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Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 891-912

Parties, voluntary associations, and democratic politics in interwar Britain

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL DISCOURSE; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; POST-WAR;

EID: 36148949011     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X07006425     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (83)

References (177)
  • 1
    • 36148994478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The number of parliamentary electors rose from 7.7 m in 1910 to 213 in 1918, which included 8.5 women aged thirty or over (see David Butler and Gareth Butler, British political facts (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 234,
    • The number of parliamentary electors rose from 7.7 m in 1910 to 213 in 1918, which included 8.5 women aged thirty or over (see David Butler and Gareth Butler, British political facts (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 234,
  • 3
    • 36148938499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1928 Act added another 7.2 m voters, including 3.3 m women aged between twenty-one and twenty-nine, but also 2 m women over thirty and 1.9 m men who did not meet the residency requirements of the 1918 Act. See Pugh, Women, pp. 150-1.
    • The 1928 Act added another 7.2 m voters, including 3.3 m women aged between twenty-one and twenty-nine, but also 2 m women over thirty and 1.9 m men who did not meet the residency requirements of the 1918 Act. See Pugh, Women, pp. 150-1.
  • 4
    • 0040616737 scopus 로고
    • Mrs Maggs and Betty: The Conservative appeal to women voters in the 1920s
    • For Conservatives see
    • For Conservatives see David Jarvis, 'Mrs Maggs and Betty: The Conservative appeal to women voters in the 1920s', Twentieth Century British History, 5 (1994), pp. 129-52
    • (1994) Twentieth Century British History , vol.5 , pp. 129-152
    • Jarvis, D.1
  • 5
    • 0043114574 scopus 로고
    • Local Conservatism and the evolution of the party organisation
    • A. Seldon and S. Ball, Oxford
    • Stuart Ball, 'Local Conservatism and the evolution of the party organisation', in A. Seldon and S. Ball, Conservative century (Oxford, 1994), pp. 261-311
    • (1994) Conservative century , pp. 261-311
    • Ball, S.1
  • 7
    • 36148956325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Labour, see C. Howard, 'Expectations born to death: Local Labour party expansion in the 1920S', in J. M. Winter, ed., The working class in modern British history (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 65-81
    • For Labour, see C. Howard, 'Expectations born to death: Local Labour party expansion in the 1920S', in J. M. Winter, ed., The working class in modern British history (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 65-81
  • 10
    • 36148972590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labour and its membership
    • Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane, and Nick Tiratsoo, eds, Cambridge
    • Duncan Tanner, 'Labour and its membership', in Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane, and Nick Tiratsoo, eds., Labour's first century (Cambridge, 2000), p. 252.
    • (2000) Labour's first century , pp. 252
    • Tanner, D.1
  • 11
    • 36148939257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forging a "nation of participants": Political and economic planning in Labour's Britain
    • For Britain see, Richard Weight and Abigail Beach, eds, London
    • For Britain see Abigail Beach, 'Forging a "nation of participants": political and economic planning in Labour's Britain', in Richard Weight and Abigail Beach, eds., The right to belong: Citizenship and national identity in Britain, 1930-1960 (London, 1998), pp. 89-115
    • (1998) The right to belong: Citizenship and national identity in Britain, 1930-1960 , pp. 89-115
    • Beach, A.1
  • 15
    • 36148936130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For North America see Mary Ryan, Civic wars: Democracy and public life in the American city during the nineteenth century (London, 1997), and for comparative approaches see special issues of Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29, 3 and 4 (1999),
    • For North America see Mary Ryan, Civic wars: Democracy and public life in the American city during the nineteenth century (London, 1997), and for comparative approaches see special issues of Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29, 3 and 4 (1999),
  • 16
    • 36148937677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Patterns of social capital: Stability and change in comparative perspective', part I, pp. 339-782, and part II, pp. 511-782.
    • 'Patterns of social capital: Stability and change in comparative perspective', part I, pp. 339-782, and part II, pp. 511-782.
  • 18
    • 0001805562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social capital and associational life
    • Stephen Baron, John Field, and Tom Schuller, eds, Oxford
    • William A. Maloney, Graham Smith, and Gerry Stoker, 'Social capital and associational life', in Stephen Baron, John Field, and Tom Schuller, eds., Social capital: Critical perspectives (Oxford, 2000), pp. 212-25.
