-
1
-
-
11144282357
-
Progress and Problems in Roman Demography
-
W. Scheidel (ed.) (Leiden), at 72-77
-
nd ed. London 1985), the single most influential work in this field, is emblematic of this attitude; see W. Scheidel, "Progress and Problems in Roman Demography", in W. Scheidel (ed.), Progress and Problems in Roman Demography (Leiden 2001) 1-81, at 72-77.
-
(2001)
Progress and Problems in Roman Demography
, pp. 1-81
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
2
-
-
85010460420
-
-
W. Scheidel/I. Morris/R. P. Sailer (eds.) (Cambridge)
-
The new Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World is the first project to take due account of demographic factors: see esp. W. Scheidel, "Demography", in W. Scheidel/I. Morris/R. P. Sailer (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge 2007) 38-86.
-
(2007)
The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
, pp. 38-86
-
-
Scheidel, W.D.1
-
3
-
-
11144339998
-
Demographic and Economic Development in the Ancient Mediterranean World
-
Cf. also W. Scheidel, "Demographic and Economic Development in the Ancient Mediterranean World", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160 (2004) 743-757.
-
(2004)
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
, vol.160
, pp. 743-757
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
4
-
-
80054315074
-
-
rev. ed. Oxford, for a highprofile example
-
See P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower 225 B.C.-A.D. 14 (rev. ed. Oxford 1987) 131-155 for a highprofile example.
-
(1987)
Italian Manpower 225 B.C.-A.D. 14
, pp. 131-155
-
-
Brunt, P.A.1
-
5
-
-
84902056414
-
-
M. Jehne/R. Pfeilschifter, R. (eds.), Herrschaft ohne Integration? (Frankfurt)
-
For tentative quantification, see W. Scheidel, "The Demography of Roman State Formation in Italy", in M. Jehne/R. Pfeilschifter, R. (eds.), Herrschaft ohne Integration? (Frankfurt 2006) 207-226.
-
(2006)
The Demography of Roman State Formation in Italy
, pp. 207-226
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
6
-
-
34147141484
-
Human Mobility in Roman Italy, II: The Slave Population
-
and below, section 4. For tentative quantification, see
-
For tentative quantification, see W. Scheidel, "Human Mobility in Roman Italy, II: The Slave Population", JRS 95 (2005) 64-79, and below, section 4.
-
(2005)
JRS
, vol.95
, pp. 64-79
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
8
-
-
34147101204
-
Human Mobility in Roman Italy, I: The Free Population
-
3-4
-
Polyb. 2.24, an account of dubious value, although it probably índicates the right order of magnitude: see W. Scheidel, "Human Mobility in Roman Italy, I: The Free Population", JRS 94 (2004) 1-26, at 3-4.
-
(2004)
JRS
, vol.94
, pp. 1-26
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
9
-
-
61449308088
-
-
(Stanford)
-
J. F. Lazenby, The First Punic War (Stanford 1996). The historian Polybius reports the loss of some 650 Roman ships (each of which could in theory carry up to 420 men) in three major disasters between 255 and 249 BC.
-
(1996)
The First Punic War
-
-
Lazenby, J.F.1
-
10
-
-
80054305862
-
-
(as in)
-
Brunt, Manpower (as in n. 3) 13-14.
-
Manpower
, Issue.3
, pp. 13-14
-
-
Brunt1
-
11
-
-
60949313207
-
-
Chapel Hill and London, 107-140, esp, overall rates, probably too low, 137-140
-
N. Rosenstein, Rome at War (Chapel Hill and London 2004) 107-140, esp. 136-137 (overall rates), 137-140 (probably too low).
-
(2004)
Rome at War
, pp. 136-137
-
-
Rosenstein, N.1
-
12
-
-
62449279737
-
-
(Ann Arbor)
-
The rates from 28 BC onward are revised from W. Scheidel, Measuring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire (Ann Arbor 1996) 94-97. The percentage rates are derived from Brunt's reconstruction of overall citizen numbers: a larger number of citizens (see below, at notes 26-29) would reduce the precentages in this graph without greatly altering its overall shape.
-
(1996)
Measuring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire
, pp. 94-97
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
14
-
-
0003652269
-
-
[New Haven], seems uniquely extreme: see Scheidel, Commemoration as in n. 16
-
While we must allow for the possibility of city-country differences, the case of fifteenth-century Tuscany, with much earlier marriage in villages than in towns (D. Herlihy/C. Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and their Families [New Haven 1985] 203-211), seems uniquely extreme: see Scheidel, "Commemoration" (as in n. 16).
