigue-Pinero (Spain) at 129, Il diritto del Lavoro davanti alla sfida della globalizzazione.
103. For example, Costituzione, lavoro, pluralismo sociale (a cura di M. Napoli), L. Mengoni, U. Romanogli, G. Giugni and T. Treu (Vita Pensiero, 1998).
104. E. Gherra, Diritto del lavoro; il rapporto di lavoro (Cacucci, 2000), Ch II, lavioro subordinato;
105. M. Roccella, Manuale di Diritto del Lavoro (Giappichellio, 2004) on parasubordianazione, 45-8.
106. Communication of 27 June 2007, setting out eight common principles and four suggested 'pathways' for Member States. The Green Paper was clear that 'the emergence of non-standard work ... [meant] the traditional binary distinction between "employees" and the independent "self employed" is no longer an adequate description of the economic and social reality at work' (p 10), but says little about the motor forces behind that 'emergence' in that reality.
107. See M. Rönnmar, 'The Managerial Prerogative and the Employee's Obligation to Work' (2006) 35 ILJ 56-74, the 'English' individualistic system comes out as less likely to produce agreed 'flexibility'.
108. Towards a Flexible Labour Market: Labour Legislation and Regulation since the 1990s (Oxford, 1907), continuing their previous volume, but with a more controversial policy outlook, eg see 67-70; on current policies of 'light regulation'; compare pp 248-9.
109. L. Mariucci, Dopo La Flessibilitä - Cosa? in cura di L. Mariucci (Il Mulino, 2006), 20-5, an Introduction that deserves quotation in full. For practical proposals for new forms of decentralised bargaining, see his 'Sistema contrattuale, concertazione e legislazione del lavoro' (2007) 21 Lavoro e Diritto, 251-7. What is striking in such Italian writing is the constant relation to collective institutions at work.
110. See Mariucci (ed) n 104, G. Balandi, 'L'alibi degli ammortizzatori sociali', pp 223-32.
111. H. Sinzheimer, Democratizzazione del rapporto di lavoro (1928) Italian version in Laboratorio Weimar: Conflitti e Diritto del Lavoro nella Germania PreNazista (a cura di G.Arigo e G. Vadaro 1982), p 61.
112. See A. Supiot, Au-delá de l'emploi (Flannarion, 1994) and 'The Position of Social Security in the System of International Labour Standards' (2006) 27 Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 113, and 'Outlines of a Framework Agreement on the Extension of Social Security' ibid, 273.
113. See (2006) 28 Giorn. DLRI, p 328, responding to S. Sciarra, T. Treu, M. Weiss in 'Simitis - giurista europeo' (301-25), referring especially to the 'Giugni school' of Italian labour law, marked by its sociolegal tradition begun by Professor Gino Giugni, who was also shot allegedly by the Red Brigade for advising the Ciampi government, an attack he fortunately survived. A third victim, Professor Marco Biagi, unhappily did not.
114. House of Lords Committee on the EU, Subcommittee G, 22nd Report, 27 June 2007, Modernising European Union Labour Law: Has the UK Anything to Gain? See the memorandum from 36 Italian experts (pp 168-76) and Professor Sciarra (189-92). Evidence was also presented by British legal experts (Evidence pp 113-15, 157-63).
115. Ibid, paras 79-90.
116. See ibid, para 120; compare the TUC input, paras 84ff, 118-119 and Evidence 52-84.
117. Lord Leitch, Review of Skills (December 2006), the need for increased investment is urgent; see the debate on the Report, Hansard HL, 28 June 2007, cols 698-744: 'skills will be the key lever within our control for improving both economic performance and social justice' (Lord Leitch); compare P. Kingston, Guardian, 5 December 2006.
118. See H. Collins, 'Regulating the Employment Relation for Competitiveness' (2001) 30 ILJ 17, 47.
119. J. Murray, 'The AIRC's Test Case on Work and Family Provisions' (2005) 18 Australian Journal of Labour Law 325. Compare s 80G(1)(b), Employment Rights Act 1986 as amended.