    • (2000) Social capital: Critical perspectives , pp. 212-225
    • Maloney, W.A.1    Smith, G.2    Stoker, G.3
  • 21
    • 2942677914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caitriona Beaumont, 'Citizens not feminists: The boundary negotiated between citizenship and feminism by mainstream women's organisations in England, 1928-1939', Women's History Review, 9 (2000), pp. 411-29, and 'The women's movement, politics and citizenship 1918-1950s', in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ed., Women in twentieth-century Britain (Harlow, 2001), pp. 262-77
    • Caitriona Beaumont, 'Citizens not feminists: The boundary negotiated between citizenship and feminism by mainstream women's organisations in England, 1928-1939', Women's History Review, 9 (2000), pp. 411-29, and 'The women's movement, politics and citizenship 1918-1950s', in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ed., Women in twentieth-century Britain (Harlow, 2001), pp. 262-77
  • 25
    • 36148950744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens not feminists
    • Beaumont, 'Citizens not feminists', p. 418.
    • Beaumont1
  • 26
    • 36148945778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home and Country, the NFWI's monthly journal, regularly carried local government news and published information on how to stand for election, see, for example, 'Voters awake!', 16 (1934), p. 22.
    • Home and Country, the NFWI's monthly journal, regularly carried local government news and published information on how to stand for election, see, for example, 'Voters awake!', 16 (1934), p. 22.
  • 27
    • 36148953436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. W. Robertson Scott, The story of the Women's Institute movement in England and Wales and Scotland (Idbury, Oxon., 1925), p. v.
    • J. W. Robertson Scott, The story of the Women's Institute movement in England and Wales and Scotland (Idbury, Oxon., 1925), p. v.
  • 29
    • 84920282227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volunteers and voluntarism
    • A. H. Halsey and Josephine Webb, eds, Basingstoke
    • Brian Harrison and Josephine Webb, 'Volunteers and voluntarism', in A. H. Halsey and Josephine Webb, eds., Twentieth-century British social trends (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 603
    • (2000) Twentieth-century British social trends , pp. 603
    • Harrison, B.1    Webb, J.2
  • 31
    • 36148951134 scopus 로고
    • The Legion means a brighter Britain
    • T. F. Lister, 'The Legion means a brighter Britain', British Legion Journal, 2 (1922), p. 245.
    • (1922) British Legion Journal , vol.2 , pp. 245
    • Lister, T.F.1
  • 32
    • 36148988174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Lt-Col Graham Seton Hutchison, 'Service', ibid., 14 (1935), p. 345.
    • See also Lt-Col Graham Seton Hutchison, 'Service', ibid., 14 (1935), p. 345.
  • 35
    • 36148954454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One estimate puts the number of masons in England at approximately 20 per cent of all males of the middle and upper middle classes (see McKibbin, Classes, p. 89).
    • One estimate puts the number of masons in England at approximately 20 per cent of all males of the middle and upper middle classes (see McKibbin, Classes, p. 89).
  • 36
    • 36148963423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The number of Masonic Lodges grew rapidly after the First World War, from 4,000 in 1919 to 5,000 in 1926, 6,000 in 1944, and 7,000 by 1950 (see Stephen Knight, The brotherhood: The secret world of the Freemasons (London, 1984), p. 36).
    • The number of Masonic Lodges grew rapidly after the First World War, from 4,000 in 1919 to 5,000 in 1926, 6,000 in 1944, and 7,000 by 1950 (see Stephen Knight, The brotherhood: The secret world of the Freemasons (London, 1984), p. 36).
  • 37
    • 36148974866 scopus 로고
    • Rotary and Freemasonry
    • 'Rotary and Freemasonry', Rotary Wheel, 9 (1923), p. 38.
    • (1923) Rotary Wheel , vol.9 , pp. 38
  • 38
    • 57749132315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Helen McCarthy, 'Service clubs, citizenship and equality: Gender relations and middle-class associations in Britain between the wars', Historical Research (OnlineEarly Articles), doi:10.1111/ j.1468-2281.2007.00433.x.