-
(1985)
Tuscans and Their Families
, pp. 203-211
-
-
Herlihy, D.1
Klapisch-Zuber, C.2
-
15
-
-
0037577048
-
-
(London and New York)
-
There is no evidence for widespread unions between freebom women and freed slaves either. Partly due to domestic slavery, employment opportunities for single women seem to have been scarce: J. K. Evans, War, Women and Children in Ancient Rome (London and New York 1991) 101-165.
-
(1991)
War, Women and Children in Ancient Rome
, pp. 101-165
-
-
Evans, J.K.1
-
16
-
-
0004291455
-
-
(New York)
-
J. Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers (New York 1988) 53-94 is the most detailed discussion. I will address this problem in W. Scheidel, "Femicide and Sex Ratios in the Ancient Mediterranean World" (in progress).
-
(1988)
The Kindness of Strangers
, pp. 53-94
-
-
Boswell, J.1
-
17
-
-
80054305793
-
-
(as in)
-
For tentative quantification, see Scheidel, "Mobility" (as in n. 8) 10-12, based on Brunt, Manpower (as in n. 3).
-
Mobility
, Issue.8
, pp. 10-12
-
-
Scheidel1
-
18
-
-
80054315013
-
-
(as in)
-
Scheidel, Measuring (as in n. 15) 93-97.
-
Measuring
, Issue.15
, pp. 93-97
-
-
Scheidel1
-
19
-
-
33748351148
-
-
Oxford
-
The disease environment of ancient Rome has been reconstructed by R. Sallares, Malaria and Rome (Oxford 2002) 201-234
-
(2002)
Malaria and Rome
, pp. 201-234
-
-
Sallares, R.1
-
20
-
-
33947514205
-
Germs for Rome
-
C. Edwards/G. Woolf (eds.), Cambridge
-
and W. Scheidel, "Germs for Rome", in C. Edwards/G. Woolf (eds.), Rome the Cosmopolis (Cambridge 2003) 158-176.
-
(2003)
Rome the Cosmopolis
, pp. 158-176
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
21
-
-
0003899494
-
-
(Oxford and New York)
-
Cf. E. A. Wrigley, People, Cities and Wealth (Oxford and New York 1987) 135 for early modern London. A. Scobie, "Slums, Sanitation, and Mortality in the Roman World", Klio 68 (1986) 399-433 discusses deficient hygiene.
-
(1987)
People, Cities and Wealth
, pp. 135
-
-
Wrigley, E.A.1
-
22
-
-
84869913056
-
L'Italie
-
J.-P. Bardet/J. Dupâquier (eds.), Paris, at 515, Italy
-
L. del Panta, 'L'Italie', in J.-P. Bardet/J. Dupâquier (eds.), Histoire des populations de l'Europe II (Paris 1998) 513-532, at 515 (Italy).
-
(1998)
Histoire des Populations de l'Europe II
, pp. 513-532
-
-
Panta L.del1
-
23
-
-
70350512747
-
-
J. Bintliff/K. Sbonias (eds, Reconstructing Past Population Trends in Mediterranean Europe (3000 B.C.-A.D. 1800, Oxford)
-
This case has been made in detail in Scheidel, "Mobility" (as in n. 8) 5-9 and restated in "Roman Population Size: The Logic of the Debate", paper delivered at the conference "Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: The Social, Economic and Demographic Background to the Gracchan Land Reforms", University of Leiden, June 2007, against the 'high count' recently revived by Elio Lo Cascio, e. g. in E. Lo Cascio, "Population of Roman Italy in Town and Country", in J. Bintliff/K. Sbonias (eds.), Reconstructing Past Population Trends in Mediterranean Europe (3000 B.C.-A.D. 1800) (Oxford 1999) 161-171;
-
(1999)
Population of Roman Italy in Town and Country
, pp. 161-171
-
-
Lo Cascio, E.1
-
24
-
-
61149598742
-
The Augustan Census Figures and the Population of Italy
-
G. Kron, "The Augustan Census Figures and the Population of Italy", Athenaeum 93 (2005) 441-495;
-
(2005)
Athenaeum
, vol.93
, pp. 441-495
-
-
Kron, G.1
-
25
-
-
70350515827
-
Cycles and Stability: Italian Population before the Demographic Transition (225 B.C.-A.D. 1900)
-
21.3
-
E. Lo Cascio/P. Malanima, "Cycles and Stability: Italian Population before the Demographic Transition (225 B.C.-A.D. 1900)", Rivista di Storia Economica 21.3 (2005) 197-232.
