Making english morals: Voluntary association and moral reform in England, 1787-1886

Cambridge University Press

Volumn 9780521833899, Issue , 2004, Pages 1-321

  Roberts, M J D ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

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EID: 84945749863     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511496011     Document Type: Book

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230. S. Rivington, The Publishing House of Rivington (1894), pp. 83, 111
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233. A. Briggs, ‘Middle-Class Consciousness in English Politics 1780-1846’, Past and Present, no. 9 (1956), pp. 65-74
234. D. Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class. The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840 (Cambridge, 1995), ch. 5
235. Statement of Proceedings (1804), p. 4
236. Christian Observer, 9 (1810), p. 524.
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238. Sydney Smith, Edinburgh Review, 13 (1809), pp. 337-8.
239. Occasional Report (1805), pp. 9-10.
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241. B. Fladeland, Abolitionists and Working-Class Problems in the Age of Industrialization (1984), p. 32.
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243. Wrigley and Schofield The Population History of England, pp. 212, 217.
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245. J. R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism. English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795-1834 (l969), pp. 276-82
246. G. Himmelfarb, The ldea of Poverty. England in the Early Industrial Age (1984), ch. 5, esp. pp. 133, 143
247. D. Winch, Riches and Poverty. An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750-1834 (Cambridge, 1996), ch. 11
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249. Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline. [PDS] Seventh Report (1827), pp. 73-5.
250. S. Nash, ‘Social Attitudes towards Prostitution in London from 1752 to 1829’ (New York University Ph.D., 1980), pp. 111-14.
251. British and Foreign Temperance Society [BFTS] First Report (1832), p. 82
252. Philanthropic Gazette, 26 Feb. 1817, p. 72.
253. Christian Instruction Society. A Statement on the Awful Profanation of the Lord’s Day (2nd edn, 1829), pp. 1-5.
254. M. Roberts, ‘Public and Private in Early 19th-Century London: The Vagrant Act of 1822 and its Enforcement’, Social History, 13 (1988), pp. 290-4
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256. D. Eastwood, ‘“Amplifying the Province of the Legislature”: The Flow of Information and the English State in the Early 19th Century’, Historical Research, 62 (1989), pp. 276-94.
257. Guardian Society. Report (1816), pp. 5-8, 12-13.
258. S. Nash, ‘Prostitution and Charity: The Magdalen Hospital, a Case Study’, Journal of Social History, 17 (1984), pp. 617-28.
259. Revd Daniel Wilson, in Guardian Society. Report (1816), p. 44.
260. Juvenile Delinquency Committee Report (1816), pp. 10-13
261. T. F. Buxton, An Inquiry Whether Crime and Misery are Produced or Prevented by our Present System of Prison Discipline (6th edn, 1818), pp. iii, 20, 23, 1l0
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263. H. Shore, Artful Dodgers. Youth and Crime in Early 19th-Century London (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1999), pp. 172-3 (table 12), and pp. 20ff.
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265. An Account of the Origin and Object of the Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge upon the Punishment of Death, and the Improvement of Prison Discipline (1812), pp. 7, 12.
266. K. Fry and R. E. Cresswell (eds.), Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry (2 vols., 2nd edn, 1848),.255.
267. V. A. C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree (Oxford, 1994), pp. 371ff.
268. S. McGowen, ‘A Powerful Sympathy’, pp. 312-34.
269. Political Economy Club Centenary Volume (1921), pp. 1-4, 210-13.
270. Mendicity Society. Report No. 2 (1820), p. 22
271. P. Mandler, ‘Tories and Paupers: Christian Political Economy and the Making of the New Poor Law’, Historical Journal, 33 (1990), pp. 91-3, 98-l00;
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273. A. Prochaska, ‘The Practice of Radicalism: Educational Reform in Westminster’, in J. Stevenson (ed.), London in the Age of Reform (Oxford, 1977), p. 112.
274. J. E. Cookson, Lord Liverpool’s Administration. The Crucial Years, 1815-1822 (Edinburgh, 1975), pp. 180ff.
275. J. B. Braithwaite, Memoirs of Joseph John Gurney (2 vols., 2nd edn, 1855), i.176;
276. R. M. Bacon, A Memoir of the Life of Edward, Third Baron Suffield (Norwich, 1838), pp. 85-92.
277. W. H. Wickwar, The Struggle for the Freedom of the Press (1928), pp. 181-203.
278. R. Hole, Pulpits. Politics and Public Order in England 1760-1832 (Cambridge, 1989), ch. 14.
279. Evangelical Magazine, 28 (1820), pp. 297-8
280. J. Turner, Reckoning with the Beast. Animals, Pain, and Humanity in the Victorian Mind (Baltimore, 1980), p. 40; Buxton, Memoirs, p. 130.