    • See Helen McCarthy, 'Service clubs, citizenship and equality: Gender relations and middle-class associations in Britain between the wars', Historical Research (OnlineEarly Articles), doi:10.1111/ j.1468-2281.2007.00433.x.
  • 39
    • 36148971784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Round Table had approximately 5,000 members in 1939. See Hugh Barty-King, Round Table: The search for fellowship, 1927-1977 (London, 1977).
    • Round Table had approximately 5,000 members in 1939. See Hugh Barty-King, Round Table: The search for fellowship, 1927-1977 (London, 1977).
  • 42
    • 36148935363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There were 200 Tor H groups in the UK in 1926 (The Lamp of Toc H (London, 1926), p. 10).
    • There were 200 Tor H groups in the UK in 1926 (The Lamp of Toc H (London, 1926), p. 10).
  • 45
    • 36148945388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an exemplary statement of these beliefs, see Headway, 12 (1930), p. i.
    • For an exemplary statement of these beliefs, see Headway, 12 (1930), p. i.
  • 46
    • 36148962525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See LNU, Yearbook for 1933 (LNU, 1933)
    • See LNU, Yearbook for 1933 (LNU, 1933)
  • 47
    • 36148934657 scopus 로고
    • Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 650.
    • (1924) Home and Country , vol.6 , pp. 650
  • 49
    • 36148975106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beckenham and Penge Advertiser, 15 Apr. 1937, p. 8.
    • Beckenham and Penge Advertiser, 15 Apr. 1937, p. 8.
  • 50
    • 36148944614 scopus 로고
    • Unity and the Union
    • Summer
    • Henry Brinton, 'Unity and the Union', Quarterly News (Summer, 1938), p. 6.
    • (1938) Quarterly News , pp. 6
    • Brinton, H.1
  • 51
    • 36148961738 scopus 로고
    • Should the special interests of women come before party considerations with women voters?
    • Ada Nield Chew, 'Should the special interests of women come before party considerations with women voters?', Woman's Leader, 12 (1920) p. 199.
    • (1920) Woman's Leader , vol.12 , pp. 199
    • Nield Chew, A.1
  • 52
    • 36148991969 scopus 로고
    • Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 770.
    • (1924) Home and Country , vol.6 , pp. 770
  • 54
    • 36148991969 scopus 로고
    • Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 770.
    • (1924) Home and Country , vol.6 , pp. 770
  • 55
    • 36148966716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotary Wheel, 8 (1922), p. 357.
    • Rotary Wheel, 8 (1922), p. 357.
  • 58
    • 36148996028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One official reminded branches in 1920 that the Union 'comprises persons of all classes and many schools of thought; it would be fatal to our unity if our propaganda were to be made a vehicle for the views of any particular group' (Lieut-Col H. H. Wade, 'The appeal to reason', The League, 2 (1920), pp. 129).
    • One official reminded branches in 1920 that the Union 'comprises persons of all classes and many schools of thought; it would be fatal to our unity if our propaganda were to be made a vehicle for the views of any particular group' (Lieut-Col H. H. Wade, 'The appeal to reason', The League, 2 (1920), pp. 129).
  • 64
    • 84997942103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle-class voluntarism and the city in Britain and America
    • For a useful review article, see
    • For a useful review article, see Martin Daunton, 'Middle-class voluntarism and the city in Britain and America', Journal of Urban History, 22 (1996), pp. 253-63.
    • (1996) Journal of Urban History , vol.22 , pp. 253-263
    • Daunton, M.1
  • 66
    • 30444448033 scopus 로고
    • Middle-class culture
    • Derek Fraser, ed, Manchester, 1980
    • R.J. Morris 'Middle-class culture, 1700-1914', in Derek Fraser, ed., A history of modern Leeds (Manchester, 1980), pp. 200-22
    • (1700) A history of modern Leeds , pp. 200-222
    • Morris, R.J.1
  • 67
    • 36148971396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Henry Solly, Working men's social clubs and educational institutes (London, 1980, repr. of the 1904 edn, first published 1867), chs- 5-6
    • Henry Solly, Working men's social clubs and educational institutes (London, 1980, repr. of the 1904 edn, first published 1867), chs- 5-6
  • 73
    • 0002374491 scopus 로고
    • Speaking for the people: Party, language and popular politics in England, 1867-1914 (Cambridge, 1998), and 'Class and gender in the making of urban toryism, 1880-1914
    • Jon Lawrence, Speaking for the people: Party, language and popular politics in England, 1867-1914 (Cambridge, 1998), and 'Class and gender in the making of urban toryism, 1880-1914', English Historical Review, 108 (1993), pp. 629-52.
