Use of breeding to customise characteristics of medicinal and aromatic plants to postharvest processing requirements

Stewart Postharvest Review

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2007, Pages

  Pank, Friedrich ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGEN DIAGNOSTICS   (Germany)

^b NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Breeding; Medicinal and aromatic plants; Postharvest requirements

Indexed keywords

EID: 36348959211     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17459656     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2212/spr.2007.4.1     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. st symposium of this conference series refer to genetic resources, genetics, methods and achievements of conventional breeding, biotechnology and quality analytics, and compiles the international activities in breeding research on MAPs in 1996.
2. nd symposium of this conference series refer to conventional breeding, biochemistry, biotechnology, molecular genetics and physiology; biodiversity and conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants resources and on economic, ethical and legal aspects, and compiles the international activities in breeding research on MAPs in 2000.
3. Revista Brasileira Plantas Medicinas (Brazilian Journal of Medicinal Plants) 2006; 8 (n.esp.). **In the special issue of this journal, papers of the 3rd symposium of this conference series are published. The articles on breeding research refer in the first line to species growing in South America. and they represent the state of the art in this field in 2004, considering germ plasm conservation, genetic diversity, biotechnology, conventional breeding methods, in vitro propagation and pharmacological effects.
4. nd Latin American Symposium on the Production of Medicinal, Aromatic and Condiment Plants; 5-8 July 2004, Campinas - SP; Brazil. Revista Brasileira Plantas Medicinas (Brazilian Journal of Medicinal Plants) 2006: 8(n.esp.): 39-42. *The article surveys MAP breeding covering breeding aims, specifics of MAP breeding, and breeding and selection methods.
5. Pank F. Experiences with descriptors for characterization of medicinal and aromatic plants. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 2005: 3: 190-198. **This paper compiles methods on how to evaluate the most important characteristics of MAPs with particular reference to breeding purposes.
6. Franke R and Schilcher H (Editors). Chamomile, medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles, Volume 42. Boca Raton, London, New York, Singapore: CRC Press; 2005. Monographs of this book series compile the current knowledge on a number of different MAPs and also covers the field of plant breeding.
7. Kayser O and Quax W (Editors). Medicinal plant biotechnology. From basic research to industrial applications. Weinheim: Wiley-Vch 2007. **The book reviews current knowledge on different aspects of MAP biotechnology with respect to eg, metabolomics, analytical techniques, DNA profiling of plants, bioprospecting, biotechnological production of chemotherapeutics, gene technology, biosynthetic pathways, production of metabolites in cell cultures and conventional MAP breeding.
8. Pank F. Medicinal plant breeding. In: Medicinal plant biotechnology. From basic research to industrial applications. Kayser O, Quax W (Editors). Weinheim: Wiley-Vch. 2007 pp. 417-449. **The chapter on medicinal plant breeding includes details on demands on MAP cultivars, and breeding methods are explained using examples and a table listing the mating systems of MAP species.
9. van der Mheen H. Comparing carvone productivity of dill and annual caraway. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, June 30-July 4, 1996, Quedlinburg, Germany. Pank F (Editor). Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung. Bundesanstalt für Züchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen 1996: 2:162-166. The varying carvone-content of the investigated species and varieties implies a different yield of this desired constituent and illustrates the importance of the genetically controlled reaction norm.
10. Krüger H and Hammer K. Chemotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Essential Oil Research 1999: 11:79-82. The article shows impressively the great variation of chemical constituents in one species as a good prerequisite for selection of desired chemotypes.
11. Chizzola R and Langer TH. Distribution of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in crossing progenies of Petasites hybridus. In: Breeding research on aromatic and medicinal plants. Johnson Ch, Franz Ch (Editors). New York, London, Oxford: Haworth; 2002 pp. 39-44. The author stated that the variability of the pyrrolizidine alcaloide content of Petasites cross progenies was high, and that this characteristic is genetically controlled and can be influenced by breeding.