281. H. Ritvo, The Animal Estate (1987), pp. 130-5.
282. D. Turley, The Culture of English Antislavery, 1780-1860 (1991), pp. 3-5, 47
283. R. Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848 (1988), pp. 299-315
284. D. B. Davis, ‘James Cropper and the British Anti-Slavery Movement, 1821-1823’, Journal of Negro History, 45 (1960), pp. 249ff.
285. H. Temperley, ‘Anti-Slavery’, in Hollis, Pressure from Without in Early Victorian England, p. 33.
286. A. W. Moss, Valiant Crusade. The History of the RSPCA (1961), pp. 20-1
287. H. Cunningham, ‘The Metropolitan Fairs’, in A. J. Donajgrodzki (ed.), Social Control in 19th Century Britain (1977), pp. 164-7.
288. D. W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain (1989), pp. 81-94
289. D. Rosman, Evangelicals and Culture (1984), pp. 24-34.
290. G. M. Ellis, ‘The Evangelicals and the Sunday Question, 1830-1860’ (Harvard Ph.D., 1951), pp. 63-70.
291. D. M. Lewis, Lighten their Darkness. The Evangelical Mission to Working-Class London 1828-1860 (Westport CT, 1986), p. 38
292. J. Wigley, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Sunday (Manchester, 1980), pp. 42-3
293. Joseph Wilson, Spitalfields silk merchant, patron of infant education and LDOS secretry (1831-55), 23 July 1855, p. 3
294. P. McCann, Popular Education and Socialization in the 19th Century (1977), pp. 6, 22.
295. The move was clearly accelerated by the death of his only daughter in childbirth (1823) (pp. 349-51)
296. G. Sinclair, 12 Nov. 1818, Thomas Fowell Buxton papers, vol. iii, fo. 6
297. Rhodes House, Oxford. Cf. Ignatieff, Just Measure, pp. 163-6.
298. F. R. Pryor (ed.), Memoirs of Samuel Hoare by his Daughter Sarah and his Widow Hannah (1911), pp. 17, 22.
299. J. Kent, Elizabeth Fry (1962), pp. 16ff
300. W. Tallack, Peter Bedford (1893), chs. 4-5
301. S. McConville, A History of English Prison Administration (1981), i.171-3
302. J. Bourne, Patronage and Society in 19th-Century Britain (1986), pp. 88-9
303. P. Mandler, ‘The Making of the New Poor Law Redivivus’, Past and Present, no. 117 (1987), pp. 131-57.
304. J. Clive, Thomas Babington Macaulay. The Shaping of the Historian (1973), p. 269
305. ‘James Cropper and the British Anti-Slavery Movement, 1823-1833’, Journal of Negro History, 46 (1961), p. 171
306. A. Tyrrell, Joseph Sturge and the Moral Radical Party in Early Victorian Britain (1987), pp. 31-3.
307. C. Midgley, Women Against Slavery. The British Campaigns, 1780-1870 (1992), pp. 48-9
308. A. Tyrrell, ‘“Woman’s Mission” and Pressure-Group Politics in Britain (1825-60)’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, 63 (1980-1), p. 205.
309. K. Corfield, ‘Elizabeth Heyrick: Radical Quaker’, in G. Malmgreen (ed.), Religion in the Lives of English Women, 1760-1930 (l986), p. 43
310. L. Zedner, Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England (Oxford, 1991), pp. 116-22.
311. The Agency Committee of the Anti-Slavery Society. Report (1832), pp. 1-3.
312. S. Drescher, ‘Whose Abolition? Popular Pressure and the Ending of the British Slae Trade’, Past and Present, no. 143 (1994), pp. 136-66
313. P. Hollis, ‘Introduction’, in Pressure from Without, pp. 1-26.
314. G. Searle, Morality and the Market in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1998), pp. 64-7.
315. W. Forsythe, The Reform of Prisoners 1830-1900 (1987), pp. 25-6
316. H. D. Rack, ‘Domestic Visitation: A Chapter in Early l9th-Century Evangelism’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 24 (1973), pp. 357ff.