    • (1993) English Historical Review , vol.108 , pp. 629-652
    • Lawrence, J.1
  • 74
    • 36148996027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKibbin, Classes, and see also 'Class and conventional wisdom: the Conservative party and the public in inter-war Britain', in Ross McKibbin, The ideologies of class: Social relations in Britain, 1880-1950 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 259-93.
    • McKibbin, Classes, and see also 'Class and conventional wisdom: the Conservative party and the "public" in inter-war Britain', in Ross McKibbin, The ideologies of class: Social relations in Britain, 1880-1950 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 259-93.
  • 76
    • 36148974083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKibbin, 'Class', p. 279.
    • McKibbin, 'Class', p. 279.
  • 78
    • 36148965300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For analysis of Baldwin's public language, see Philip Williamson, Stanley Baldwin: Conservative leadership and national values (Cambridge, 1999), and David Cannadine, 'Emollience', in In Churchill's shadow: Confronting the past in modern Britain (Oxford, 2003), and Class in Britain (London, 2000), pp. 137-40.
    • For analysis of Baldwin's public language, see Philip Williamson, Stanley Baldwin: Conservative leadership and national values (Cambridge, 1999), and David Cannadine, 'Emollience', in In Churchill's shadow: Confronting the past in modern Britain (Oxford, 2003), and Class in Britain (London, 2000), pp. 137-40.
  • 80
    • 36148987778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This phenomenon is also commented upon in Sam Davies and Bob Morley, County borough elections in England and Wales, 1919-1938: A comparative analysis, II Aldershot, 2000, conclusion
    • This phenomenon is also commented upon in Sam Davies and Bob Morley, County borough elections in England and Wales, 1919-1938: A comparative analysis, II (Aldershot, 2000), conclusion.
  • 81
    • 36148992368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labour opponents frequently referred to the 'so-called National' government, suggesting that the administrations were, in reality, Conservative.
    • Labour opponents frequently referred to the 'so-called National' government, suggesting that the administrations were, in reality, Conservative.
  • 82
    • 36148963811 scopus 로고
    • Labour women in conference
    • 'Labour women in conference', Woman's Leader, 12 (1920), p. 290.
    • (1920) Woman's Leader , vol.12 , pp. 290
  • 83
    • 36148948016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also the coverage given to Marion Phillips' speech at Abertillery in 1923 by Woman's Leader regarding non-party organizing, Phillips's response, and finally the letter written by a member of the NFWI Executive Committee. Woman's Leader, 15 (1923), pp. 33-4, 46, 55.
    • See also the coverage given to Marion Phillips' speech at Abertillery in 1923 by Woman's Leader regarding non-party organizing, Phillips's response, and finally the letter written by a member of the NFWI Executive Committee. Woman's Leader, 15 (1923), pp. 33-4, 46, 55.
  • 84
    • 36148965699 scopus 로고
    • 7 Dec
    • Daily Herald, 7 Dec. 1922, p. 4.
    • (1922) Herald , pp. 4
    • Daily1
  • 85
    • 36148950742 scopus 로고
    • 13 Dec
    • Ibid., 13 Dec. 1922, p. 4.
    • (1922) Ibid , pp. 4
  • 86
    • 36148970598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., Jan. and Feb. 1923.
    • Ibid., Jan. and Feb. 1923.
  • 87
    • 36148977724 scopus 로고
    • 5 Jan
    • Ibid., 5 Jan. 1923, p. 2.
    • (1923) Ibid , pp. 2
  • 88
    • 36148941491 scopus 로고
    • 9 Jan
    • Ibid., 9 Jan. 1923, p. 2.
    • (1923) Ibid , pp. 2
  • 89
    • 36148967102 scopus 로고
    • Jan
    • Labour Organiser (Jan. 1935), p. 12.
