A few remarks on relating reaction time to magnocellular activity

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 860-866

  Skottun, Bernt C ^a   Skoyles, John R ^b,c  

^a Skottun Research   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; CELL ACTIVITY; DYSLEXIA; GIANT CELL; LATENT PERIOD; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REACTION TIME;

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DYSLEXIA; EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL; GENICULATE BODIES; HUMANS; NEURONS; PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; REACTION TIME; READING; RETINA; VISUAL PATHWAYS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 36348932657     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: 1744411X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13803390601147637     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ahmad, A., & Spear, P. D. (1993). Effect of aging on the size density, and number of rhesus monkey lateral geniculate neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 334, 631-643.
2. Amitay, S., Ben-Yehudah, G., Banai, K., & Ahissar, M. (2002). Disabled readers suffer from visual and auditory impairments but not from a specific magnocellular deficit. Brain, 125, 2272-2285.
3. Au, A., & Lovegrove, B. (2001). Temporal processing ability in above average and average readers. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 148-155.
4. Cole, G. G., Kentridge, R. W., & Heywood, C. A. (2005). Object onset and parvocellular guidance of attentional allocation. Psychological Science, 16, 270-274.
5. Connolly, M., & Van Essen, D. C. (1984). The representation of the visual field in parvocellular and magnocellular laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the macaque monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 226, 544-564.
6. Edwards, V. T., Giaschi, D. E., Dougherty, R. F., Edgell, D., Bjornson, B. H., Lyons, C., & Douglas, R. M. (2004). Psychophysical indexes of temporal processing abnormalities in children with developmental dyslexia. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25, 321-354.
7. Facoetti, A., Lorusso, M. L., Paganoni, P., Cattaneo, C., Galli, R., & Mascetti, G. G. (2003). The time course of attentional focusing in dyslexic and normally reading children. Brain and Cognition, 53, 181-184.
8. Facoetti, A., Paganoni, P., & Lorusso, M. L. (2000). The spatial distribution of visual attention in developmental dyslexia. Experimental Brain Research, 132, 531-538.
9. Facoetti, A., Turatto, M., Lorusso, M. L., & Mascetti, G. G. (2001). Orientation of visual attention in dyslexia: Evidence for asymmetric hemispheric control of attention. Experimental Brain Research, 138, 46-53.
10. Farmer, M., & Klein, R. (1995). The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2, 460-493.
11. Ferrera, V. P., Nealey, T. A., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1994). Responses in macaque visual area V4 following inactivation of the parvocellular and magnocellular LGN pathways. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 2080-2088.
12. Gross-Glenn, K., Skottun, B. C., Glenn, W., Kushch, A., Lingua, R., Dunbar, M., et al. (1995). Contrast sensitivity in dyslexia. Visual Neuroscience, 12, 153-163.
13. Habib, M. (2000). The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: An overview and working hypothesis. Brain, 123, 2373-2399.
14. Heiervang, E., & Hugdahl, K. (2003). Impaired visual attention in children with dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 68-73.
15. Hendry, S. H., & Reid, R. C. (2000). The koniocellular pathway in primate vision. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 127-153.
16. Hogben, J. H. (1997). How does a visual transient deficit affect reading? In C. Hulme & M. Snowling (Eds.), Dyslexia: Biology, cognition and intervention (pp. 59-71). London: Whurr Publishers.
17. Johannes, S., Kussmaul, C. L., Munthe, T. F., & Mangun, G. R. (1996). Developmental dyslexia: Passive visual stimulation provides no evidence for a magnocellular processing defect. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1123-1127.
18. Kiper, D. C., Levitt, J. B., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (1999). Chromatic signals in extrastriate areas V2 and V3. In K. R. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision - from genes to perception (pp. 249-268). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Lachica, E. A., Beck, P. D., & Casagrande, V. A. (1992). Parallel pathways in macaque monkey striate cortex: Anatomically defined columns in layer III. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 3566-3570.
20. Levitt, J. B., Schumer, R. A., Sherman, S. M., Spear, P. D., & Movshon, J. A. (2001). Visual response properties of neurons in the LGN of normally reared and visually deprived macaque monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85, 2111-2129.