317. A. Summers, ‘Philanthropy and the State in the Thinking of Elizabeth Fry’, Historical Research, 67 (163) (1994), p. 139
318. M. Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal, Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830-1914. (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 129-34.
319. P. Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform. Whigs and Liberals, 1830-1852 (Oxford, 1990), p. 200
320. D. Eastwood, ‘Men, Morals and the Machinery of Social Legislation, 1790-1840’, Parliamentary History, 13 (1994), p. 194.
321. M. J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (Hassocks, 1975), ch. 8
322. F. Mort, Dangerous Sexualities. Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830 (1987), pp. 25-30, 41-2
323. E. J. Yeo, The Contest for Social Science (1996), ch. 3.
324. P. Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian England. Rational Recreation and the Contest for Control, 1830-1885 (1978), ch. 2
325. A. Delves, ‘Popular Recreation and Social Conflict in Derby, 1800-1850’, in E. and S. Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 108-15
326. H. Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution c. 1780-c.1880 (1980), pp. 87
327. H. Cunningham, The Children of the Poor. Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1991), ch. 4, esp. pp. 51, 82-3
328. R. Gray, ‘The Languages of Factory Reform in Britain, c. 1830-1860’, in P. Joyce, (ed.), The Historical Meanings of Work (Cambridge, 1987), ch. 6
329. M. Valverde, ‘“Giving the Female a Domestic Turn”: The Social, Legal and Moral Regulation of Women’s Work in British Cotton Mills, 1820-1850’, Journal of Social History, 21 (1987-8), pp. 619-34
330. J. G. Dunlop (ed.), The Dunlop Papers, vol. 1: Autobiography of John Dunlop (1931), p. 89.
331. Joseph Livesey, ‘Is Temperance Likely to Drop or Raise Wages?’, Preston Temperance Advocate, July 1834, pp. 49-50.
332. J. Benson, The Working Class in Britain, 1850-1939 (1989), pp. 27, 30
333. F. M. L Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society. A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988), pp. 287
334. A. Brundage, The Making of the New Poor Law (1978). Crime statistics are surveyed and evaluated in Palmer, Police and Protest, pp. 381-4.
335. M. Roberts, ‘Head versus Heart? Voluntary Associations and Charity Organisation in England c. 1700-1850’, in H. Cunningham and J. Innes (eds.), Charity, Philanthropy and Reform (1998), pp. 81-2.
336. R. Turner, James Silk Buckingham 1786-1855 (1934), pp. 296-305;
337. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, pp. 106-8.
338. J. Livesey, Autobiography (National Temperance League, n.d.), pp. 63-4;
339. R. J. Morris, ‘Organization and Aims of the Principal Secular Voluntary Organizations of the Leeds Middle Class, 1830-1851’ (Oxford D.Phil., 1970), pp. 189-94
340. T. Koditschek, Class Formation and Urban- Industrial Society. Bradford, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 298-308
341. British Temperance Advocate and Journal, 2 (1840), p. 5
342. D. Roberts, Paternalism in Early Victorian England (1979), p. 39. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, pp. 51-2.
343. R. Gray, The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860 (Cambridge, 1996), ch. 2.
344. William Allen and Samuel Hoare to launch a national petitioning association along ‘moral reform’ lines in 1832, see Life of William Allen, iii.35; Society for the Improvement of the Condition of Factory Children (1833).
345. J. Brenton, Memoir of Captain Edward Pelham Brenton (1842), pp. 47-8, 174-5.
346. E. P. Brenton, A Letter to the Committee of Management of the Society for the Suppression of Mendicity (1830), pp. 2-8
347. J. I. Burn, ‘Strictures on the Children’s Friend Society’, Labourers’ Friend Magazine, 11 (1841), pp. 1-4
348. D. Philips, ‘Associations for the Prosecution of Felons in England 1760-1860’, in D. Hay and F. Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), ch. 3; Lewis, Lighten their Darkness, pp. 84-6.