    • (1935) Labour Organiser , pp. 12
  • 90
    • 84974466075 scopus 로고
    • British Labour, Marxism and working-class apathy in the nineteen twenties
    • Stuart MacIntyre, 'British Labour, Marxism and working-class apathy in the nineteen twenties', Historical Journal, 20 (1977), pp. 479-96.
    • (1977) Historical Journal , vol.20 , pp. 479-496
    • MacIntyre, S.1
  • 93
    • 85066946907 scopus 로고
    • Class and leisure in mid-Victorian England
    • Bernard Waites, Tony Bennett, and Graham Martin, eds, London
    • Hugh Cunningham, 'Class and leisure in mid-Victorian England', in Bernard Waites, Tony Bennett, and Graham Martin, eds., Popular culture: Past and present (London, 1982), pp. 66-91
    • (1982) Popular culture: Past and present , pp. 66-91
    • Cunningham, H.1
  • 94
  • 95
    • 84933485336 scopus 로고
    • Traditional" working-class culture and "the rise of Labour": Some preliminary questions and observations
    • For critique see
    • For critique see Neville Kirk, '"Traditional" working-class culture and "the rise of Labour": Some preliminary questions and observations', Social History, 16 (1991), pp. 203-16.
    • (1991) Social History , vol.16 , pp. 203-216
    • Kirk, N.1
  • 97
    • 36148980595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotary Wheel, 21 (1935), p. 13.
    • Rotary Wheel, 21 (1935), p. 13.
  • 98
    • 36148978706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 17 (1931), pp. 115, 142-3.
    • Ibid., 17 (1931), pp. 115, 142-3.
  • 99
    • 36148972589 scopus 로고
    • Co-partnership
    • See, for example
    • See, for example, E. Walls, 'Co-partnership', Rotary Wheel, 4 (1918), pp. 201-3
    • (1918) Rotary Wheel , vol.4 , pp. 201-203
    • Walls, E.1
  • 100
    • 36148991214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. Dixon, 'The welfare department of a business house', Ibid., 5 (1919), pp. 236-8
    • H. Dixon, 'The welfare department of a business house', Ibid., 5 (1919), pp. 236-8
  • 101
    • 36148994477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Watson, 'Industrial reconciliation', ibid., 9 (1923), pp. 103-6
    • A. Watson, 'Industrial reconciliation', ibid., 9 (1923), pp. 103-6
  • 102
    • 36148955214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernest Ablett, 'The Rotarian and his employees', ibid., 20 (1934), p. 12.
    • Ernest Ablett, 'The Rotarian and his employees', ibid., 20 (1934), p. 12.
  • 104
    • 36148999168 scopus 로고
    • Conservative women and voluntary social service
    • Stuart Ball and Ian Holliday, eds, 1880s London, 2002
    • James Hinton, 'Conservative women and voluntary social service, 1938-1951', in Stuart Ball and Ian Holliday, eds., Mass Conservatism: the Conservatives and the public since the 1880s (London, 2002), pp. 100-19.
    • (1938) Mass Conservatism: The Conservatives and the public since the , pp. 100-119
    • Hinton, J.1
  • 105
    • 41949095430 scopus 로고
    • The shaping of the Conservative electoral hegemony
    • Jon Lawrence and Miles Taylor, eds, Aldershot, 1997
    • David Jarvis, 'The shaping of the Conservative electoral hegemony, 1918-1939', in Jon Lawrence and Miles Taylor, eds., Party, state and society: Electoral behaviour in Britain since 1820 (Aldershot, 1997), p. 145.
    • (1918) Party, state and society: Electoral behaviour in Britain since 1820 , pp. 145
    • Jarvis, D.1
  • 106
    • 36148933118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cited by Jarvis, 'Shaping', p. 145.
    • Cited by Jarvis, 'Shaping', p. 145.
  • 107
    • 36148935055 scopus 로고
    • Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 436.
    • (1924) Home and Country , vol.6 , pp. 436
  • 110
    • 36148971394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These were Rose Hotham's words in 1924, her evidence being the journal's descriptions of Michael Collins as a 'brave and fearless soldier' and of Lenin as a 'great man'. Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 178.