-
(2005)
Rivista di Storia Economica
, pp. 197-232
-
-
Lo Cascio, E.1
Malanima, P.2
-
26
-
-
0015774784
-
Galen and the Antonine Plague
-
For the nature of this epidemic, probably smallpox, see R. J. Littman/M. L. Littman, "Galen and the Antonine Plague", AWJPh 94 (1973) 243-253;
-
(1973)
AWJPh
, vol.94
, pp. 243-253
-
-
Littman, R.J.1
Littman, M.L.2
-
28
-
-
80054305782
-
-
(unpubl. dissertation University of Leiden, in progress). I am indebted to Saskia Hin for sharing her thoughts with me
-
S. Hin, "Fertility and Mortality: Demographic Behavior in Roman in Italy" (unpubl. dissertation University of Leiden, in progress). I am indebted to Saskia Hin for sharing her thoughts with me.
-
Fertility and Mortality: Demographic Behavior in Roman in Italy
-
-
Hin, S.1
-
29
-
-
80054305765
-
-
(Baltimore), 228
-
A single aqueduct built in 144-140 BC cost 45 million denars (Frontin. Aqu. 1.7), probably somewhere around 200-400, 000 tons of wheat equivalent, enough to feed 1-2 million people for a year. T. Frank, An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome I (Baltimore 1933) 145, 228 estimates total state spending on construction from 200-90 BC at five to six times that amount.
-
(1933)
An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome
, vol.1
, pp. 145
-
-
Frank, T.1
-
32
-
-
77951808383
-
Estimating GDP in the Early Roman Empire
-
E. Lo Cascio (ed.) (Bari)
-
P. Temin, "Estimating GDP in the Early Roman Empire", in E. Lo Cascio (ed.), Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano (Bari 2006) 31-54 (for an imperial GDP of 2.5 billion denars around AD 100, which needs to be reduced to account for the sizeable contribution of Egypt after 30 BC and intervening growth). Disbursement necessitated the large-scale minting of bullion stocks, the reminting of provincial silver coin, and the introduction of gold coins, all of which are well attested for this period: K. W. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 (Baltimore 1996) 52-60, 71-72.
-
(2006)
Innovazione Tecnica e Progresso Economico Nel Mondo Romano
, pp. 31-54
-
-
Temin, P.1
-
34
-
-
34447219131
-
The Mediterranean and the Roman Revolution: Politics, War, and the Economy
-
For a brief discussion, see F. Millar, "The Mediterranean and the Roman Revolution: Politics, War, and the Economy", P&P 102 (1984) 3-24
-
(1984)
P&P
, vol.102
, pp. 3-24
-
-
Millar, F.1
-
35
-
-
80054258296
-
-
The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution (Chapel Hill and London)
-
repr. in Id., Rome, the Greek World, and the East, I: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution (Chapel Hill and London 2002) 215-237.
-
(2002)
Rome, the Greek World, and the East
, vol.1
, pp. 215-237
-
-
-
36
-
-
2542460115
-
Framing the Debate over Growth in the Ancient Economy
-
W. Scheidel/S. von Reden (eds.), Edinburgh
-
R. Sailer, "Framing the Debate over Growth in the Ancient Economy", in W. Scheidel/S. von Reden (eds.), The Ancient Economy (Edinburgh 2002) 251-269
-
(2002)
The Ancient Economy
, pp. 251-269
-
-
Sailer, R.1
-
37
-
-
9144263432
-
-
(Stanford)
-
and again in J. G. Manning/I. Morris (eds.), The Ancient Economy (Stanford 2005) 223-238, provides an incisive discussion of the problems involved in estimating Roman economic growth. For ancient Greece, see below, n. 61.
-
(2005)
The Ancient Economy
, pp. 223-238
-
-
Manning, J.G.1
Morris, I.2
-
39
-
-
0003706252
-
-
(Oxford) esp. 549 fig. 3
-
A. J. Parker, Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces (Oxford 1992) esp. 549 fig. 3. Due to uneven exploration coverage, these data are disproportionately concentrated in the western Mediterranean, and therefore work best as an index of changes in the volume of Italycentered commerce, which is precisely what matters here.