349. R. A. Lewis, Edwin Chadwick and the Public Health Movement 1832-1854 (1952), pp. 106-15;
350. C. Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick (Cambridge, 1998), p. 249
351. G. Best, Shaftesbury (1964), p. 115. Yeo, Contest, pp. 82-3; and Mandler, Aristocratic Government, pp. 206-7
352. M. Ryan, Prostitution in London (1839), pp. 119-31, 198
353. J. B. Talbot, The Miseries of Prostitution (1844), pp. 29-30
354. K. Gleadle, The Early Feminists. Radical Unitarians and the Emergence of the Women’s Rights Movement, 1831-51 (1995), pp. 130-9
355. J. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 39-41.
356. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (4 vols., 1861-2), iii.xxxi
357. L. Jackson, Child Sexual Abuse in Victorian England (2000), pp. 59-61
358. S. Magarey, ‘The Invention of Juvenile Delinquency in Early 19th-Century England’, Labor History, no. 34 (1978), pp. 16-17, 20-4
359. J. Manton, Mary Carpenter and the Children of the Streets (1976), pp. 83-6.
360. S. Magarey, ‘The Reclaimers. A Study of the Reformatory Movement in England and Wales, 1846-1893’ (Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, 1975), ch. 3
361. I. Pinchbeck and M. Hewitt, Children in English Society (2 vols., 1973), ii.467-77. Magarey, ‘The Reclaimers’, ch. 3
362. J. Wolffe, The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain 1829-1860 (Oxford, 1991), ch. 5
363. D. Paz, Popular Anti-Catholicism in Mid-Victorian England (Stanford CA, 1992)
364. L. Shiman, Crusade against Drink in Victorian England (1988), pp. 76-9.
365. B. Harrison, Dictionary of British Temperance Biography (East Ardsley, Wakefield, W. Yorkshire, 1983), nos. 68, 286, 244
366. Revd James Bardsley, UKA foundation committee member and factory movement activist: Harrison, Dictionary of British Temperance Biography, no. 23
367. D. Jones, Crime, Protest, Community and Police in 19th-Century Britain (1982), pp. 129
368. S. Inwood, ‘Policing London’s Morals: The Metropolitan Police and Popular Culture, 1829-1850’, London Journal, 15 (1990), pp. 129-31, 136.
369. P. Anderson, The Printed Image and the Transformation of Popular Culture 1790-1860 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 84-5
370. V. Berridge, ‘Popular Sunday Papers and Mid-Victorian Society’, in G. Boyce et al. (eds.), Newspaper History from the 17th Century to the Present Day (1978), pp. 247-50
371. D. Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture. England 1750-1914 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 217, 251.
372. E. Hodder, John MacGregor (‘Rob Roy’) (1894), p. 181.
373. C. Binfield, George Williams and the YMCA (1973), pp. 155-8, 171.
374. P. Corfield, Power and the Professions in Britain 1700-1850 (1995), pp. 181-4.
375. D. Gorham, ‘Victorian Reform as a Family Business’, in A. Wohl (ed.), The Victorian Family (New York, 1978), ch. 6; Corfield, Power and the Professions, pp. 186-8.
376. F. Lees, Dr Frederic Richard Lees (1904), pp. 2-3, 12, 25-6
377. S. Koven, ‘Borderlands’, in S. Koven and S. Michel (eds.), Mothers of a New World. Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York, 1993), pp. 96ff.
378. D. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure. A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 10-12.
379. M. Cragoe, ‘“Jenny Rules the Roost”: Women and Electoral Politics, 1832-68’, in K. Gleadle and S. Richardson (eds.), Women in British Politics, 1760-1860 (2000), ch. 8.
380. National Temperance Advocate, 2 (1846), pp. 1-3;
381. Females’ Advocate (1845), p. 102.
382. C. Midgley, ‘From Supporting Missions to Petitioning Parliament’, in Gleadle and Richardson, Women in British Politics, pp. 82-5
383. B. Harrison, ‘The Sunday Trading Riots of 1855’, Historical Journal, 8 (1965), pp. 219-45
384. P. Thurmond Smith, Policing Victorian London (Westport CT, 1985), ch. 6.
385. J. S. Mill, On Liberty, ed. J. M. Robson, in Collected Works, vol. xviii (Toronto, 1977), pp. 287-8.
386. S. Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class (Manchester, 2000), p. 124.
387. T. B. Macaulay, History of England, vol. i, ch. 1. Cf. [J. W. Croker], ‘Mr Macaulay’s History of England’, Quarterly Review, 84 (1849), pp. 549-630
388. K. T. Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846-1886 (Oxford, 1998), p. 208;
389. J. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (Cambridge, 1993), p. 168.
390. F. M. L. Thompson, ‘Town and City’, in Thompson (ed.), CSHB, i.10-11, 33ff.;
391. P. Bartrip, ‘Public Opinion and Law Enforcement: The Ticket-of-Leave Scares in Mid-Victorian Britain’, in V. Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in 19th-Century Britain (1981), pp. 150-81
