Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: An overview of aetiology in light of recent developments in classification and pathogenesis

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 139, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 672-686

  Linet, Martha S ^a   Schubauer Berigan, Mary K ^b   Weisenburger, Dennis D ^c   Richardson, David B ^d   Landgren, Ola ^a   Blair, Aaron ^a   Silver, Sharon ^b   Field, R William ^f   Caldwell, Glyn ^e   Hatch, Maureen ^a   Dores, Graça M ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d IL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Aetiology; Chemicals; Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; Radiation; Review

Indexed keywords

CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MODEL; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER RISK; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GENE EXPRESSION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INFECTION; IONIZING RADIATION; LEUKEMOGENESIS; LIFESTYLE; LYMPHOCYTOSIS; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRECANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC, B-CELL; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 36148931443     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06847.x     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Adami, J., Nyren, O., Bergstrom, R., Ekbom, A., McLaughlin, J.K., Hogman, C., Fraumeni, Jr., J.F. Glimelius, B. (1997) Blood transfusion and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: lack of association. Annals of Internal Medicine, 127, 365 371.
2. Adami, J., Nyren, O., Bergstrom, R., Ekbom, A., Engholm, G., Englund, A. Glimelius, B. (1998) Smoking and the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (Sweden). Cancer Causes and Control, 9, 49 56.
3. Ahlbom, I.C., Cardis, E., Green, A., Linet, M., Savitz, D. Swerdlow, A. (2001) Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109 (Suppl. 6 911 933.
4. Altekruse, S.F., Henley, S.J. Thun, M.J. (1999) Deaths from hematopoietic and other cancers in relation to permanent hair dye use in a large prospective study (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 10, 617 625.
5. Amadori, D., Nanni, O., Falcini, F., Saragoni, A., Tison, V., Callea, A., Scarpi, E., Ricci, M., Riva, N. Buiatti, E. (1995) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas by histological type in farming-animal breeding workers: a population case-control study based on job titles. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52, 374 379.
6. Austin, H. Cole, P. (1986) Cigarette smoking and leukemia. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39, 417 421.
7. BEIR-V (1990) NRC National Reasearch Council. Health effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiaiton (BEIR V). National Academy Press, Washington DC.
8. BEIR-VI (1999) NRC National Research Council Health. Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
9. Benavente, Y., Garcia, N., Domingo-Domenech, E., Alvaro, T., Font, R., Zhang, Y. de Sanjose, S. (2005) Regular use of hair dyes and risk of lymphoma in Spain. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 1118 1122.
10. Bennett, J.M., Catovsky, D., Daniel, M.T., Flandrin, G., Galton, D.A., Gralnick, H.R. Sultan, C. (1989) Proposals for the classification of chronic (mature) B and T lymphoid leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) Cooperative Group. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 42, 567 584.
11. Binet, J.L., Lepoprier, M., Dighiero, G., Charron, D., D'Athis, P., Vaugier, G., Beral, H.M., Natali, J.C., Raphael, M., Nizet, B. Follezou, J.Y. (1977) A clinical staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic significance. Cancer, 40, 855 864.
12. Binet, J.L., Auquier, A., Dighiero, G., Chastang, C., Piguet, H., Goasguen, J., Vaugier, G., Potron, G., Colona, P., Oberling, F., Thomas, M., Tchernia, G., Jacquillat, C., Boivin, P., Lesty, C., Duault, M.T., Monconduit, M., Belabbes, S. Gremy, F. (1981) A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer, 48, 198 206.
13. Blair, A. White, D.W. (1985) Leukemia cell types and agricultural practices in Nebraska. Archives of Environmental Health, 40, 211 214.
14. Blair, A., Purdue, M.P., Weisenburger, D.D. Baris, D. (2007) Chemical exposures and risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 753 761.
15. Blettner, M., Zeeb, H., Langner, I., Hammer, G.P. Schafft, T. (2002) Mortality from cancer and other causes among airline cabin attendants in Germany, 1960-1997. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 556 565.