-
(1992)
Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces
-
-
Parker, A.J.1
-
40
-
-
0142049204
-
Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy
-
at 25-27
-
For summaries of recent scientific research, see A. Wilson, "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", JRS 92 (2002) 1-32, at 25-27;
-
(2002)
JRS
, vol.92
, pp. 1-32
-
-
Wilson, A.1
-
41
-
-
60950034639
-
The Graeco-Roman Economy in the Super-long Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks
-
F. de Callatay, "The Graeco-Roman Economy in the Super-long Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks", JRA 18 (2005) 361-372.
-
(2005)
JRA
, vol.18
, pp. 361-372
-
-
Callatay F.de1
-
43
-
-
80053324489
-
Hoard Structure and Coin Production in Antiquity - An Empirical Investigation
-
AT 159
-
K. Lockyear, "Hoard Structure and Coin Production in Antiquity - An Empirical Investigation", AT 159 (1999) 215-243.
-
(1999)
, pp. 215-243
-
-
Lockyear, K.1
-
44
-
-
34347300164
-
A Revisionist View of Roman Money
-
stresses the importance of credit arrangements
-
W. V. Harris, "A Revisionist View of Roman Money", JRS 96 (2006) 1-24 stresses the importance of credit arrangements.
-
(2006)
JRS
, vol.96
, pp. 1-24
-
-
Harris, W.V.1
-
45
-
-
80054314933
-
-
(as in) table 19.2
-
On technology, see Harris, "Republic" (as in n. 44) 536 table 19.2.
-
Republic
, Issue.44
, pp. 536
-
-
Harris1
-
46
-
-
5644220487
-
Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire
-
P. Temin, "Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire", JEH 64 (2004) 705-733 argues that "financial institutions in the early Roman Empire were better than those of eighteenth-century France, albeit not as developed as those of eighteenth-century England and Holland" (729);
-
(2004)
JEH
, vol.64
, pp. 705-733
-
-
Temin, P.1
-
47
-
-
76749134490
-
Roman Shares
-
W. N. Goetzmann and K. G. Rouwenhorst (eds.) (Oxford)
-
this finding also encompasses the late Republican period. For Roman shares, see U. Malmendier, "Roman Shares", in W. N. Goetzmann and K. G. Rouwenhorst (eds.), The Origins of Value (Oxford 2005) 31-42.
-
(2005)
The Origins of Value
, pp. 31-42
-
-
Malmendier, U.1
-
48
-
-
84869924892
-
La "new Institutional Economics" e l'economia imperiale romana
-
M. Pani (ed.), Bari, at, briefly considers lowered transactions costs
-
E. Lo Cascio, "La "New Institutional Economics" e l'economia imperiale romana", in M. Pani (ed.), Storia romana e storia moderna (Bari 2005) 69-83, at 78-80 briefly considers lowered transactions costs.
-
(2005)
Storia Romana e Storia Moderna
, pp. 69-83
-
-
Lo Cascio, E.1
-
49
-
-
85008579323
-
A Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire
-
On market transactions in general, see P. Temin, "A Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire", JRS 91 (2001) 169-181.
-
(2001)
JRS
, vol.91
, pp. 169-181
-
-
Temin, P.1
-
50
-
-
60949456380
-
-
Brussels, is the most comprehensive collection of the elite-related evidence
-
I. Shatzman, Senatorial Wealth and Roman Politics (Brussels 1975) is the most comprehensive collection of the elite-related evidence.
-
(1975)
Senatorial Wealth and Roman Politics
-
-
Shatzman, I.1
-
51
-
-
77953194852
-
-
P. Cartledge/F. D. Harvey (eds.), Crux (Exeter)
-
Rudimentary direct measurements are possible only for classical Athens and Roman Egypt, and tentative investigation of change over time is feasible only for the latter: M. M. Markle, "Jury Pay and Assembly Pay at Athens", in P. Cartledge/F. D. Harvey (eds.), Crux (Exeter 1985) 265-297;
-
(1985)
Jury Pay and Assembly Pay at Athens
, pp. 265-297
-
-
Markle, M.M.1
-
52
-
-
1842752973
-
A Model of Demographic and Economic Change in Roman Egypt after the Antonine Plague
-
W. Scheidel, "A Model of Demographic and Economic Change in Roman Egypt after the Antonine Plague", JRA 15 (2002) 97-114
-
(2002)
JRA
, vol.15
, pp. 97-114
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
53
-
-
61149567280
-
Real Slave Prices and the Relative Cost of Slave Labor in the Greco-Roman World
-
and Id., "Real Slave Prices and the Relative Cost of Slave Labor in the Greco-Roman World", AncSoc 35 (2005) 1-17.