392. J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England 1700-1870 (1979), pp. 294-300.
393. V. Gatrell, ‘The Decline of Theft and Violence in Victorian and Edwardian England and Wales’, in V. Gatrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law. The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (1980), pp. 283, 286-91, 302-4, 317-18
394. V. Gatrell, ‘Crime, Authority and the Policeman State’, in CSHB, iii.285-6.
395. A. E. Dingle, ‘Drink and Working-Class Living Standards in Britain, 1870-1914’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 25 (1972), pp. 608-22
396. J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd (1984), ch. 7;
397. J. K. Walton, ‘Towns and Consumerism’, in M. Daunton (ed.), Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. iii: 1840-1950 (Cambridge, 2000), ch. 22, esp. pp. 717-18, 727ff
398. G. K. Behlmer, Friends of the Family. The English Homeand its Guardians, 1850-1940 (Stanford CA, 1998), ch. 2; Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal, pp. 141-56
399. E. Yeo, The Contest for Social Science (1996), pp. 107, 162-80
400. P. Bailey, Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City (Cambridge, 1998), ch. 2
401. J. Lowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes 1870-1914 (Manchester, 1993), ch. 1, esp. p. 5
402. J. Tosh, A Man’s Place. Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (1999), ch. 8, and questioned in M. Francis, ‘The Domestication of the Male?’, Historical Journal, 45 (2002), pp. 637-52 at p. 643
403. S. Petrow, Policing Morals. The Metropolitan Police and the Home Office 1870-1914 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 7-12.
404. D. Thompson, ‘The Liberation Society 1844-1868’, in Hollis, Pressure From Without, pp. 210-38, 222-7, 232-3
405. A. D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England (1976), pp. 162-72;
406. L. Goldman, Science, Reform, and Politics in Victorian Britain. The Social Science Association 1857-1886 (Cambridge, 2002), chs. 2 and 9
407. S. Collini, Public Moralists. Political Life and Intellectual Thought in Britain 1850-1930 (Oxford, 1991), p. 236.
408. E.W. Thomas, Twenty-Five Years’ Labour among the Friendless and Fallen (2nd edn, 1886), pp. 107-8, 165.
409. Lt. John Blackmore, The London by Moonlight Mission (1860), p. 18
410. M. Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (Oxford, 1994), p. 92.
411. A. O. Charles, The Female Mission to the Fallen (1860), pp. 3-4
412. Magdalen’s Friend, 1 (1860), p. 152,.
413. G. Carter, Anglican Evangelicals (Oxford, 2001), ch. 8.
414. H. J. Ellison (1813-99), foundation chairman of the society:
415. S. Harrison, Dictionary of Temperance Biography, no. 134.
416. L. Twining, ‘The Objects and Aims of the Workhouse Visiting Society’, pp. 667-71.
417. Journal of the Workhouse Visiting Society, 32 (Jan. 1865), p. 263.W. Tallack, Howard Letters and Memories (1905), pp. 138-44;.
418. G. Rose, The Struggle for Penal Reform. The Howard League and its Predecessors (1961), pp. 17-21.
419. Howard Association. Reports, nos. 1-10 (1867-76).
420. H. Solly, These Eighty Years (2 vols., 1893), ii.344.
421. Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 54 (2003), pp. 42-50.
422. NAPSS Transactions, 12 (1868), p. 373.
423. Meeting of the Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity, Held at
424. Willis’s Rooms, On March 30th, 1870, the Earl of Derby in the Chair (1870), p. 25 (Revd Dr Barry, principal of King’s College London).
425. W. M. Wilkinson, A Contribution towards the History of the Origin of The Charity Organisation Society (1875), p. 15.
426. G. Darley, Octavia Hill (1990), pp. 120-8.
427. C. B. P. Bosanquet, The History and Mode of Operation of the Charity Organisation Society (1874), p. 9;
428. R. Humphreys, Sin, Organized Charity and the Poor Law in Victorian England (1995), chs. 5-6.
429. J. Lewis, The Voluntary Sector, the State and Social Work in Britain (Aldershot, 1995), pp. 8-9.
430. A. E. Dingle, The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England (1980), pp. 28-30, 37-8;.
431. P. McHugh, Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform (1980), p. 252.
432. W. Carter, 21 Feb. 1872, quoted in McHugh, Prostitution, p. 249.
433. Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. Report of the Committee for Amending the Law wherein it is Injurious to Women (Manchester, 1871), p. 15.