16. Boice, Jr., J.D. Day, N.E., Andersen, A., Brinton, L.A., Brown, R., Choi, N.W., Clarke, E.A., Coleman, M.P., Curtis, R.E., Flannery, J.T., Hakama, M., Hakulinen, T., Howe, G.R., Jensen, O.M., Kleinerman, R.A., Magnin, D., Magnus, K., Makela, K., Malker, B., Miller, A.B., Nelson, N., Patterson, C.C., Pettersson, F., Pompekirn, V., Primiczakelj, M., Prior, P., Ravnihar, B., Skeet, R.G., Skjerven, J.E., Smith, P.G., Sok, M., Spengler, R.F., Storm, H.H., Stovall, M., Tomkins, G.W.O. Wall, C. (1985) Second cancers following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. An international collaboration among cancer registries. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 74, 955 975.
17. Boice, Jr., J.D. Blettner, M., Kleinerman, R.A., Stovall, M., Moloney, W.C., Engholm, G., Austin, D.F., Bosch, A., Cookfair, D.L., Krementz, E.T., Latourette, H.B., Peters, L.J., Schulz, M.D., Lundell, M., Pettersson, F., Storm, H.H., Bell, C.M.J., Coleman, M.P., Fraser, P., Palmer, M., Prior, P., Choi, N.W., Hislop, T.G., Koch, M., Robb, D., Robson, D., Spengler, R.F., Vonfournier, D., Frischkorn, R., Lochmuller, H., Pompekirn, V., Rimpela, A., Kjorstad, K., Pejovic, M.H., Sigurdsson, K., Pisani, P., Kucera, H. Hutchison, G.B. (1987) Radiation dose and leukemia risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 79, 1295 1311.
18. Boice, J.D., Cohen, S.S., Mumma, M.T., Dupree Ellis, E., Eckerman, K.F., Leggett, R.W., Boecker, B.B., Brill, A.B. Henderson, B.E. (2006) Mortality among radiation workers at Rocketdyne (Atomics International), 1948-1999. Radiation Research, 166, 98 115.
19. Brok-Simoni, F., Rechavi, G., Katzir, N. Ben-Bassat, I. (1987) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in twin sisters: monozygous but not identical. Lancet, 1, 329 330.
20. Brown, L.M., Blair, A., Gibson, R., Everett, G.D., Cantor, K.P., Schuman, L.M., Burmeister, L.F., Van Lier, S.F. Dick, F. (1990) Pesticide exposures and other agricultural risk factors for leukemia among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Research, 50, 6585 6591.
21. Burmeister, L.F., Van Lier, S.F. Isacson, P. (1982) Leukemia and farm practices in Iowa. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115, 720 728.
22. Caporaso, N., Goldin, L., Plass, C., Calin, G.A., Marti, G.E., Bauer, S., Raveche, E.S., McMaster, M.L., Ng, D., Landgren, O. Slager, S. (2007) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia genetics overview. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 630 634.
23. Cardis, E., Gilbert, E.S., Carpenter, L., Howe, G., Kato, I., Armstrong, B.K., Beral, V., Cowper, G., Douglas, A., Fix, J., Fry, S.A., Kaldor, J., Lave, C., Salmon, L., Smith, P.G., Voelz, G.L. Wiggs, L.D. (1995) Effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation: cancer mortality among nuclear industry workers in three countries. Radiation Research, 142, 117 132.
24. Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C.R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y.O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J.M., Bernar, J., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklof, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R.R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M.S., Richardson, D.B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. Veress, K. (2007) The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiation Research, 167, 396 416.
25. Cerhan, J.R., Wallace, R.B., Dick, F., Kemp, J., Parker, A.S., Zheng, W., Sellers, T.A. Folsom, A.R. (2001) Blood transfusions and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtypes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 10, 361 368.
26. Cerhan, J.R., Janney, C.A., Vachon, C.M., Habermann, T.M., Kay, N.E., Potter, J.D., Sellers, T.A. Folsom, A.R. (2002) Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity, and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtypes and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prospective study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 527 535.
27. Chang, E.T., Hjalgrim, H., Smedby, K.E., Akerman, M., Tani, E., Johnsen, H.E., Glimelius, B., Adami, H.O. Melbye, M. (2005) Body mass index and risk of malignant lymphoma in Scandinavian men and women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97, 210 218.
28. Cheson, B.D., Bennett, J.M., Rai, K.R., Grever, M.R., Kay, N.E., Schiffer, C.A., Oken, M.M., Keating, M.J., Boldt, D.H., Kempin, S.J. Foon, K.A. (1988) Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations of the National Cancer Institute-Sponsored Working Group. American Journal of Hematology, 29, 152 163.