    • These were Rose Hotham's words in 1924, her evidence being the journal's descriptions of Michael Collins as a 'brave and fearless soldier' and of Lenin as a 'great man'. Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 178.
  • 111
    • 36148959857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Alice Bowman's complaint that that Home and Country's favourable remarks on the Labour government's budget served as priceless party propaganda, in Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 757.
    • See also Alice Bowman's complaint that that Home and Country's favourable remarks on the Labour government's budget served as priceless party propaganda, in Home and Country, 6 (1924), p. 757.
  • 115
    • 36148944616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pugh, Women;
    • Pugh, Women;
  • 118
    • 36148947668 scopus 로고
    • 13 Apr
    • Daily Herald, 13 Apr. 1934, p. 14.
    • (1934) Herald , pp. 14
    • Daily1
  • 119
    • 36148948380 scopus 로고
    • 9 Nov
    • Ibid., 9 Nov. 1937, p. 8.
    • (1937) Ibid , pp. 8
  • 120
    • 36148967100 scopus 로고
    • 6 Jan
    • Ibid., 6 Jan. 1923, p. 2.
    • (1923) Ibid , pp. 2
  • 121
    • 36148968199 scopus 로고
    • 10 Jan
    • Ibid., 10 Jan. 1923, p. 2.
    • (1923) Ibid , pp. 2
  • 122
    • 36148970599 scopus 로고
    • 17 Nov
    • Bury Times, 17 Nov. 1934, p. 4.
    • (1934) Bury Times , pp. 4
  • 123
    • 36148969094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Leicester branch of the League of Nations Union and the United Nations Association, 1917-1987, Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester, and Rutland, DE3191/6 (unpublished type-script)
    • Geoffrey Walker, The Leicester branch of the League of Nations Union and the United Nations Association, 1917-1987, Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester, and Rutland, DE3191/6 (unpublished type-script). Hancock also appears in the minutes ofthe Rotary Club of Leicester, 21D69/2.
    • Hancock also appears in the minutes ofthe Rotary Club of Leicester, 21D69/2
    • Walker, G.1
  • 124
    • 36148989697 scopus 로고
    • 13 Oct
    • Bury Times, 13 Oct. 1934, p. 9.
    • (1934) Bury Times , pp. 9
  • 125
    • 36148976225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Home and Country, 12 (1930), p. 122. In 1932 the National Federation invited Gilbert Murray to address the movement's Annual General Meeting.
    • See Home and Country, 12 (1930), p. 122. In 1932 the National Federation invited Gilbert Murray to address the movement's Annual General Meeting.
  • 126
    • 36148998166 scopus 로고
    • BLPES, LNU/5/3, fo. 40, and discussion on Ex-Servicemen and the Union in Branches Committee minutes, 13 Feb. 1936
    • See discussion on co-operation with British Legion in Branches Committee minutes, 23 Apr, It was stated that thirty-five branches of the British Legion were corporate members of the Union
    • See discussion on co-operation with British Legion in Branches Committee minutes, 23 Apr. 1931, BLPES, LNU/5/3, fo. 40, and discussion on Ex-Servicemen and the Union in Branches Committee minutes, 13 Feb. 1936, BLPES, LNU/5/5, fo. 116. It was stated that thirty-five branches of the British Legion were corporate members of the Union.
    • (1931) BLPES, LNU/5/5, fo , vol.116
  • 127
    • 36148956871 scopus 로고
    • The "Peace Ballot" and the "Rainbow" controversy
    • J. A. Thompson, 'The "Peace Ballot" and the "Rainbow" controversy', Journal of British Studies, 20 (1981), pp. 150-70.
    • (1981) Journal of British Studies , vol.20 , pp. 150-170
    • Thompson, J.A.1
  • 128
    • 36148966314 scopus 로고
    • Geoffrey Searle notes that 'almost every Conservative Leader from Disraeli onwards has occasionally attached the label national to his party, much to the exasperation of the Conservatives' opponents, See Country before party:, Harlow, 1995
    • Geoffrey Searle notes that 'almost every Conservative Leader from Disraeli onwards has occasionally attached the label "national" to his party - much to the exasperation of the Conservatives' opponents'. See Country before party: Coalition and the idea of 'national govemment' in modern Britain, 1885-1987 (Harlow, 1995), pp. 10-11.