434. Benjamin Scott, A State Iniquity: Its Rise, Extension, and Overthrow (1890; reprinted New York, 1968), pp. 83-6.
435. B. Harrison, ‘State Intervention and Moral Reform’, in Hollis, Pressure from Without, p. 314.
436. M. Roberts, ‘Feminism and the State in Later Victorian Britain’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995), pp. 89-90.
437. Josephine Butler, An Autobiographical Memoir (3rd edn, 1928), p. 70.
438. G. C. W. Warr, National Association for the Promotion of Social Purity (1870).
439. R. Porter, ‘The Politics of Prevention: Antivaccinationism and Public Health in 19th-Century England’, Medical History, 32 (1988), pp. 231-52.
440. R. French, Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton, 1975), pp. 27-35;
441. H. Kean, Animal Rights. Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800 (1998), ch. 4.
442. M. A. Elston, ‘Women and Anti-Vivisection’, in N. Rupke (ed.), Vivisection in Historical Perspective (1987), pp. 274-5
443. Dr George Hoggan in a letter to the Morning Post, 2 Feb. 1875, reprinted in French, Antivivisection, pp. 414-15.
444. F. Peek, Our Laws and our Poor (1875), p. 24.
445. G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London (Harmondsworth, 1976), ch. 13.
446. C. P. B. Bosanquet, London. Some Account of its Growth, Charitable Agencies and Wants (1868), pp. 168, 151
447. C. L. Mowat, The Charity Organisation Society 1869-1913 (1961), pp. 63-4;
448. M. Richter, The Politics of Conscience. T. H. Green and his Age (1964), pp. 129-35, 332-6
449. W. H. Fremantle and Lord Lichfield, ‘Charity Disestablished?’, pp. 56-61.
450. C. Binfield’s J. Baylen and N. Gossman (eds.), Dictionary of Modern British Radicals (1988), iii.875.
451. H. J. Wilson, 11 Aug. 1875, Butler papers, The Women’s Library, London. 4 Sept. 1875, and the discussion in Walkowitz, Prostitution, pp. 140-1.
452. D. Bebbington, The Nonconformist Conscience. Chapel and Politics, 1870-1914 (1982), pp. 11-17.
453. T. Larsen, Friends of Religious Equality. Nonconformist Politics in Mid-Victorian England (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1999), pp. 171ff., 267-70;
454. S. Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class (Manchester, 2000), pp. 123-4.
455. R. Waugh, The Life of Benjamin Waugh (1913), pp. 21-44.
456. G. Behlmer, Child Abuse and Moral Reform in England, 1870-1908 (Stanford CA, 1982), pp. 59-63;.
457. K. Gleadle, ‘“Our Several Spheres”: Middle-Class Women and the Feminisms of Early Victorian Radical Politics’, in K. Gleadle and S. Richardson (eds.), Women in British Politics 1760-1860. The Power of the Petticoat (2000), ch. 7
458. C. Edmund Maurice (ed.), The Life of Octavia Hill as Told in her Letters (1913), p. 298;
459. M. J. Shaen, William Shaen. A Brief Sketch (1912), (p. 34)
460. R. Watts, Gender, Power and the Unitarians in England 1760-1860 (1998), pp. 99-112.
461. B. Caine, Victorian Feminists (Oxford, 1992), pp. 110-15, 126-7, 141-6.
462. Frances Power Cobbe, Essay on the Theory of Intuitive Morals (1855), quoted in Life, i.132-4.
463. J. Uglow, ‘Josephine Butler: From Sympathy to Theory’, in D. Spender (ed.), Feminist Theorists (1983), pp. 146-64.
464. H. Mathers, ‘The Evangelical Spirituality of a Victorian Feminist: Josephine Butler, 1828-1906’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 52 (2001), pp. 282-312,. 288-302.
465. Josephine Butler, ‘Introduction’, in Woman’s Work and Woman’s Culture (1869), esp. pp. xv-xvi, xlii.
466. The Choice between Personal Freedom and State Protection: Addresses delivered by the Hon.Auberon Herbert and Mrs Butler at the Annual Meeting of the Vigilance Association, 1880 (1880), pp. 17-19.
467. J. Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit. Britain 1870-1914 (Harmondsworth, 1994), p. 223.
468. Female Lives, Moral States.Women, Religion and Public Life in Britain 1800-1930 (Newbury, 2000), pp. 16, 23, 47-8.
469. B. Harrison, ‘For Church, Queen and Family: The Girls’ Friendly Society 1874-1920’, Past and Present, no. 61 (1973), pp. 108-11.
470. Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants. Report No. 8 (1883), pp. 5-7
471. G. Wagner, Barnardo (1979), ch. 5.
472. Ellice Hopkins, Ladies Associations for the Care of Friendless Girls (1878), pp. 3-4, 11, 14-18.
473. H. Bosanquet, Social Work in London 1869-1912 (1914; reprinted Brighton, 1973), p. 54.
474. Octavia Hill, District Visiting (1877), quoted in Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, p. 131.
475. J. Butler, Government by Police (2nd edn, 1880), pp. 7, 41-3, 57-65
476. ‘The Charity Organisation Society: Its Progress’, Charity Organisation Review, 1 (1885), p. 157.
477. Stedman Jones, Outcast London, pp. 279-80
478. C. Trevelyan’s justification of the role, CO Review, 1 (1885), p. 156.
479. G. Behlmer, ‘Character Building and the English Family’, in G. Behlmer and F. Leventhal (eds.), Singular Continuities. Tradition, Nostalgia and Identity in Modern British Culture (Stanford CA, 2000), pp. 64-5.
480. Jane Ellice Hopkins, The White Cross Army (1883), pp. 10, 14.
481. R. Barrett, Ellice Hopkins. A Memoir (1907), pp. 109, 115-16
482. P. Bartley, Prostitution. Prevention and Reform in England, 1860-1914 (2000), pp. 73-4.
483. S. Morgan, ‘Faith, Sex and Purity: The Religio-Feminist Theory of Ellice Hopkins’, Women’s History Review 9 (1), (2000), pp. 13-34.
484. H. J. Wilson, 11 Aug. 1875, Josephine Butler papers, The Women’s Library, London
485. Alfred S. Dyer, The European Slave Trade in English Girls. A Narrative of Facts (6th edn, 1882), p. 6;
486. The Christian, 1885, p. 932.
487. Vigilance Association Journal, no. 38 (1884), p. 20.
488. Ellice Hopkins Seeking and Saving. A Monthly Journal of Home Mission and Penitentiary Work, 3 (1883), p. 161.
489. Seeking and Saving, 3 (1883), pp. 166, 175.
490. Central Vigilance Committee for the Repression of Immorality. [CVC] Annual Report (1884), pp. 4, 15-20.
491. Sentinel, July and Dec. 1881, pp. 64-6
492. CVC. Annual Report (1884), p. 2.
493. Benjamin Scott and Samuel Morley MP: p. 2; Seeking and Saving, 3 (1883), p. 44.
494. J. H. Levy of the VA: Vigilance Association Journal, Jan. 1884, p. 2.
495. A. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England (1976), chs. 6-7.
496. E. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (Dublin, 1977), p. 104
497. Ellice Hopkins, The Present Moral Crisis. An Appeal to Women (1886
498. Ellice Hopkins, The Purity Movement (1885), pp. 18-19.Benjamin Waugh, The Gaol Cradle. Who Rocks It? (1873), pp. 139-44
499. Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Reports, no. 1 (1883), p. 3
500. Frederick Agnew London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Reports, no. 2 (1886), p. 57
501. H. J. Wilson, 6 May [1883], Josephine Butler papers.
502. Vigilance Assoc. Journal, Nov. 1883, p. 105.
503. Mrs Browne (1822-1908) in Shield, Jan. 1909, p. 58.
504. MRU. Reports, no. 9 (1891), pp. 11, 15-16.
505. Josephine Butler, A Letter to the Mothers of England (1881), pp. 19-21.
506. P. Hollis, Ladies Elect. Women in English Local Government 1865-1914 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 317-23
507. Josephine Butler in Sentinel, 1882, p. 75.
508. Alicia Bewicke. The London Committee for Suppression of the Trade in English Girls also advocated 18-21 as its preference: Sentinel, July 1883, p. 219.
509. Ellice Hopkins, a key player, in the Minors’ Committee decision, Seeking and Saving, 4 (1884), 182
510. H. J. Wilson, 6 May [1883] Butler to ‘Dear Friend’ [Miss Priestman], 4 Oct. [1884], Josephine Butler papers.
511. Josephine Butler, Exeter Hall speech of 19 Feb. 1885, reported in Sentinel, p. 412;
512. M. Pearson, The Age of Consent. Victorian Prostitution and its Enemies (1972), ch. 8
513. William Shaen in Vigilance Association Journal 1886, p. 24;Josephine Butler papers, and full discussion in Roberts, ‘Feminism and the State’, pp. 101-5