29. Cheson, B.D., Bennett, J.M., Grever, M., Kay, N., Keating, M.J., O'Brien, S. Rai, K.R. (1996) National Cancer Institute-Sponsored Working Group Guidelines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood, 87, 4990 4997.
30. Chiorazzi, N. Ferrarini, M. (2003) B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: lessons learned from studies of the B cell antigen receptor. Annual Review of Immunology, 21, 841 894.
31. Chiorazzi, N., Rai, K.R. Ferrarini, M. (2005) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 804 815.
32. Conley, C.L., Misiti, J. Laster, A.J. (1980) Genetic factors predisposing to chronic lymphocytic leukemia and to autoimmune disease. Medicine (Baltimore), 59, 323 334.
33. Court-Brown, W. Doll, R. (1965) Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. British Medical Journal, 2, 1327 1332.
34. Curtis, R.E., Boice, Jr., J.D., Stovall, M., Flannery, J.T. Moloney, W.C. (1989) Leukemia risk following radiotherapy for breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 7, 21 29.
35. Curtis, R.E., Boice, Jr., J.D. Stovall, M., Bernstein, L., Holowaty, E., Karjalainen, S., Langmark, F., Nasca, P.C., Schwartz, A.G., Schymura, M.J., Storm, H.H., Toogood, P., Weyer, P. Moloney, W.C. (1994) Relationship of leukemia risk to radiation dose following cancer of the uterine corpus. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 1315 1324.
36. Damle, R.N., Wasil, T., Fais, F., Ghiotto, F., Valetto, A., Allen, S.L., Buchbinder, A., Budman, D., Dittmar, K., Kolitz, J., Lichtman, S.M., Schulman, P., Vinciguerra, V.P., Rai, K.R., Ferrarini, M. Chiorazzi, N. (1999) Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 94, 1840 1847.
37. Darby, S.C., Reeves, G., Key, T., Doll, R. Stovall, M. (1994) Mortality in a cohort of women given X-ray therapy for metropathia haemorrhagica. International Journal of Cancer, 56, 793 801.
38. Degan, M., Bomben, R., Bo, M.D., Zucchetto, A., Nanni, P., Rupolo, M., Steffan, A., Attadia, V., Ballerini, P.F., Damiani, D., Pucillo, C., Poeta, G.D., Colombatti, A. Gattei, V. (2004) Analysis of IgV gene mutations in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia according to antigen-driven selection identifies subgroups with different prognosis and usage of the canonical somatic hypermutation machinery. British Journal Haematology, 126, 29 42.
39. Divine, B.J. Hartman, C.M. (2001) A cohort mortality study among workers at a 1,3 butadiene facility. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 135-136, 535 553.
40. Dohner, H., Stilgenbauer, S., Benner, A., Leupolt, E., Krober, A., Bullinger, L., Dohner, K., Bentz, M. Lichter, P. (2000) Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 1910 1916.
41. Doody, M.M., Linet, M.S., Glass, A.G., Friedman, G.D., Pottern, L.M., Boice, Jr., J.D. Fraumeni, Jr., J.F. (1992) Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma following selected medical conditions. Cancer Causes and Control, 3, 449 456.
42. Dores, G.M., Anderson, W.F., Curtis, R.E., Landgren, O., Ostroumova, E., Bluhm, E.C., Rabkin, C.S., Devesa, S.S. Linet, M.S. (2007) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma: overview of the descriptive epidemiology. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 809 819.
43. Fernhout, F., Dinkelaar, R.B., Hagemeijer, A., Groeneveld, K., van Kammen, E. van Dongen, J.J. (1997) Four aged siblings with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 11, 2060 2065.
44. Feychting, M., Forssen, U. Floderus, B. (1997) Occupational and residential magnetic field exposure and leukemia and central nervous system tumors. Epidemiology, 8, 384 389.
45. Finch, S.C. Linet, M.S. (1992) Chronic leukaemias. Baillieres Clinical Haematology, 5, 27 56.
46. Finch, S.C., Hoshino, T., Itoga, T., Ichimaru, M. Ingram, Jr., R.H. (1969) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Blood, 33, 79 86.
47. Floderus, B., Tornqvist, S. Stenlund, C. (1994) Incidence of selected cancers in Swedish railway workers, 1961-79. Cancer Causes and Control, 5, 189 194.
48. Flodin, U., Fredriksson, M., Persson, B. Axelson, O. (1988) Chronic lymphatic leukaemia and engine exhausts, fresh wood, and DDT: a case-referent study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45, 33 38.
