Roles of the PVM M2-1, M2-2 and P gene ORF 2 (P-2) proteins in viral replication

Virus Research

Volumn 131, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 47-53

  Dibben, Oliver ^a   Thorpe, Lindsay C ^a   Easton, Andrew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

M2 1 protein; M2 2 protein; P gene second ORF; Plasmid based rescue; Pneumonia virus of mice

Indexed keywords

DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE ALPHA; PROTEIN M2; PROTEIN M2 1; PROTEIN M2 2; RNA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; P GENE; PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE; PNEUMOVIRINAE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REPORTER GENE; RNA REPLICATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS NUCLEOCAPSID; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; CELLS, CULTURED; GENOME, VIRAL; GLYCOPROTEINS; MICE; MURINE PNEUMONIA VIRUS; NUCLEOCAPSID; OPEN READING FRAMES; PLASMIDS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES; VIRAL ENVELOPE PROTEINS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

MURINE PNEUMONIA VIRUS; POTATO VIRUS M; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; RICE STRIPE VIRUS;

EID: 36849036355     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Ahmadian G., Chambers P., and Easton A.J. Detection and characterization of proteins encoded by the second ORF of the M2 gene of pneumoviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 80 (1999) 2011-2016
2. Ahmadian G., Randhawa J.S., and Easton A.J. Expression of the ORF-2 protein of the human respiratory syncytial virus M2 gene is initiated by a ribosomal termination-dependent reinitiation mechanism. EMBO J. 11 (2000) 2681-2689
3. Barik S. Site-directed mutagenesis by double polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Biotechnol. 3 (1995) 1-7
4. Barr J., Chambers P., Harriott P., Pringle C.R., and Easton A.J. Sequence of the phosphoprotein gene of pneumonia virus of mice: expression of multiple proteins from 2 overlapping reading frames. J. Virol. 68 (1994) 5330-5334
5. Bermingham A., and Collins P.L. The M2-2 protein of human respiratory syncytial virus is a regulatory factor involved in the balance between RNA replication and transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 11259-11264
6. Bonville C.A., Easton A.J., Rosenberg H.F., and Domachowske J.B. Altered pathogenesis of severe pneumovirus infection in response to combined antiviral and specific immunomodulatory agents. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 1237-1244
7. Buchholz U.J., Finke S., and Conzelmann K.-K. Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 251-259
8. Caravokyri C., Zajac A.J., and Pringle C.R. Assignment of mutant tsN19 (complementation group E) of respiratory syncytial virus to the P protein gene. J. Gen. Virol. 73 (1992) 865-873
9. Cheng X., Park H., Zhou H., and Jin H. Overexpression of the M2-2 protein of respiratory syncytial virus inhibits viral replication. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 13943-13952
10. Collins P.L., Olmsted R.A., Spriggs M.K., Johnson P.R., and Buckler-White A.J. Gene overlap and site-specific attenuation of transcription of the viral polymerase L gene of human respiratory syncytial virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (1987) 5134-5138
11. Collins P.L., Hill M.G., Camargo E., Grosfeld H., Chanock R.M., and Murphy B.R. Production of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus from cloned cDNA confirms an essential role for the transcription elongation factor from the 5′ proximal open reading frame of the M2 mRNA in gene expression and provides a capability for vaccine development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (1995) 11563-11567
12. Collins P.L., Hill M.G., Christine J., and Grosfeld H. Transcription elongation factor of respiratory syncytial virus, a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 81-85
13. Cook P.M., Eglin R.P., and Easton A.J. Pathogenesis of pneumovirus infections in mice: detection of pneumonia virus of mice and human respiratory syncytial virus mRNA in lungs of infected mice by in-situ hybridisation. J. Gen. Virol. 79 (1998) 2411-2417
14. Curran J., Marq J.B., and Kolakofsky D. The Sendai virus nonstructural C proteins specifically inhibit viral mRNA synthesis. Virology 189 (1992) 647-656
15. Didcock L., Young D.F., Goodbourn S., and Randall R.E. Sendai virus and simian virus 5 block activation of interferon-responsive genes: importance for virus pathogenesis. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 3125-3133
16. Didcock L., Young D.F., Goodbourn S., and Randall R.E. The V protein of simian virus 5 inhibits interferon signalling by targeting STAT1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 9928-9933
17. Domachowske J.B., Bonville C.A., Dyer K.D., Easton A.J., and Rosenberg H.F. Pulmonary eosinophilia and production of MIP-1a are prominent responses to infection with pneumonia virus of mice. Cell. Immunol. 200 (2000) 98-104
18. Domachowske J.B., Bonville C.A., Easton A.J., and Rosenberg H.F. Differential expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes in vivo in response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic pneumovirus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (2002) 8-14
19. Easton A.J., Domachowske J.B., and Rosenberg H.F. Animal pneumoviruses: molecular genetics and pathogenesis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (2004) 390-412
20. Fearns R., and Collins P.L. Role of the M2-1 transcription antitermination protein of respiratory syncytial virus in sequential transcription. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 5852-5864
21. Fearns R., Peeples M.E., and Collins P.L. Increased expression of the N protein of respiratory syncytial virus stimulates minigenome replication but does not alter the balance between the synthesis of mRNA and antigenome. Virology 236 (1997) 188-201