12. Bernáth J, Németh É and Petheõ F. Alkaloid accumulation in capsules of the selfed and cross-pollinated poppy. Plant Breeding 2003: 122:263-267. The authors report on poppy varieties with considerably lowered morphine content and explain the basis forming synthetic pathways.
13. Dorman HJD and Deans SG. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and in vitro antioxidant properties of Monarda citriodora var. citriodora, Myristica fragrans, Origanum vulgare ssp hirtum, Pelargonium sp and Thymus zygis oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2004:16:145-150. It was found that the essential oils of a number of different species demonstrated antioxidative and antibacterial properties. Oils rich in phenolic monoterpenes were particularly effective.
14. D'Andrea L. Variation of morphology, yield, and essential oil components on common chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L) Rauschert) cultivars grown in Southern Italy. In: Breeding research on aromatic and medicinal plants. Johnson Ch, Franz Ch (Editors). New York, London, Oxford: Haworth; 2002 pp. 359-365. The extension of the flower horizon of chamomile depends on the genotype and can be modified by breeding.
15. Tavoletti S, Veronesi F, Aiello N, Bezzi A, Scartezzini F and Vender C. Variability for agronomic and quality traits in Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium: Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, June 30-July 4, 1996, Quedlinburg, Germany. Pank F (Editor). Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung. Bundesanstalt für Züchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen 1996: 2:244-246. The authors stated that the concentration of chamomile flowers in the upper horizon and the erect growth type are genetically controlled, and that these characteristics can be modified by breeding.
16. Pank F, Herold M and Hannig HJ. Technology of large scale production of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) (original article in German). Pharmazie 1987: 42:218-219. The authors postulate breeding aims of chamomile influencing technological suitability, eg, simultaneous flowering, resistance to lodging, narrow horizon of the flowers, resistance to disaggregation of the dried flower heads and high content of important constituents.
17. Pank F, Neumann M and Krüger H. Results of the selection of bitter fennel with small shaped fruits (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. spp. vulgare var. vulgare) from cross progenies of different genotypes (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2000: 4:40-48. The cross experiments resulted in progenies with different fruit size. These progeny were suitable for the selection of the desired genotypes with appropriate contents of important constituents and small fruits suitable for tea bag filling machines.
18. Pank F, Blüthner WD, Krüger H, Junghanns W and Overkamp J. Successful breeding leverages the annual caraway (Carum carvi L. var. annuum hort) (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2001: 6:109-114. This article also presents technological properties of different varieties of annual caraway. The portion of stems adherent to the fruits and resistance to grain shatting are genetically controlled characteristics and can be modified by breeding.
19. Roon E and Bleijenberg HJ. Breeding caraway for non-shattering seed. Euphytica 1964: 13:281-293. The authors ascertained that shattering tendency of caraway fruits is a variety specific characteristic.
20. Allard RW. Principles of plant breeding (Second edition). Weinheim: Wiley, J/VCH; 1999. The book gives a comprehensive general review of plant breeding.
21. Mulas M, Francesconi AHD and Perinu B. Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) as a new aromatic crop: cultivar selection. In: Breeding research on aromatic and medicinal plants. Johnson Ch, Franz Ch (Editors). New York, London, Oxford: Haworth; 2002 pp. 127-138. The article presents the great genetic variability in 70 natural myrtle populations and the characteristics of 16 high performance cultivars selected among the spontaneous germplasm.
22. Diederichsen A and Hammer K. The infraspecific taxa of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 2003: 50:33-63. *The authors show the great diversity of 330 gene bank accessions of coriander by means of morphological and chemical characteristics.
23. Németh É. The genus Carum. The Gordon and Breach Publishing Group: Harwood academic publishers; 1998. A great variability was achieved in the cross progeny of annual and biennial caraway.
24. Pank F. Three approaches for the development of high performance cultivars considering the differing biological background of the starting material. Acta Horticulturae 2002 :576 :129-137. *Fennel populations with improved variability of important characteristics could be generated by crossing fennel genotypes as donors of valuable characteristics. Strains could be selected in these populations with the desired trait combinations.