-
(2005)
AncSoc
, vol.35
, pp. 1-17
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
54
-
-
80054318363
-
-
(as in)
-
The discussions by Frank, Survey (as in n. 30) 384-385
-
Survey
, Issue.30
, pp. 384-385
-
-
Frank1
-
55
-
-
80054305745
-
-
Bonn, show that there is simply no usable wage information for the city of Rome in particular
-
and S. Mrozek, Lohnarbeit im klassischen Altertum (Bonn 1989) 85, 111-112 show that there is simply no usable wage information for the city of Rome in particular.
-
(1989)
Lohnarbeit im Klassischen Altertum
, vol.85
, pp. 111-112
-
-
Mrozek, S.1
-
57
-
-
80054258271
-
The Early Roman Empire: Consumption
-
(as in), at 601-602
-
For a new indirect method of estimating free wages, see W. M. Jongman, "The Early Roman Empire: Consumption", in Scheidel, Morris and Sailer, Economic History (as in n. 2) 597-618, at 601-602, who, drawing on the manumission fees recorded in first-century BC Delphi (Greece) of 7 tons of wheat equivalent per adult male slave, argues that at 10 % annual financing and depreciation costs, slave labor must have yielded 700 kg of wheat equivalent per year in excess of subsistence, and that free labor ought to have commanded a comparable premium. The main problems are that we do not know how representative these freed slaves were (as they may have been skilled and thus more valuable), and how their manumission fees related to purchase prices.
-
Scheidel, Morris and Sailer, Economic History
, Issue.2
, pp. 597-618
-
-
Jongman, W.M.1
-
59
-
-
62449137098
-
-
(Frankfurt), esp. 159-164
-
Closer consideration of the nature of staple crop production on large slave estates has led to an appreciation of the symbiotic nature of permanent slave labor and seasonal free labor, much of which was probably provided by neighboring peasants: W. Scheidel, Grundpacht und Lohnarbeit in der Landwirtschaft des römischen Italien (Frankfurt 1994) 153-224, esp. 159-164.
-
(1994)
Grundpacht und Lohnarbeit in der Landwirtschaft des Römischen Italien
, pp. 153-224
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
61
-
-
80054318332
-
-
200 BC-AD 200 (unpubl. dissertation Cambridge University)
-
The scale of large-scale slave-run livestock raising should not be exaggerated either: J. S. Thompson, "Transhumant and Sedentary Sheep-raising in Roman Italy, 200 BC-AD 200" (unpubl. dissertation Cambridge University 1989);
-
(1989)
Transhumant and Sedentary Sheep-raising in Roman Italy
-
-
Thompson, J.S.1
-
63
-
-
80054314902
-
TBA, the Impact of Globalization in the Roman Empire, 200 B.C.-A.D. 100
-
(forthcoming)
-
TBA, "The Impact of Globalization in the Roman Empire, 200 B.C.-A.D. 100', JEH (forthcoming).
-
JEH
-
-
-
64
-
-
80054314901
-
-
(as in) (numbers), 71-79 (imports)
-
Scheidel, "Mobility" (as in n. 6) 65-71 (numbers), 71-79 (imports).
-
Mobility
, Issue.6
, pp. 65-71
-
-
Scheidel1
-
65
-
-
84925716113
-
The Growth of Real Product in the United States before 1840: New Evidence, Controlled Conjecture
-
For this conjecture, cf., e. g., P. A. David, "The Growth of Real Product in the United States before 1840: New Evidence, Controlled Conjecture", JEH 21 (1967) 151-197;
-
(1967)
JEH
, vol.21
, pp. 151-197
-
-
David, P.A.1
-
67
-
-
80054258252
-
-
and see Temin, "GDP" (as in n. 37) for an application to the Roman empire.