514. W. A. Coote, A Romance of Philanthropy (1916), p. 5;
515. L. Bland, Banishing the Beast. English Feminism and Sexual Morality 1885-1914 (1995), pp. 8-9, 32, 34, 38.
516. Stedman Jones, Outcast London, pp. 298-300;
517. D. Weinbren, ‘Against All Cruelty: The Humanitarian League, 1891-1919’, History Workshop Journal, no. 38 (1994), pp. 86-105;
518. W. H. Fraser, The Coming of the Mass Market, 1850-1914 (1981), ch. 14.
519. R. L. Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1885), pp. 150-3.
520. R. McKibbin, ‘Working-Class Gambling in Britain 1880-1939’, in The Ideologies of Class (Oxford, 1990), ch. 4 at p. 109;
521. M. Clapson, A Bit of a Flutter. Popular Gambling and English Society, c. 1823-1961 (Manchester, 1992), pp. 29-30;
522. D. Dixon, ‘“Class Law”: The Street Betting Act of 1906’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 8 (1980), pp. 101-28
523. J. Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society. British Youth Movements, 1883-1940 (London, 1977), chs. 1-3.
524. R. Morris, ‘Clubs, Societies and Associations’, in CSHB, iii.424.
525. J. Harris, ‘Society and the State in Twentieth-Century Britain’, pp. 68-70
526. A. Kidd, State, Society and the Poor in 19th-Century England (1999), p. 108
527. S. Hall and B. Schwarz, ‘State and Society, 1880-1930’, in M. Langan and B. Schwarz (eds.), Crises in the British State, 1880-1930 (1985), pp. 7-32
528. L. Brown, Victorian News and Newspapers (Oxford, 1985), ch. 2;
529. S. Yeo, Religion and Voluntary Organisations in Crisis (1976), ch. 11, esp. pp. 318-22
530. R. Trainor, ‘The Middle Class’, in Daunton, Cambridge Urban History of Britain, iii.704-12.
531. R. J. Morris, ‘Structure, Culture and Society in British Towns’, ch. 13, especially pp. 415-23;
532. S. Gunn, ‘The Manchester Middle Class, 1850-1880’, University of Manchester Ph.D., 1992, pp. 169-72.
533. J. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 16-17, 80-6, 143-6;
534. J. Lowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes 1870-1914 (Manchester, 1993), pp. 1-24, 269-70;
535. R. Putnam, Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York, 2000).
536. A. Lent, British Social Movements since 1945 (Basingstoke, 2001), pp. 149-53
537. S. S. Holton, Feminism and Democracy. Women’s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain 1900-1918 (Cambridge, 1986).
538. B. Harrison, ‘A Genealogy of Reform in Modern Britain’, in C. Bolt and S. Drescher (eds.), Anti-Slavery, Religion and Reform. Essays in Memory of Roger Anstey (Folkestone, 1980), pp. 119-48;
539. M. Roberts, ‘The Concept of Luxury in British Political Economy: Adam Smith to Alfred Marshall’, History of the Human Sciences 11 (1998), pp. 23-47.
540. S. Rose, ‘Cultural Analysis and Moral Discourses’, in V. Bonnell and L. Hunt (eds.), Beyond the Cultural Turn (Berkeley CA, 1999), pp. 228-33.
541. Henry Thornton (1792), quoted in Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom, p. 390.
542. G. Cross, An All-Consuming Society (New York, 2000), p. 15
543. M. Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (Oxford, 1995), pp. 133-56
544. George Howell, reported in Meeting of the Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity (1870), pp. 17-22 28-30.
545. R. Putnam on ‘tertiary’ organisations, Bowling Alone, pp. 156-61.
546. A. Vickery’s comments on types of political engagement in ‘Introduction’ to A. Vickery (ed.), Women, Privilege, and Power. British Politics, 1750 to the Present (Stanford CA, 2001), pp. 2-5.
547. G. Eley, ‘Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures’, in Calhoun, Habermas and the Public Sphere, pp. 303-6, 325-31.
548. L. Davidoff, ‘Regarding some “Old Husbands’ Tales”: Public and Private in Feminist History’, in Worlds Between. Historical Perspectives on Gender and Class (Oxford, 1995), pp. 227-76
549. J. Rendall, ‘Women and the Public Sphere’, Gender and History, 11 (1999), pp. 475-88,. 479-83.
550. F. Prochaska, The Voluntary Impulse. Philanthropy in Modern Britain (1988), p. 89.
551. S. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790): ‘A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.’