25. Mewes S and Pank F. New insights on the expression of gynodioecy of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2004: 9:167-173. The article describes in detail eight different fertility types of thyme plants with suitable markers for assessing the fertility types, as genetic components for hybrid varieties, only total hermaphrodictic and total male sterile types are recommended and not the six intermediate types.
26. Mewes S and Pank F. Inheritance of the gynodioecy of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). In: Cervelli C, Ruffonie B, Guda CD (Editors). Acta Horticulturae 2006: 723:79-83. The results of test crossings of hermaphroditic and male sterile thyme plants are presented. Conclusions on the inheritance of the reproduction types are derived by analysing the segregating cross progenies. Despite the great number of genetic factors contributing to the inheritance, progeny populations were found with total male sterility of all plants. In this way, male sterile lines with their maintainers could be found as important prerequisites for breeding hybrid varieties of thyme.
27. Rey C. Une variété de thym vulgaire: 'Varico'. Revue suisse Vitic. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture 1994: 26:249-250. The article describes the improved performance and good homogeneity of the first thyme hybrid variety originating from vegetatively propagated parental lines.
28. 1-hybrids of male sterile and hermaphroditic sweet marjoram revealed not only improved herb yields but also higher contents of essential oil.
29. Pank F, Quilitzsch R, and Krüger H. Male sterility in selected fennel populations (Foeniculum vulgare MILL.) and the influence of the fertility types on economically important characteristics (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2007: 2: 88-94. Four different fertility types of fennel plants were found. The gynodioecy of fennel provides the opportunity for the development of genetic components for hybrid variety breeding.
30. Daniel G and Bomme U. Use of in vitro culture for arnica breeding (Arnica montana L.) (original article in German). Landwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch 1991: 68:249-253. The article describes the development of a synthetic Arnica variety by combining selected vegetatively propagated clones.
31. Pank F, Krüger H and Quilitzsch R. Results of a polycross-test with annual caraway (Carum carvi L. var. annuum hort) (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2007: 12: (in press). The different steps of breeding a synthetic caraway variety via generation of inbred lines and selection of suitable genetic components for the projected synthetic variety by a polycross-test are explained.
32. Descriptive variety list of medicinal and aromatic plants 2002 (original in German). Edited by Bundessortenamt. Hannover: Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, 2002. The variety register mentions varieties of chamomile, sweet marjoram and mullein originating from induced mutagenesis.
33. Slavova Y, Zayova E and Krastev S. Polyploidizatin of lavender (Lavandula vera) in vitro. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 2004: 10:329-332. The authors describe methods for managing polyploidisation of lavender by using solutions of 0.1% colchicine with 1.5% dimethylsulfoxide.
34. Delhaize E, Robinson NJ and Jackson P J. Effect of cadmium on gene expression in cadmium-tolerant and cadmium-sensitive Datura innoxia cells. Plant Molecular Biology 1998: 12:487-497. Somaclonal variation was observed in Datura cell cultures.
35. Kintzios S, Barberaki M, Tourgielis P, Aivalakis G and Volioti A. Preliminary evaluation of somaclonal variation for the in vitro production of new toxic proteins from Viscum album L. In: Breeding research on aromatic and medicinal plants. Johnson Ch, Franz Ch (Editors). New York, London, Oxford: Haworth; 2002 pp. 217-221. The authors observed somaclonal variation in tissue cultures of mistletoe, referring to the quantity of protein production.
36. th International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture (IAPTC), Amsterdam, June 24-29, 1990, A8-35:213. The authors report on successful protoplast fusion of Catharanthus roseus/Vinca minor, Rauwolfia serpentina/Vinca minor and Rauwolfia serpentina/Catharantus roseus.