49. Fraumeni, Jr., J.F., Vogel, C.L. DeVita, V.T. (1969) Familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 71, 279 284.
50. French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (1990) Natural history of stage A chronic lymphocytic leukaemia untreated patients. French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. British Journal Haematology, 76, 45 57.
51. Friedman, G.D. (1993) Cigarette smoking, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 425 428.
52. Fritz, A., Percy, C., Jack, A., Shanmugaratnam, K., Sobin, L., Parkin, D.M. Whelan, S. (eds) (2000) International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
53. Gale, R.P., Cozen, W., Goodman, M.T., Wang, F.F. Bernstein, L. (2000) Decreased chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence in Asians in Los Angeles County. Leukemia Research, 24, 665 669.
54. Garfinkel, L. Boffetta, P. (1990) Association between smoking and leukemia in two American Cancer Society prospective studies. Cancer, 65, 2356 2360.
55. Glass, D.C., Gray, C.N., Jolley, D.J., Gibbons, C., Sim, M.R., Fritschi, L., Adams, G.G., Bisby, J.A. Manuell, R. (2003) Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology, 14, 569 577.
56. Gold, L.S., Manley, N.B., Slone, T.H. Ward, J.M. (2001) Compendium of chemical carcinogens by target organ: results of chronic bioassays in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs, and monkeys. Toxicologic Pathology, 29, 639 652.
57. Goldin, L.R., Pfeiffer, R.M., Li, X. Hemminki, K. (2004) Familial risk of lymphoproliferative tumors in families of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from the Swedish family-cancer database. Blood, 104, 1850 1854.
58. Graff, J.J., Sathiakumar, N., Macaluso, M., Maldonado, G., Matthews, R. Delzell, E. (2005) Chemical exposures in the synthetic rubber industry and lymphohematopoietic cancer mortality. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47, 916 932.
59. Grodstein, F., Hennekens, C.H., Colditz, G.A., Hunter, D.J. Stampfer, M.J. (1994) A prospective study of permanent hair dye use and hematopoietic cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 1466 1470.
60. Groves, F.D., Linet, M.S. Devesa, S.S. (1995) Patterns of occurrence of the leukaemias. European Journal of Cancer, 31A, 941 949.
61. Gunz, F.W. Dameshek, W. (1957) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a family, including twin brothers and a son. The Journal of American Association, 164, 1323 1325.
62. Gunz, F.W., Gunz, J.P., Veale, A.M., Chapman, C.J. Houston, I.B. (1975) Familial leukaemia: a study of 909 families. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, 15, 117 131.
63. Hall, P. Holm, L.E. (1995) Cancer in iodine-131 exposed patients. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 18, 147 149.
64. Hall, P., Berg, G., Bjelkengren, G., Boice, Jr., J.D., Ericsson, U.B., Hallquist, A., Lidberg, M., Lundell, G., Tennvall, J., Wiklund, K., Holm, L.E., Lindberg, S., Cederquist, E., Wicklund, H. Larsson, L.G. (1992) Cancer mortality after iodine-131 therapy for hyperthyroidism. International Journal of Cancer, 50, 886 890.
65. Hamblin, T.J. (2004) Predicting progression-ZAP-70 in CLL. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 856 857.
66. Hamblin, T.J., Davis, Z., Gardiner, A., Oscier, D.G. Stevenson, F.K. (1999) Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 94, 1848 1854.
67. Han, T., Ozer, H., Gavigan, M., Gajera, R., Minowada, J., Bloom, M.L., Sadamori, N., Sandberg, A.A., Gomez, G.A. Henderson, E.S. (1984) Benign monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis - a benign variant of CLL: clinical, immunologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic studies in 20 patients. Blood, 64, 244 252.
68. Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Stein, H., Banks, P.M., Chan, J.K., Cleary, M.L., Delsol, G., De Wolf-Peeters, C., Falini, B., Gatter, K.C., Grogan, T.M., Isaacson, P.G., Knowles, D.M., Mason, D.Y., Mullerhermelink, H.K., Pileri, S.A., Piris, M.A., Ralfkiaer, E. Warnke, R.A. (1994) A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood, 84, 1361 1392.