120. Financial Times, 21 July 2007, A. Taylor, 'Ministers resist EU move on workers' rights'; on the shift in EU policy on part-time work in the 1990s, compare S. Sciarra, P. Davies and M. Freedland (eds), Employment Policy and the Regulation of Part-Time Work in the EU (Cambridge: CUP, 2004) where contrasting policies and laws are examined.
121. The Law of the Labour Market, Industrialization, Employment and Legal Evolution (Oxford: OUP, 2005).
122. K. Rittich, Vulnerability at Work: Legal and Policy Issues in the New Economy (25 January 2004, paper for the Canadian Law Commission), p 55.
123. S. Deakin, Capacitas: Contract Law and Institutional Preconditions of a Market Economy (June 2006, Working Paper 325, Centre for Business Research, Judge Institute, Cambridge) 21.
124. B. Hepple, Labour Laws and Global Trade (Hart, 2005). See the fascinating, and realistic chapters 5 and 6 on social clauses in international agreements and on the EU, chapters 8 and 9.
125. Ibid, p 188.
126. For a different view, see D. Ashiagbor, '"Flexibility" and "Adaptability" in the EU Employment Strategy' in H. Collins, P. Davies and R. Rideout (eds), Legal Regulation of the Employment Relationship (Kluwer, 2000), pp 373-401.
127. Davies and Freedland, n 49, p 156.
128. J. Stiglitz, Globalisation and its Discontents (Penguin, 2002), eg 10-11.
129. Hepple, n 119, p 275.
130. (Case 45/75) [1976] ECR 4556, ECJ.
131. O. Kahn -Freund, 'Labour Law and Social Security', Vol. I, Ch VI, in E. Stein and L. Nicholson (eds), American Enterprise in the European Common Market: A Legal Profile (Ann Arbor: Univ. Michigan Press, 1960), p 329.
132. See, eg Labour Law in the Courts, S. Sciarra (ed) (Hart, 2001).
133. See A. C. L. Davies, 'The Right to Strike versus Freedom of Establishment in EC Law: The Battle Commences' (2006) 35 ILJ 75.
134. M. G. Garofalo, 'Un Profilo Ideologico dei Diritto dei Lavoro' in Studi sul Lavoro: Scritti in Onore di Gino Giugni (Cacucci, 1999 , pp 453, 466.
135. See G. Lyon-Caen, 'L'Infiltration du droit du Travail par le droit de la Concurrence' Dr Ouvrier 313; and A. Lyon-Caen, "Droit Social et Droit de la Concurrence" Orientations socials du droit contemporaine: Écrits en l'honeur du Prof. Jean Savatier (Paris, 1992); compare Wedderburn, Labour Law and Freedom (Lawrence and Wishart, 1995), pp 388-91.
136. [2006] IRLR 58 CA.
137. The ITF was located in England.
138. See Wedderburn, The Injunction and the Sovereignty of Parliament (1989), Ch 7 of ERBE, above n 53.
139. See R. Ecklund (2006) 35 ILJ 202.
140. See P. Davies, 'The Posted Workers Directive and the EC Treaty' (2002) 31 ILJ 298-306.
141. B. Bercusson, The Right to Strike (Institute of Employment Rights, 2006), p 221, especially n 44, p 246, a 'fifth freedom' with direct effect.
142. See Wedderburn in ERBE, above n 53, Ch 10; and see S. Krebber (2006) 27 Comparative Labor Law & Social Policy Journal 377-403. For a delicate comparative analysis of the issues, see G. Orlandini, Diritto di Sciopero, Azioni Collettive Transnazionali e Mercato Interno dei Servizi: Nuovi Dilemmi e Nuovi Scenari per il Diritto Sociale Europeo (Europa e Diritto Privato, 2006), 945-1018.
143. On the relevant cases and materials, see Bercusson, n 136, pp 227-34. See also his article 'The Trade Union Movement and the European Union: Judgment Day' [2007] 13 ELJ 279, on vaxious governments' positions on this issue (especially pp 297-9), arguing that collective trade union rights and action are nota relevant 'restriction on free movement of services' (p 294).