-
GDP
, Issue.37
-
-
Temin1
-
68
-
-
0011631201
-
Diet in the Roman World: A Regional Inter-site Comparison of the Mammal Bones
-
Jongman, "Consumption" (as in n. 51) 613-614, based on the surveys of A. King, "Diet in the Roman World: A Regional Inter-site Comparison of the Mammal Bones", JRA 12 (1999) 168-202
-
(1999)
JRA
, vol.12
, pp. 168-202
-
-
King, A.1
-
70
-
-
84869966538
-
Exigences fonctionelles et variété des interpré tations dans 1'architecture des macella du monde remain
-
E. Lo Cascio (ed.), Bari, at
-
C. De Ruyt, "Exigences fonctionelles et variété des interprétations dans 1'architecture des macella du monde remain", in E. Lo Cascio (ed.), Mercati permanenti e mercati periodici nel mondo romano (Bari 2000) 177-186, at 178-179.
-
(2000)
Mercati Permanenti e Mercati Periodici Nel Mondo Romano
, pp. 177-186
-
-
De Ruyt, C.1
-
73
-
-
77949755068
-
Archaeology, Standards of Living, and Greek Economic History, in Manning and Morris
-
(as in)
-
and Id., "Archaeology, Standards of Living, and Greek Economic History", in Manning and Morris, Economy (as in n. 43) 91-126.
-
Economy
, Issue.43
, pp. 91-126
-
-
-
74
-
-
61049097690
-
Anthropometry, Physical Anthropology, and the Reconstruction of Ancient Health, Nutrition, and Living Standards
-
G. Kron, "Anthropometry, Physical Anthropology, and the Reconstruction of Ancient Health, Nutrition, and Living Standards", Historia 54 (2005) 68-83.
-
(2005)
Historia
, vol.54
, pp. 68-83
-
-
Kron, G.1
-
75
-
-
77951200933
-
Archaezoological Evidence for the Productivity of Roman Livestock Farming
-
21.2
-
Incidentally, Roman livestock was also uncommonly big, an indication of increased productivity: G. Kron, "Archaezoological Evidence for the Productivity of Roman Livestock Farming", MBAH 21.2 (2002) 53-73.
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(2002)
MBAH
, pp. 53-73
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Kron, G.1
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76
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80054305641
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They Never Had It so Good: The Rise and Decline of Roman Living Standards
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delivered at Stanford University, January 16, 2007, with reference to G. Klein Goldewijk and W. M. Jongman (in progress)
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W. M. Jongman, "They Never Had It So Good: The Rise and Decline of Roman Living Standards", Paper delivered at Stanford University, January 16, 2007, with reference to G. Klein Goldewijk and W. M. Jongman, "They Never Had It So Good: Roman Stature and the Biological Standard of Living" (in progress).
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They Never Had It so Good: Roman Stature and the Biological Standard of Living
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Jongman, W.M.1
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79
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80054258205
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(as in), esp. 81-82 (farming for urban market)
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Morley, Metropolis (as in n. 7) 55-142, esp. 81-82 (farming for urban market).
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Metropolis
, Issue.7
, pp. 55-142
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Morley1
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80
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-
80054314788
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The Comparative Economics of Slavery in the Greco-Roman World
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E. Dal Lago/ C. Katsari (eds.)
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W. Scheidet, "The Comparative Economics of Slavery in the Greco-Roman World", in E. Dal Lago/ C. Katsari (eds.), Slave Systems, Ancient and Modern (Cambridge in press), drawing on C. Hanes, "Turnover Cost and the Distribution of Slave Labor in Anglo-America", JEH 56 (1996) 307-329.
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Slave Systems, Ancient and Modern
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Scheidet, W.1
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81
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-
77955839521
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Urban Labour in Rome: Mercennarii and tabernarii
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P. Garnsey (ed.) (Cambridge), at 55-56
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S. Treggiari, "Urban Labour in Rome: mercennarii and tabernarii", in P. Garnsey (ed.), Non-slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge 1980) 48-64, at 55-56;
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(1980)
Non-slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World
, pp. 48-64
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-
Treggiari, S.1
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82
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80054318308
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-
(as in)
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Joshel, Work (as in n. 65) 124-128;
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Work
, Issue.65
, pp. 124-128
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Joshel1
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83
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34347282779
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Freedmen and Decurions: Epitaphs and Social History in Roman Italy
-
and cf. now more generally H. Mouritsen, "Freedmen and Decurions: Epitaphs and Social History in Roman Italy", JRS 95 (2005) 38-63.
