Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 446-450

  Berris, Karen Koenig ^a   Repp, Anita Lopes ^a   Kleerekoper, Michael ^a,b  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ST JOSEPH MERCY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Bisphosphonate; Bone; Fracture; Glucocorticoids; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ALFACALCIDOL; CALCIUM; GLUCOCORTICOID; IBANDRONIC ACID; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RISEDRONIC ACID; VITAMIN D; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ARTICLE; BONE DENSITOMETRY; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; FRACTURE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; OSTEOLYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

BONE DENSITY; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; DIPHOSPHONATES; FRACTURES, BONE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 36748999972     PISSN: 1752296X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f15407     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bijlsma J. Prevention of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis Sep 1997; 56:507-509.
2. Gudbjornsson B, Juliusson UI, Gudjonsson FV. Prevalence of long term steroid treatment and the frequency of decision making to prevent steroid induced osteoporosis in daily clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:32-36.
3. Ramsey-Goldman R. Missed opportunities in physician management of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis? Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:3115-3120.
4. Liu RH, Albrecht J, Werth V. Cross-sectional study of bisphosphonate use in dermatology patients receiving long-term oral corticosteroid therapy. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142:37-41.
5. Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, et al. Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:993-1000.
6. de Vries F, Bracke M, Leufkens HG, et al. Fracture risk with intermittent high-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:208-214.
7. Naganathan V, Jones G, Nash P, et al. Vertebral fracture risk with long-term corticosteroid therapy. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:2917-2922.
8. Rehman O, Lane NE. Effect of glucocorticoids on bone density. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003; 41:212-216.
9. Van Staa TP. The pathogenesis, epidemiology and management of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue Int 2006; 79:129-137.
10. Wada T, Nakashima T, Hiroshi N, Penninger JM. RANKL-RANK signaling on osteoclastogenesis and bone disease. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:17-25. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the emerging science relating to the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast function. While it focuses on basic science and employs nonclinical research models, clinicians reading this review are encouraged to at least read the abstract and preferably the discussion section as well. Our enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of GIO will lead to new targeted therapies for GIO.
11. Sivagurunathan S, Muir MM, Brennan TC, et al. Influence of glucocorticoids on human osteoclast generation and activity. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:390-398.
12. ••].
13. ••].
14. ••].
15. ••].
16. ••].
17. ••].
18. Van Staa TP, Laan RF, Barton IP, et al. Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:3224-3229.
19. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. A metaanalysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:893-899.
20. Kaji H, Yamauchi M, Chihara K, Sugimoto T. The threshold of bone mineral density for vertebral fracture in female patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Endocr J 2006; 53:27-34. This citation emphasizes the observation that fractures occur in patients with GIO at a higher BMD than in patients with primary osteoporosis (postmenopausal and agerelated).
21. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, et al. Excess mortality after hospitalization for vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 2004; 15:108-112.
22. O'Neill TW, Cockeril W, Matthis C, et al. Back pain, disability, and radiographic vertebral fracture in European women: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 2004; 15:760-765.
23. Ismail AA, Cooper C, Felsenberg D, et al. Number and type of vertebral deformities: epidemiological characteristics and relation to back pain and height loss. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Osteoporos Int 1999; 9:206-213.
24. Angeli A, Guglielmi G, Dovio A, et al. High prevalence of asymptomptomatic vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: a cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone 2006; 39:253-259.
25. Da Silva JA, Jacobs JW, Kirwan JR, et al. Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:285-293. This is an excellent evidence-based review relating to the dose(s) of glucocorticoids that are 'safe' for the skeleton. As we have noted in our article, this is a difficult issue as the risk of GIO in an individual also depends on factors other than dose.
26. de Vries F, Bracke M, Leufkens HGM, et al. Fracture risk with intermittent high-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:208-214.
27. van Staa TP, Geusens P, Pols HAP, et al. A simple score for estimating the long-term risk of fracture in patients using oral glucocorticoids.QJ Med 2005; 98:191-198.
28. Guzman-Clark JR, Fang MA, Sehl ME, et al. Barriers in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57:140-146.
29. Adler RA, Hochberg MC. Suggested guidelines for evaluation and treatment of GIOP for the Department of Veterans Affairs. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:2619-2624.
30. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis. Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of GIOP. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:1496-1503.
31. Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain. GIOP: guidelines for prevention and treatment. London: Royal College of Physicians of London; 2002.
32. Geusens P, de Nijs RNJ, Lems WF, et al. Prevention of glucocorticoid osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Dutch Society for Rheumatology. Ann Rheum Disord 2004; 6:324-325.
33. Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Boonen S, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporosis Int 2006; 17:8-19. Not as strong evidence as a systematic review but very informative.
34. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid- Induced Osteoporosis. Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:1496-1503.
35. Adler RA, Hochberg MC. Suggested guidelines for evaluation and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis for the Department of Veterans Affairs. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:2619-2624.
36. Homik JJEH, Cranney A, Shea B, et al. Calcium and vitamin D for corticostero-idinduced osteoporosis. The Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews 1998; (2).
37. Richy F, Schact E, Bruyere O, et al. Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 76:176-186.
38. De Nijs Ron NJ, Jacobs JW, Lems WF, et al. Alendornate or alfacalcidol in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:675-684.
39. Ringe JD, Dorst A, Faber H, et al. Intermittent intravenous ibandronate injections reduce vertebral fracture risk in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: results from a long-term comparative study. Osteoporosis Int 2003; 14:801-807.
40. Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD, et al. Two year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2001; 44:202-211.
41. Wallach S, Cohen S, Reid DM, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on bone density and vertebral fractures in patients on corticosteroid therapy. Calcified Tissue Int 2000; 67:277-285.
42. Souza SC, Borges CT, Jorgetti V, Pereira RM. The effect of intravenous zoledronic acid on glucocorticoid-induced multiple vertebral fractures in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2004; 59:302-305.
43. Crawford BA, Kam C, Pavlovic J, et al. Zoledronic acid prevents bone loss after liver transplantation: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144:239-248.
44. Gennari C. Differential effect of glucocorticoids on calcium absorption and bone mass. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32 (Suppl 2):11-14.
45. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk associated with systemic and topical corticosteroids. J Intern Med 2005; 257:374-384.
46. Israel E, Banerjee T, Fitzmaurice GM, et al. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone density in premenopausal women. New Engl J Med 2001; 345:941-947.
47. Johannes CB, Schneider GA, Dube TJ, et al. The risk of nonvertebral fracture related to inhaled corticosteroid exposure among adults with chronic respiratory disease. Chest 2005; 127:89-97.
48. Sosa M, Saavedra P, Valero C, et al. Inhaled steroids do not decrease bone mineral density but increase risk of fractures: data from the GIUMO Study Group. J Clin Densitometry 2006; 9:154-158. There is no consensus on the skeletal safety of inhaled steroids. Additionally, this article highlights the dichotomy between limited loss of BMD yet increased fracture risk in GIO.
49. de Vries F, Pouwels S, Lammers JW, et al. Use of inhaled and oral glucocortioids, severity of inflammatory disease and risk of hip/femur fracture: a population-based case-control study. J Intern Med 2007; 261:170-177.
50. Clowes JA, Riggs BL, Khosla S. The role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Immunol Rev 2005; 208:207-227.
51. Van Staa TP, Geusens P, Bilsma JW, et al. Clinical assessment of the long-term risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:3104-3112.
52. Shah AH, Johnston TD, Jeon H, Ranjan D. Effect of chronic glucocorticoid therapy and the gender difference on bone mineral density in liver transplant patients. J Surg Res 2006; 135:238-241.