22. Giorgi C., Blumberg B.M., and Kolalofsky D. Sendai virus contains overlapping genes expressed from a single mRNA. Cell 35 (1983) 829-836
23. Gotoh B., Takeuchi K., Komatsu T., Yokoo J., Kimura Y., Kurotani A., Kato A., and Nagai Y. Knockout of the Sendai virus C gene eliminates the viral ability to prevent the interferon-alpha/beta-mediated responses. FEBS Lett. 459 (1999) 205-210
24. Gotoh B., Takeuchi K., Komatsu T., and Yokoo J. The STAT2 activation process is a crucial target of Sendai virus C protein for the blockade of alpha interferon signaling. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 3360-3370
25. Gould P.S., and Easton A.J. Coupled translation of the respiratory syncytial virus M2 ORFs requires upstream sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 21972-21980
26. Gould P.S., and Easton A.J. Coupled translation of the second ORF of the M2 mRNA is sequence dependent and differs significantly in the sub family Pneumovirinae. J. Virol. 81 (2007) 8488-8496
27. Grogan C.C., and Moyer S.A. Sendai virus wild-type and mutant C proteins show a direct correlation between L polymerase binding and inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. Virology 288 (2001) 96-108
28. Hardy R.W., and Wertz G.W. The product of the respiratory syncytial virus M2 gene ORF1 enhances readthrough of intergenic junctions during viral transcription. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 520-526
29. Horikami S.M., Smallwood S., and Moyer S.A. The Sendai virus V protein interacts with the NP protein to regulate viral genome RNA replication. Virology 222 (1996) 383-390
30. Horikami S.M., Hector R.E., Smallwood S., and Moyer S.A. The Sendai virus C protein binds the L polymerase protein to inhibit viral RNA synthesis. Virology 235 (1997) 261-270
31. Horsfall F.L., and Hahn R.G. A pneumonia virus of Swiss mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 40 (1939) 684-686
32. Horsfall F.L., and Hahn R.G. A latent virus in normal mice capable of producing pneumonia in its natural host. J. Exp. Med. 71 (1940) 391-408
33. Jin H., Zhou H., Cheng X., Tang R., Munoz M., and Nguyen N. Recombinant respiratory syncytial viruses with deletions in the NS1, NS2, SH, and M2-2 genes are attenuated in vitro and in vivo. Virology 20 (2000) 210-218
34. Jin H., Cheng X., Zhou H.Z., Li S., and Seddiqui A. Respiratory syncytial virus that lacks open reading frame 2 of the M2 gene (M2-2) has altered growth characteristics and is attenuated in rodents. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 74-82
35. Kato A., Cortese-Grogan C., Moyer S.A., Sugahara F., Sakaguchi T., Kubota T., Otsuki N., Kohase M., Tashiro M., and Nagai Y. Characterization of the amino acid residues of Sendai virus C protein that are critically involved in its interferon antagonism and RNA synthesis down-regulation. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 7443-7454
36. Malur A.G., Hoffman M.A., and Banerjee A.K. The human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV 3) C protein inhibits viral transcription. Virus Res. 99 (2004) 199-204
37. Marriott A.C., Wilson S.D., Randhawa J.S., and Easton A.J. A single amino acid substitution in the phosphoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus confers thermosensitivity in a reconstituted RNA polymerase system. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 5162-5165
38. Marriott A.C., Smith J.M., and Easton A.J. Fidelity of leader and trailer sequence usage by the respiratory syncytial virus and avian pneumovirus replication complexes. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 6265-6272
39. Matsuoka Y., Curran J., Pelet T., Kolakofsky, Ray D.R., and Compans R.W. The P gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 encodes P and C proteins but not a cysteine-rich V protein. J. Virol. 65 (1991) 3406-3410
40. Moss B., Elroy-Stein O., Mizukami T., Alexander W.A., and Fuerst T.R. New mammalian expression vectors. Nature 348 (1990) 91-92
41. Naylor C.J., Brown P.A., Edworthy N.E., Ling R., Jones R.C., Savage C.E., and Easton A.J. Development of a reverse-genetics system for Avian pneumovirus demonstrates that the small hydrophobic (SH) and attachment (G) genes are not essential for virus viability. J. Gen. Virol. 85 (2004) 3219-3227
42. Palosaari H., Parisien J.P., Rodriguez J.J., Ulane C.M., and Horvath C.M. STAT protein interference and suppression of cytokine signal transduction by measles virus V protein. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 7635-7644
43. Parks C.L., Witko S.E., Kotash C., Lin S.L., Sidhu M.S., and Udem S.A. Role of V protein RNA binding in inhibition of measles virus minigenome replication. Virology 348 (2006) 96-106
44. Randhawa J.S., Marriott A.C., Pringle C.R., and Easton A.J. Rescue of synthetic minireplicons establishes the absence of the NS1 and NS2 genes from avian pneumovirus. J. Virol. 71 (1997) 9849-9854
45. Schnell M.J., Mebatsion T., and Conzelmann K.K. Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 4195-4203
46. Teng M.N., and Collins P.L. Identification of the respiratory syncytial virus proteins required for formation and passage of helper-dependent infectious particles. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 5707-5716
47. Thorpe L.C., and Easton A.J. Genome sequence of the non-pathogenic strain 15 of pneumonia virus of mice and comparison with the genome of the pathogenic strain J3666. J. Gen. Virol. 86 (2005) 159-169
48. Tober C., Seufert M., Schneider H., Billeter M.A., Johnston I.C.D., Niewiesk S., ter Meulen V., and Schneider-Schaulies S. Expression of measles virus V protrein is associated with pathogenicity and control of viral RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 8124-8132