Citizens not feminists: The boundary negotiated between citizenship and feminism by mainstream women's organisations in England, 1928-39

Women's History Review

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 411-429

  Beaumont, Caitriona ^a  

^a LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942677914     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612020000200240     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. See, for example, Olive Banks (1981) Faces of Feminism (Oxford: Blackwell).
2. and Martin Pugh (1990) Domesticity and the Decline of Feminism, 1930-1950, in Harold Smith (Ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century (London: Edward Elgar).
3. Martin Pugh (1992) Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, p. 242 (London: Macmillan).
4. Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement, pp. 209-263;
5. Sue Bruley (1999) Women in Britain since 1900, pp. 59-91 (London: Macmillan).
6. cited in Harold Smith (1990) British Feminism in the 1920s, in Smith, British Feminism in the Twentieth Century, p. 62.
7. Ray Strachey (Ed.) (1936) Our Freedom and its Results, p. 10 (London: Hogarth Press).
8. Amongst those who left the NUSEC were Monica Whately, Millicent Fawcett and Elizabeth Abbott. See Pugh, Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, p. 239.
9. Alison Light (1991) Forever England: femininity, literature and conservatism between the wars, p. 9 (London: Routledge).
10. Pat Thane (1990) Women of the British Labour Party and Feminism, 1906-45, in Smith, British Feminism in the Twentieth Century, pp. 125-143.
11. Gillian Scott (1998) Feminism and the Politics of Working Women: the Women's Co-operative Guild, 1880s to the Second World War (London: UCL Press).
12. Margaret Andrews (1997) The Acceptable Face of Feminism: the Women's Institute as a social movement (London: Lawrence & Wishart);
13. Caroline Merz (1988) After the Vote: the story of the National Union of Townswomen's Guilds in the year of its Diamond Jubilee 1929-1989 (Norwich: Adprint).
14. Eva Hubback & Ernest Simon (1934) Education in Citizenship, p. 12 (London: Association for Education in Citizenship).
15. Olive Parker (1975) For the Family's Sake: a history of the Mothers' Union 1876-1976, p. 5 (Folkestone: Bailey & Swinfen).
16. The Mothers' Union Journal, September 1934, p. 11.
17. 'Formation of United Council' (1885) YWCA Archive, MSS 243/13/3/78, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick.
18. YWCA Annual Review 1931 (1931) p. 12.
19. Jan Rutter (1986) The YWCA of Great Britain 1900-1925: an organisation of change, p. 82, unpublished MA thesis, University of Warwick.
20. The Catholic Women's League Magazine, July 1937, p. 14.
21. Home and Country, May 1928, p. 67.
22. Cited in Merz, After the Vote, p. 8.
23. Janet Courtney (1933) Countrywomen in Council, p. 151 (London: Oxford University Press).
24. National Union of Townswomen's Guilds Annual Report (1932) p. 4.
25. National Union of Townswomen's Guilds Annual Report (1933) p. 13.
26. National Union of Townswomen's Guilds Annual Report (1945) p. 9.
27. Handbook of the National Council of Women of Great Britain 1931-2 (1932) p. 61.
28. Minutes of the Birmingham Branch of of the National Council of Women, 20 April 1929, p. 129 (Birmingham Branch Records, May 1945 - January 1931, mss 841 B/4).
29. Women in Council, May 1931, p. 4.
30. National Council of Women News, January 1928, p. 16.
31. See J. Macnicol (1980) The Movement for Family Allowances 1918-1945: a study in social policy development (London: Heinemann).
32. and Susan Pederson (1993) Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France 1914-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
33. The Mothers' Union Journal, September 1936, p. 19.
34. NCW Handbook 1941-42 (1942) p. 64.
35. The Royal Commission on Population, Oral Evidence 1944-1949, Evidence No. 4, 29 September 1944.
36. Home and Country, August 1944, p. 126.
37. See Irvine Loudon (1992) Death in Childbirth: an international study of maternal care and maternal mortality 1800-1950 (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
38. Under the terms of the 1911 National Health Insurance Act, married women and children were treated as dependents and not entitled to state support. Women working outside the home were covered but they paid lower contributions than men and received lower benefits.
39. During 1931-32 insured married women experienced 140% more sickness and 60% more disablement than anticipated by the Government. Jane Lewis (1980) In Search of a Real Equality: women between the wars, in F. Gloversmith (Ed.) Class Culture and Social Change: a new view of the 1930s, pp. 222-225 (Brighton: Harvester Press)
40. Penny Kitchen (Ed.) (1990) For Home and Country: war, peace and rural life as seen through the pages of the Women's Institutes' Magazine, 1919-1959, p. 27 (London: Ebury).
41. National Council of Women Memorandum for Submission to the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services, February 1942, TUC Archive, MSS 821.5(1).
42. William Beveridge (1942) Social Insurance and Allied Services, p. 49, Cmd. 6404: HMSO.
43. News for Citizens, March 1943, p. 3, YWCA Archive, MSS 243/1/9/3.
44. Home and Country, February 1943, p. 36.
45. Under the terms of the 1946 National Insurance Act, working women were entitled to thirteen weeks' maternity allowance, beginning six weeks before the expected birth of the baby. The wives of insured men qualified for four weeks' maternity benefit after the birth of their baby.