    • (1885) Coalition and the idea of 'national govemment' in modern Britain , pp. 10-11
  • 130
    • 36148961737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eastbourne Gazette, 14 Nov. 1935, p. 15. The Peace Ballot was overseen at national level by a National Declaration Committee based at LNU headquarters and chaired by Cecil. It was composed of representatives of thirty-eight national organizations, whose local branches helped to organize the Ballot on the ground.
    • Eastbourne Gazette, 14 Nov. 1935, p. 15. The Peace Ballot was overseen at national level by a National Declaration Committee based at LNU headquarters and chaired by Cecil. It was composed of representatives of thirty-eight national organizations, whose local branches helped to organize the Ballot on the ground.
  • 132
    • 36148968198 scopus 로고
    • 28 Nov
    • Times, 28 Nov. 1934, p. 10.
    • (1934) Times , pp. 10
  • 134
    • 36148974082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For contemporary views on unattached voters see editorial 'Government and people', in Times, 16 Nov. 1934, p. 15, which refers to 'a mass of voters attached to no particular party', and similar views expressed by Lord Allen of Hurtwood, Britain's political future: A plea for liberty and leadership (London, 1934), p. xii.
    • For contemporary views on unattached voters see editorial 'Government and people', in Times, 16 Nov. 1934, p. 15, which refers to 'a mass of voters attached to no particular party', and similar views expressed by Lord Allen of Hurtwood, Britain's political future: A plea for liberty and leadership (London, 1934), p. xii.
  • 142
    • 84921884329 scopus 로고
    • The renewal of liberalism: Liberalism without liberals
    • Gillian Peele and Chris Cook, eds, London
    • John Campbell, 'The renewal of liberalism: Liberalism without liberals', in Gillian Peele and Chris Cook, eds., The politics of reappraisal, 1918-1939 (London, 1975), pp. 88-113
    • (1975) The politics of reappraisal, 1918-1939 , pp. 88-113
    • Campbell, J.1
  • 144
    • 0006374781 scopus 로고
    • Middle opinion in the thirties: Planning, progress and political "agreement
    • Arthur Marwick, 'Middle opinion in the thirties: Planning, progress and political "agreement"', English Historical Review, 79 (1964), pp. 285-98
    • (1964) English Historical Review , vol.79 , pp. 285-298
    • Marwick, A.1
  • 149
    • 36148951898 scopus 로고
    • Peace Ballot is succeeding
    • 'Peace Ballot is succeeding', Headway, 16 (1934), p. 224.
    • (1934) Headway , vol.16 , pp. 224
  • 150
    • 36148948381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A similar sentiment was expressed by Robert Cecil at the declaration of the Peace Ballot results in June 1935: 'The people are bored with the ordinary clap-trap of party controversy. But they know well enough what peace means, and they care for it with every fibre of their being' reported in 'What shall we make of it? Viscount Cecil's speech at the Albert Hall, Headway, 17 1935, p. 130
    • A similar sentiment was expressed by Robert Cecil at the declaration of the Peace Ballot results in June 1935: 'The people are bored with the ordinary clap-trap of party controversy. But they know well enough what peace means, and they care for it with every fibre of their being' reported in 'What shall we make of it? Viscount Cecil's speech at the Albert Hall', Headway, 17 (1935), p. 130.
  • 152
    • 33748300904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transformation of British public politics after the First World War
    • Jon Lawrence, 'The transformation of British public politics after the First World War', Past and Present, 190 (2006), p. 185.
    • (2006) Past and Present , vol.190 , pp. 185
    • Lawrence, J.1
  • 153
    • 36148971011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jon Lawrence, 'Forging a peaceable kingdom: War, violence, and fear of brutalisation in post-first world war Britain', Journal of Modern History, 75 (2003), pp. 557-89, and 'Fascist violence and the politics of public order in interwar Britain: The Olympia debate revisited', Historical Research, 76 (2003), pp. 238-67
    • Jon Lawrence, 'Forging a peaceable kingdom: War, violence, and fear of brutalisation in post-first world war Britain', Journal of Modern History, 75 (2003), pp. 557-89, and 'Fascist violence and the politics of public order in interwar Britain: The Olympia debate revisited', Historical Research, 76 (2003), pp. 238-67
  • 159
    • 36148929990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Andrew Thorpe, ed., The failure of political extremism in inter-war Britain (Exeter, 1988), see Thorpe's 'Introduction', pp. 1-10.