21. Levitt, J. B., Yoshioka, T., & Lund, J. S. (1994). Intrinsic cortical connections in macaque visual area V2: Evidence for interaction between different functional streams. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 342, 551-570.
22. Livingstone, M. S., & Hubel, D. H. (1987). Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 3416-3468.
23. Livingstone, M. S., & Hubel, D. H. (1988). Do the relative mapping densities of the magno- and parvocellular systems vary with eccentricity? Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 4334-4339.
24. Livingstone, M. S., Rosen, G. D., Drislane, F. W., & Galaburda, A. M. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 88, 7943-7947.
25. Martin, K. A. C. (1992). Parallel pathways converge. Current Biology, 2, 555-557.
26. Maunsell, J. H. R., Ghose, G. M., Assad, J. A., McAdams, C. J., Boudreau, C. E., & Noerager, B. D. (1999). Visual response latencies of magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in macaque monkeys. Visual Neuroscience, 16, 1-14.
27. Merigan, W. H., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1993). How parallel are the primate visual pathways? Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 369-402.
28. Murray, I. J., & Plainis, S. (2003). Contrast coding and magno/parvo segregation revealed in reaction times studies. Vision Research, 43, 2707-2719.
29. Nassi, J. J., Lyon, D. C., & Callaway, E. M. (2006). The parvocellular LGN provides a robust disynapic input to the visual motion area MT. Neuron, 50, 319-327.
30. Nealey, T. A., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1994). Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to the responses of neurons in macaque striate cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 2069-2079.
31. Nowak, L. G., & Bullier, J. (1997). The timing of information transfer in the visual system. In K. Rockland, J. Kaas, & A. Peters (Eds.), Cerebral cortex (pp. 204-241). New York: Plenum.
32. Palmer, J., Huk, A. C., & Shadlen, M. N. (2005). The effect of stimulus strength on the speed and accuracy of a perceptual decision. Journal of Vision, 5, 376-404.
33. Peters, A., Payne, B. R., & Budd, J. (1994). A numerical analysis of the geniculocortical input to striate cortex in the monkey. Cerebral Cortex, 4, 215-229.
34. Ramus, F. (2001). Dyslexia. Talk of two theories. Nature, 412, 393-395.
35. Ramus, F., Rosen, S., Akin, S. C., Day, B. L., Castelotte, J. M., White, S., et al. (2003). Theories of developmental dyslexia insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain, 126, 841-865.
36. Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372-422.
37. Roach, N. W., & Hogben, J. H. (2004). Attentional modulation of visual processing in adult dyslexia. Psychological Science, 15, 650-654.
38. Sawatari, A., & Callaway, E. M. (1996). Convergence of magno- and parvocellular pathways in layer 4B of macaque primary visual cortex. Nature, 380, 442-446.
39. Schmolesky, M. T., Wang, Y., Hanes, D. P., Thompson, K. G., Leutgeb, S., Shall, J. D., et al. (1998). Signal timing across the macaque visual system. Journal of Neurophysiology, 79, 3272-3278.
40. Shapley, R., & Perry, V. H. (1986). Cat and monkey retinal ganglion cells and their visual functional roles. Trends in Neuroscience, 9, 229-235.
41. Sigmundsson, H. (2005). Do visual processing deficits cause problem on response time task for dyslexics? Brain and Cognition, 58, 213-216.
42. Sincich, L. C., & Horton, J. C. (2002). Divided by cytochrome oxidase: A map of the projections from V1 to V2 in macaques. Science, 295, 1734-1737.
43. Sincich, L. C., Park, K. F., Wohlgemuth, M. J., & Horton, J. C. (2004). Bypassing V1: A direct geniculate input to area MT. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1123-1128.
44. Skottun, B. C. (2000a). The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: The evidence from contrast sensitivity. Vision Research, 40, 111-127.
45. Skottun, B. C. (2000b). On the conflicting support for the magnocellular-deficit theory of dyslexia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 211-212.