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(2005)
JRS
, vol.95
, pp. 38-63
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-
Mouritsen, H.1
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84
-
-
77949766470
-
-
(unpub. dissertation University of Chicago)
-
C. Hawkins, "Work in the City: Roman Artisans and the Urban Economy" (unpub. dissertation University of Chicago 2006) is the first proper study of this topic. For the huge range of attested professions, see Treggiari's paper.
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(2006)
Work in the City: Roman Artisans and the Urban Economy
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-
Hawkins, C.1
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85
-
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84869972531
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Anniversarii vicini: Zur freien Arbeit im römischen Dorf
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F. Kudlien, "Anniversarii vicini: Zur freien Arbeit im römischen Dorf", Hermes 112 (1984) 66-84.
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(1984)
Hermes
, vol.112
, pp. 66-84
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Kudlien, F.1
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86
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79959675762
-
The City of Rome and the plebs urbana in the Late Republic
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J. A. Crook et al, (eds.), 2nd ed. Cambridge, for the complexity of the late Republican metropolitan populace
-
nd ed. Cambridge 1994) 644-688, for the complexity of the late Republican metropolitan populace.
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(1994)
The Cambridge Ancient History
, vol.9
, pp. 644-688
-
-
Purcell, C.N.1
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87
-
-
84927061543
-
Stratification, Deprivation and Quality of Life
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M. Atkins/R. Osborne (eds.) (Cambridge), at 48-52, for discussion and guesstimates
-
The property thresholds were set at 25, 000 denars for the first class, 18, 750 for the second, 12, 500 for the third, and 5, 000 for the fourth, with a very low limit for the fifth class. At 5-6 % annual return on capital, even fourth-class citizen would have earned between 250 and 750 denars a year, or two to six times the traditional basic army stipend; and income from crafts and trades may well have generated higher income relative to assets than farming. The overall number of such citizens is unknowable but likely to have ranged in the 100, 000s: see W. Scheidel, "Stratification, Deprivation and Quality of Life", in M. Atkins/R. Osborne (eds.), Poverty in the Roman World (Cambridge 2006) 40-59, at 48-52, for discussion and guesstimates.
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(2006)
Poverty in the Roman World
, pp. 40-59
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-
Scheidel, W.1
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88
-
-
64249093664
-
-
(Stuttgart)
-
The muddled tradition about the Gracchan land distribution schemes in the late second century BC is probably the most famous case in point: see K. Bringmann, Die Agrarreform des Tiberius Gracchus (Stuttgart 1985) for a trenchant critique.
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(1985)
Die Agrarreform des Tiberius Gracchus
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Bringmann, K.1
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89
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85006155598
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Poverty and Demography: The Case of the Gracchan Land Reform
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L. de Ligt, "Poverty and Demography: The Case of the Gracchan Land Reform", Mnemosyne 57 (2004) 725-757.
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(2004)
Mnemosyne
, vol.57
, pp. 725-757
-
-
De Ligt, L.1
-
90
-
-
80054318243
-
-
(as in) for quantitative data
-
The latter habit is well established: see esp. Duncan-Jones, Economy (as in n. 51) 120-237 for quantitative data.
-
Economy
, Issue.51
, pp. 120-237
-
-
Duncan-Jones1
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92
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5644277529
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Rome, Taxes, Rents, and Trade
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K. Hopkins, "Rome, Taxes, Rents, and Trade", Kodai 6/7 (1995/6) 41-75
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(1995)
Kodai
, Issue.41-75
, pp. 6-7
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Hopkins, K.1
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93
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80054305598
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(as in)
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reprinted in Scheidel/von Reden, Economy (as in n. 43) 190-230.
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Economy
, Issue.43
, pp. 190-230
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-
Von S., R.1
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95
-
-
80054258126
-
-
(as in)
-
As usual, the evidence of field surveys is ambiguous: Dyson, Community (as in n. 52) 113-114.
-
Community
, Issue.52
, pp. 113-114
-
-
Dyson1
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96
-
-
0022831817
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Population Homeostasis and English Demographic History
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R. I. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb (eds.) (Cambridge)
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For the inverse relationship of population growth and real wages, cf., e. g., R. D. Lee, "Population Homeostasis and English Demographic History", in R. I. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb (eds.), Population and Economy (Cambridge 1986) 75-100. 1 will explore this this issue more generally in "Population, Productivity, and the Limits of Prosperity: A Neomalthusian Perspective on Roman Economic Growth" (in progress).