    • Andrew Thorpe, ed., The failure of political extremism in inter-war Britain (Exeter, 1988), see Thorpe's 'Introduction', pp. 1-10.
  • 161
    • 36148974468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doctrinal politics'; Cannadine
    • Williamson, 'Doctrinal politics'; Cannadine, Class.
    • Class
    • Williamson1
  • 162
    • 36148996640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of 'centrism' as a theme in British politics, see Harrison, Peaceable kingdom, especially introduction and ch. 7. For role of public intellectuals, see Pedersen and Mandler, eds., After the Victorians;
    • For a discussion of 'centrism' as a theme in British politics, see Harrison, Peaceable kingdom, especially introduction and ch. 7. For role of public intellectuals, see Pedersen and Mandler, eds., After the Victorians;
  • 164
    • 36148983572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abigail Beach, 'The Labour party and the idea of citizenship' (Ph.D. thesis, London, 1996), and 'Forging a nation of participants';
    • Abigail Beach, 'The Labour party and the idea of citizenship' (Ph.D. thesis, London, 1996), and 'Forging a "nation of participants"';
  • 165
    • 85044881550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptions of citizenship in twentieth century Britain
    • Edmund Neill, 'Conceptions of citizenship in twentieth century Britain', Twentieth Century British History, 17 (2006), pp. 424-38
    • (2006) Twentieth Century British History , vol.17 , pp. 424-438
    • Neill, E.1
  • 168
    • 36148971395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for Rotary see Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible empire: America's advance through twentieth-century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005)
    • for Rotary see Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible empire: America's advance through twentieth-century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005)
  • 169
    • 36148944615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for women's movements see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: women, the family and Nazi politics (London, 1987)
    • for women's movements see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: women, the family and Nazi politics (London, 1987)
  • 173
    • 36148995632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birn, League of Nations Union; Martin Ceadel, Semi-detached idealists: The British peace movement and international relations, 1854-1945 (Oxford, 2000). Niall Barr concludes that British Legion leaders were political innocents who allowed themselves to be neutralized by both Conservative and Labour governments, failed to understand why sympathetic MPs would not routinely vote against their parties at the Legion's bidding, and who subsequently won few concessions from government relating to their major policy demands ( Lion and the poppy).
    • Birn, League of Nations Union; Martin Ceadel, Semi-detached idealists: The British peace movement and international relations, 1854-1945 (Oxford, 2000). Niall Barr concludes that British Legion leaders were political innocents who allowed themselves to be neutralized by both Conservative and Labour governments, failed to understand why sympathetic MPs would not routinely vote against their parties at the Legion's bidding, and who subsequently won few concessions from government relating to their major policy demands ( Lion and the poppy).
  • 174
    • 36148954048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helen Jones suggests that the NFWI, along with other women's organizations during this period, failed to establish themselves as Whitehall insiders with the power to influence policy elites (Women in British public life, 1914-1950: Gender, power and social policy (Harlow, 2000)).
    • Helen Jones suggests that the NFWI, along with other women's organizations during this period, failed to establish themselves as Whitehall insiders with the power to influence policy elites (Women in British public life, 1914-1950: Gender, power and social policy (Harlow, 2000)).
  • 175
    • 36148992369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Susan Pedersen's verdict on feminist attempts to influence social policy in the 1920S, in Family, dependence, ch. 3.
    • See also Susan Pedersen's verdict on feminist attempts to influence social policy in the 1920S, in Family, dependence, ch. 3.
  • 176
    • 36148966715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Legion representatives sitting on local pensions committees succeeded in getting a high number of cases reconsidered, see Wootton, Politics of influence
    • British Legion representatives sitting on local pensions committees succeeded in getting a high number of cases reconsidered, see Wootton, Politics of influence.
  • 177
    • 36148953435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also, and Thane, What difference
    • See also Andrews, Acceptable face, and Thane, 'What difference'.
    • Acceptable face
    • Andrews1


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