46. Skottun, B. C. (2001a). On the use of metacontrast to assess magnocellular function in dyslexic readers. Perception & Psychophysics. 63, 1271-1274.
47. Skottun, B. C. (2001b). On the use of the Ternus test to assess magnocellular function. Perception, 30, 1449-1457.
48. Skottun, B. C. (2004a). On the use of red stimuli to isolate magnocellular responses in psychophysical experiments: A perspective. Visual Neuroscience, 21, 63-68.
49. Skottun, B. C. (2004b). On visual persistence and magnocellular sensitivity. In H. D. Tobias (Ed.), Focus on dyslexia research (pp. 41-56). Hauppauge, NY: NovaScience Publishers.
50. Skottun, B. C., & Parke, L. A. (1999). The possible relationship between visual deficits and dyslexia: Examination of a critical assumption. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32, 2-5.
51. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (2004). Some remarks on the use of motion VEPs to assess magnocellular sensitivity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 2834-2836.
52. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (2005). Letter to the editor. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 386.
53. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (2006a). Attention, reading, and dyslexia. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 89, 241-245.
54. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (2006b). Is coherent motion an appropriate test for magnocellular sensitivity? Brain and Cognition, 61, 172-180.
55. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (in press-a). Coherent motion, magnocellular sensitivity and the causation of dyslexia. International Journal of Neuroscience.
56. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (in press-b). On the use of yellow filters to selectively enhance magnocellular responses. International Journal of Neuroscience.
57. Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. (2007). The use of visual search to assess attention. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 90, 20-25.
58. Skoyles, J., & Skottun, B. C. (2004). On the prevalence of magnocellular deficits in the visual system of nondyslexic individuals. Brain and Language, 88, 79-82.
59. Snowden, R. J. (2002). Visual attention to color: Parvocellular guidance of attentional resources? Psychological Science, 13, 180-184.
60. Spinelli, D., Angelelli, P., De Luca, M., Di Pace, E., Judica, A., & Zoccolotti, P. (1997). Developmental surface dyslexia is not associated with deficits in the transient visual system. Neuroreport, 8, 1807-1812.
61. Stein, J. (2003). Visual motion sensitivity and reading. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1785-1793.
62. Stein, J., & Walsh, V. (1997). To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends in Neuroscience, 20, 147-152.
63. Stuart, G. W., McAnally, K. I., & Castles, A. (2001). Can contrast sensitivity functions in dyslexia be explained by inattention rather than a magnocellular deficit? Vision Research, 41, 3205-3211.
64. Sumner, P., Adamjee, T., & Mollon, J. D. (2002). Signal invisible to the collicular and magnocellular pathways can capture visual attention. Current Biology, 12, 1312-1316.
65. Talcott, J. B., Hansen, P. C., Willis-Owen, C., McKinnell, I., & Stein, J. F. (1998). Visual magnocellular impairments in developmental dyslexics. NeuroOphthalmology, 20, 187-201.
66. Verghese, P. (2001). Visual search and attention: A signal detection theory approach. Neuron, 31, 523-535.
67. Verghese, P., & Nakayama, K. (1994). Stimulus discriminability in visual search. Vision Research, 34, 2453-2467.
68. Victor, J. D., Conte, M. M., Burton, L., & Nass, R. D. (1993). Visual evoked potentials in dyslexics and normals: Failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses. Visual Neuroscience, 10, 939-946.
69. Vidyasagar, T. R. (2004). Neural underpinnings of dyslexia as disorder of visuo-spatial attention. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 87, 4-10.
70. Vidyasagar, T. R., Kulikowski, J. J., Lipnicki, D. M., & Dreher, B. (2002). Convergence of parvocellular and magnocellular channels in the primary visual cortex of the macaque. European Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 945-956.
71. Walther-Muller, P. U. (1995). Is there a deficit of early vision in dyslexia? Perception, 24, 919-936.
72. Wilkins, A. J., Sihra, N., & Myers, A. (2005). Increasing reading speed by using colours: Issues concerning reliability and specificity, and their theoretical and practical implications. Perception, 34, 109-120.