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(1986)
Population and Economy
, pp. 75-100
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-
Lee, R.D.1
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97
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-
84869977001
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(ed), Portugal da renascimento à crise dinástica (Lisbon), at 13 and n.10 (census of 1527/32);
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Population size: J. J. A. Dias, "A populacão", in Id. (ed), Portugal da renascimento à crise dinástica (Lisbon 1998) 11-52, at 13 and n.10 (census of 1527/32);
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(1998)
A Populacão
, pp. 11-52
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-
Dias, J.J.A.1
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98
-
-
77749252828
-
A base demográfica
-
A. de F. de Meneses (ed.) (Lisbon), at 389, 395 (1, 700)
-
M. L. R. Pinto/J. D. Rodrigues/A. B. Madeira, "A base demográfica", in A. de F. de Meneses (ed.), Portugal da paz da restauração ao ouro do Brasil (Lisbon 2001) 385-403, at 389, 395 (1, 700).
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(2001)
Portugal da Paz da Restauração Ao Ouro Do Brasil
, pp. 385-403
-
-
Pinto, M.L.R.1
Rodrigues, J.D.2
Madeira, A.B.3
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101
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84869969093
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(as in)
-
Dias, "Populacão" (as in n.79) 23.
-
Populacão
, Issue.79
, pp. 23
-
-
Dias1
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103
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-
0009158779
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-
(Cambridge), 33 (imports), 79 (slaves could earn their price in one year), 88
-
A. C. de C. M. Saunders, A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal 1441-1555 (Cambridge 1982) 21, 33 (imports), 79 (slaves could earn their price in one year), 88.
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(1982)
A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal 1441-1555
, pp. 21
-
-
De A., C.1
Saunders, M.C.2
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104
-
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80054258022
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-
(as in)
-
For the underpopulation of the Portuguese countryside, see Boxer, Empire (as in n. 79) 53
-
Empire
, Issue.79
, pp. 53
-
-
Boxer1
-
106
-
-
84869969093
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-
(as in)
-
On male migration, see Dias, "Populacäo" (as in n.79) 23-26.
-
Populacäo
, Issue.79
, pp. 23-26
-
-
Dias1
-
107
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0003668454
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-
(Cambridge) 72
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J. de Vries/A. van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815 (Cambridge 1997) 50, 72, 75.
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(1997)
The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815
, vol.50
, pp. 75
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De Vries, J.1
Woude Der A.Van2
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108
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80054318186
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(as in)
-
Wrigley, People (as in n. 23) 152.
-
People
, Issue.23
, pp. 152
-
-
Wrigley1
-
109
-
-
80054314780
-
-
(as in) for the general premises
-
See Scheidel, "Demography" (as in n. 2) for the general premises.
-
Demography
, Issue.2
-
-
Scheidel1
-
110
-
-
80054318143
-
-
(as in)
-
I follow Finley, Economy (as in n. 2 [1985]) 182 in adopting R. J. Chorley/P. Haggett's (Socioeconomic Models in Geography [London 1968] 22) poignant definition of a model as "a simplified structuring of reality which represents supposedly significant relationships in a generalized form" which "do not include all associated observations or measurements, but as such (...) are valuable in obscuring incidental detail and in allowing fundamental aspects of reality to appear".
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(1985)
Economy
, Issue.2
, pp. 182
-
-
Finley1
-
113
-
-
61149259587
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Hunger at Rome in the Late Republic
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D. Cherry, "Hunger at Rome in the Late Republic", EMC 12 (1993) 433-450.
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(1993)
EMC
, vol.12
, pp. 433-450
-
-
Cherry, D.1
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114
-
-
34147181131
-
Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective
-
Scale: for cross-cultural context, see, W. V. Harris/G. Ruffini (eds.), Leiden, esp 3-18
-
Scale: for cross-cultural context, see W. Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective", in W. V. Harris/G. Ruffini (eds.), Ancient Alexandria between Egypt and Greece (Leiden 2004) 1-31, esp. 3-18.
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(2004)
Ancient Alexandria between Egypt and Greece
, pp. 1-31
-
-
Scheidel, W.1
-
116
-
-
80054305501
-
-
(as in) for the nexus between chattel slavery and demand for labor
-
See Scheidel, "Economics" (as in n. 66) for the nexus between chattel slavery and demand for labor.
-
Economics
, Issue.66
-
-
Scheidel1
|