37. Charlwood BV and Pletsch M. Manipulation of natural product accumulation in plants through genetic engineering. In: Breeding research on aromatic and medicinal plants. Johnson Ch, Franz Ch (Editors). New York, London, Oxford: Haworth; 2002 pp. 139-151. *This paper gives a survey of genetic engineering of medicinal plants. The methods are explained and examples are given on improving the accumulation of secondary compounds alizarin, shikonin, solasodine, artemisinin and scopolamine. A chapter on future perspectives points out the drawbacks and opportunities of genetic engineering of medicinal plants.
38. Teuscher E, Melzig F and Lindequist U. Biogenous remedies. A schoolbook of pharmaceutical biology (original in German). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH; 2004. *The book contains the chapter "Strategies for genetic modification" where the production of therapeutically used proteins by genetically modified plants (the plant acts as bioreactor), cell lines and microorganisms is explained.
39. Hutter I, Grotcass C, Harnischfeger G, Lieberei R and Feldmann F. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br.: From collection to in vitro propagated field crop. Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2001: 6 :35-41. The article shows how a medicinal plant endangered by over collection in the wild can be domesticated by selection of high performance individual plants and their vegetative propagation in vitro with subsequent cultivation in the field.
40. Kadner R, Junghanns W, Hennig F and Weinrich B. Production of plantlets of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Propagation via cuttings (article original in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2002: 7:319-323. The article presents the results of investigations on fast vegetative propagation of selected high performance rosemary plants by cuttings. In this way the valuable genetic material could be used immediately for production purposes without time consuming and expensive breeding for genetic stability.
41. Pattnaik J and Debata BK. Germination of artificial seeds of Cymbopogon martinii. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium: Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, June 30-July 4, 1996, Quedlinburg, Germany. Pank F (Editor). Beiträge zur Zü chtungsforschung. Bundesanstalt für Züchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen 1996: 2:330-333. The authors succeeded in the generation of artificial seeds of Cymbopogon martini as one method of vegetative propagation for acceleration of the breeding procedures.
42. Lata H, Bedir E and Moraes RM. Mass propagation of Echinacea angustifolia: a protocol refinement using shoot encapsulation and temporary immersion liquid system. Acta Horticulturae 2004: 629:409-414. The authors generated artificial seeds from Echinacea angustifolia. In this way high performance individual plants can be vegetatively propagated.
43. Pank F and Schwarz S. Cultivation of annual caraway (Carum carvi L. var. annuum hort.) in the greenhouse during winter to accelerate the breeding progress. Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2005: 10:194-197. The article describes how an additional generation of annual caraway can be achieved by cultivation during winter in the greenhouse.
44. Novak J, Bitsch C, Marn M and Franz C. Flower induction in sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2005: 10:98-99. The authors tested the conditions for inducing flowering of sage to accelerate the generation sequence for breeding purposes.
45. Mewes S and Pank F. Influence of cold temperature and light on the flower induction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). European Journal of Horticultural Science 2007: 72: (in press). Flowering of thyme could be induced by cold temperature and appropriate light exposure. In this way, breeding procedures could be considerably accelerated.
46. Zoberi G, Carmi S, Evenor D, Shlomo E and Reuveni M. Rooted cuttings of Achillea filipendulina 'Parker' will flower without vernalization. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 2003: 78:100-103. The authors induced flowering of Achillea filipendulina only by a special management of exposure to light.
47. Ulrich D and Pank F. Methodical fundamentals for single seed selection of Oenothera lamarckiana L. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, June 30-July 4, 1996, Quedlinburg, Germany. Pank F (Editor). Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung. Bundesanstalt für Züchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen 1996: 2:411-413. One cotyledon of evening primrose seedlings was separated and its gamma linolenic acid content determined. Seedlings with particularly high gamma linolenic acid content were regenerated to complete plants and used for further breeding procedures. In this way, the expense for cultivation of low performance plants for evaluation and selection in an advanced developmental stage can be saved.
48. Alan AR, Brants A, Cobb E, Goldschmied PA, Mutschler MA and Earle ED. Fecund gynogenic lines from onion (Allium cepa L.) breeding materials. Plant Science 2004: 167:1055-1066. The article provides a protocol on how to generate gynogenic haploid plants from onions.