144. The UK government is said to have had inserted in the new Treaty of 2007, an 'opt-out' declaring that Charter rights do not bind British courts unless UK legislation had opted in to the relevant provision: See J. Hendy and M. Ford, ASLEF v UK (Institute of Employment Rights, 2007), p 9, n 19. If the UK is confident that the Charter has no legal effect, it is difficult to see why an express opt-out is needed - except in an effort to provide belt and braces.
145. Bercusson (2007) 13 ELJ 292-3.
146. (C-112/00) Eugen Schmidberger Intl. Transport und Planzuger v Austria [2003] ECR 1-5659, an argument that relates especially to the issue of 'subsidiarity'.
147. P. Davies, Chapter 10 in W. McCarthy (ed) Legal Intervention in Industrial Relations (Blackwell, 1992), pp 313-59.
148. 'European Community Labour Law - Principles and Perspectives' in P. Davies, A Lyon-Caen, S. Sciarra and S. Simitis (eds), Liber Amicorum Lord Wedderburn (Oxford: OUP, 1996), especially Chapter 1 by Antoine Lyon-Caen and Spiros Simitis entitled 'Community Labour Law: A Critical Introduction to its History'. Compare the assessments in Davies and Freedland Labour Legislation and Public Policy (Oxford: OUP, 1993), pp 661-3, and Towards a Flexible Labour Market (Oxford: OUP, 2007), pp 223-7.
149. S. Giubboni, Social Rights and Market Freedom in the European Constitution (Cambridge, 2006). On the Council of Europe Social Charter
150. see T. Novitz, International and European Protection of the Right to Strike (Oxford: OUP, 2003), pp 131-47 and 212-43.
151. Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genoa SpA v Siderurgica Gabriella SpA (179/90) [1991] ECR I-5889.
152. Albany Intl. BV v Stichtung Bedrijfspensioenfonds (C-67/96) [19 99] ECR I-5751.
153. S. Sciarra, 'Market Freedom and Fundamental Social Rights' in B. Hepple (ed), Social and Labour Rights in a Global Context (Cambridge: CUP, 2002), pp 95-121.
154. See P. Davies, 'The European Court of Justice, National Courts and the Member States' in European Community Labour Law, n 143 above pp 95-138, arguing that the ECJ would come under pressure to recognise a Community labour law separate from its 'vision' of how national courts should give effect to Community rules.
155. The right to freedom of association has creeps into the fold by its recognition in Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
156. See below, nn 158 and 159.
157. See Viking [2006] IRLR 58 CA, at paras 42-64.
158. See Financial Times, 8 August 2007, B. Bernoit, 'Germany braced for costly rail strike'.
159. See above n 151, para 306.
160. Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495,537 HL Compare Lord Herschell on 'fluctuating opinions of the tribunal before whom the case may chance to come' in Allen v Flood [1898] AC 1, 119. The problem is not solved by adding the pleasing adjective 'objective' to the test.
161. By imposing what Harold Laski called their own 'law behind the law': See Wedderburn 'Laski's Law Behind the Law-1906 to European Labour Law', in R Rawlings (ed), Law, Society and Economy (Oxford: OUP, 1997).
162. The modern form of immunities passed in the Trade Disputes Act 1906, is now after the new restrictions to be found in TULR(C)A 1992, ss 219-245 as amended.
163. South Wales Miners Fedn. v Glamorgan Coal Co [1905] AC 239 HL. See Clerk and Lindsell on Torts, 19th edn (R. Simpson, 2006), paras 25-63.
164. Opinion of A-G Poiares Maduro, 23 May 2007 (Case C-438/05) The International Transport Workers Federation and Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABR and OÜ Viking Line Eesti. In addition to Article 43, the case raised the similar position of Regulation 4005/86.
165. Opinion of A-G Mengozzi, 23 May 2007 (Case C-341/05), Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, especially paras 251ff.
166. See Sir John Donaldson MR, 'Lessons from the Industrial Court' (1975) 91 LQR 181, 192; discussed in Wedderburn, Lewis and Clark, n 30, above, 179-80.
167. International and European Protection of the Right to Strike (Oxford, 2003), p 368.