49. Forster BP, Hansen M, Wedzony M, Bohanec B, Rasmussen S, Custers J, Tuvesson S and Weyen J. Gametic cells and molecular breeding for crop improvement. Aspects of Applied Biology 2004: 72:163-168. The production of haploid plants from gametic cells of some medicinal plants and their use for breeding procedures are explained.
50. Romanenko LG and Nevkrytaya NV. Apomixis in coriander. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina i Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni Akademii Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk Imeni V. I. Lenina 1984: 8:16-17. The occurrence of apomixis in coriander is reported.
51. Kobakhidze LA. Apomictic development of the endosperm in Ocimum basilicum L. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR 1981: 104:433-436. The results of investigations on the occurrence of apomixis in basil are reported.
52. Pank F, Matzk F, Kästner U, Blüthner WD, Foltys de Garcia E, Meister A, Ryschka U and Schumann G. Reproductive diversity and strategies for breeding in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Euphytica 2003: 134:77-84. The article explains the method to determine the reproductive types of St. John's wort by flow cytometry. The main steps of the exploitation of apomixis for breeding are: lines with sexual reproduction must be selected as prerequisite for combination of desired characteristics by crossing; in the progeny high performance apomictic individual plants must be selected; due to apomictic reproduction, the seeds of these plants are genetically stable and can be used already as variety.
53. Kästner U and Pank F. Approaches for selection of sexual St. John's wort strains (Hypericum perforatum L.) for combination breeding. Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2006: 11:101-106. The authors succeeded in the selection of St. John's wort lines with a high portion of sexually reproducing plants. These plants are needed for combination breeding in general apomictic species.
54. Pank F, Langbehn J, Novak J, Junghanns W, Franke J, Bitsch CH and Scartezzini F. Suitability of different traits of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) for population differentiation and indirect selection. Part 2: Correlation of the characteristics. Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 1999: 4:141-150. The height and the diameter of sweet marjoram can be used as marker to predict the herb yield of individual plants.
55. Orth M, Juchelka D, Mosandl A and Czygan FC. Chiral monoterpenes as taxonomically useful markers for Achillea species differentiation. Pharmazie 2000: 55:456-459. Typical patterns of chemical constituents can be used as markers for the determination of different Achillea species.
56. Wagner C, Marquard R, Friedt W and Ordon F. Investigations into genetic diversity of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) using PCR-based marker techniques. Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2001: 6:216-221. Molecular markers could be used for the differentiation of chamomile chemotypes.
57. Echeverrigaray S and Agostini G. Genetic relationships between commercial cultivars and Brazilian accessions of Salvia officinalis L. based on RAPD markers. Revista Brasileira Plantas Medicinas (Brazilian Journal of Medicinal Plants) 2006: 8(n.esp.):13-17. The authors succeeded in the differentiation of sage populations by molecular markers.
58. Schulz H, Drews HH, Quilitzsch R and Krüger HJ. Application of near infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of quality parameters in selected vegetables and essential oil plants. Near Infrared Spectroscopy 1998: 6:A125-A130. Near infrared spectroscopy is particularly well suited to analysis of essential oils of MAP for breeding purposes: only small quantities of samples and short time per analysis are needed, the investigated material will not be destroyed and eg, seeds or fruits can be used for further breeding procedures after the analysis.
59. Distler D and Schulz H. Rapid chemotype determination of essential oil drugs by solid phase microextraction - gas chromatography (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2005: 10:53-57. Solid phase microextraction is well suited for analysing the essential oils in MAPs. The expense for the sample preparation is considerably reduced and the amount of plant material is low in comparison to customary methods basing on steam distillation.
60. Pank F and Heine H. Current status of plant breeders' rights of medicinal and aromatic plants in Germany and in the EU (original article in German). Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 2002;7(2):310-314. In 2002 there were 59 MAP varieties registered from 26 species in Europe. This number is low compared with other horticultural or agricultural crops. The exploitation of the genetic potential of MAP species is one of the key factors for the further development of the branch.