69. Hartge, P., Wang, S.S., Bracci, P.M., Devesa, S.S. Holly, E.A. (2006) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In : Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (ed. by D. Schottenfeld J.F. Fraumeni Jr. pp. 898 918. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
70. Havill, L.M. Dyer, T.D. (2005) Association mapping: methodologies, strategies, and issues. Genetic Epidemiology, 29 (Suppl. 1 S77 S85.
71. Hemminki, K., Li, X., Plna, K., Granstrom, C. Vaittinen, P. (2001) The nation-wide Swedish family-cancer database-updated structure and familial rates. Acta Oncologica, 40, 772 777.
72. Herrinton, L.J., Goldoft, M., Schwartz, S.M. Weiss, N.S. (1996) The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and its histologic subtypes in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Cancer Causes and Control, 7, 224 230.
73. Herve, M., Xu, K., Ng, Y.S., Wardemann, H., Albesiano, E., Messmer, B.T., Chiorazzi, N. Meffre, E. (2005) Unmutated and mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemias derive from self-reactive B cell precursors despite expressing different antibody reactivity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115, 1636 1643.
74. ICD (1967) International Classification of Disease, Eighth Revision. ICD, Washington, DC.
75. Inskip, P.D., Monson, R.R., Wagoner, J.K., Stovall, M., Davis, F.G., Kleinerman, R.A. Boice, Jr., J.D. (1990) Leukemia following radiotherapy for uterine bleeding. Radiation Research, 122, 107 119.
76. Inskip, P.D., Kleinerman, R.A., Stovall, M., Cookfair, D.L., Hadjimichael, O., Moloney, W.C., Monson, R.R., Thompson, W.D., Wactawski-Wende, J., Wagoner, J.K. Boice, J.D. (1993) Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma after pelvic radiotherapy for benign disease. Radiation Research, 135, 108 124.
77. International Workshop on CLL (1989) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Recommendations for diagnosis, staging and response criteria. Annals of Internal Medicine, 110, 236 238.
78. IOM (2005) Institute of Medicine. Veterans and agent orange: update 2004. In : Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, pp. 303-312 325-337. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
79. Ischimaru, T., Hoshino, T., Ichimaru, M., Kadar, H., Tomiyasu, T. Tsuchimoto, T. (1969) Leukemia in atomic bomb survivors: Hiroshima and Nagasaki TR-25-69. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission., Hiroshima, Japan.
80. Jaffe, E.S., Harris, N.L., Stein, H. Vardiman, J.W. (eds) (2001) World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC Press, Lyon.
81. Kheifets, L.I., Afifi, A.A., Buffler, P.A., Zhang, Z.W. Matkin, C.C. (1997) Occupational electric and magnetic field exposure and leukemia. A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39, 1074 1091.
82. Kinlen, L.J. Rogot, E. (1988) Leukaemia and smoking habits among United States veterans. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 297, 657 659.
83. Klein, U. Dalla-Favera, R. (2005) New insights into the phenotype and cell derivation of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 294, 31 49.
84. Klein, U., Tu, Y., Stolovitzky, G.A., Mattioli, M., Cattoretti, G., Husson, H., Freedman, A., Inghirami, G., Cro, L., Baldini, L., Neri, A., Califano, A. Dalla-Favera, R. (2001) Gene expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia reveals a homogeneous phenotype related to memory B cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 194, 1625 1638.
85. Kogevinas, M., Sala, M., Boffetta, P., Kazerouni, N., Kromhout, H. Hoar-Zahm, S. (1998) Cancer risk in the rubber industry: a review of the recent epidemiological evidence. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 1 12.
86. Kraft, P. Thomas, D.C. (2004) Case-sibling gene-association studies for diseases with variable age at onset. Statistics in Medicine, 23, 3697 3712.
87. Kraft, P., Yen, Y.C., Stram, D.O., Morrison, J. Gauderman, W.J. (2007) Exploiting gene-environment interaction to detect genetic associations. Human Heredity, 63, 111 119.
88. Landgren, O., Engels, E.A., Caporaso, N.E., Gridley, G., Mellemkjaer, L., Hemminki, K., Linet, M.S. Goldin, L.R. (2006) Patterns of autoimmunity and subsequent chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Nordic countries. Blood, 108, 292 296.
89. Landgren, O., Rapkin, J.S., Check, D., Caporaso, N. Brown, L.M. (2007a) Acquired immune related and inflammatory conditions and subsequent chronic lympocytic leukemia. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 791 798.
90. Landgren, O., Rapkin, J.S., Caporaso, N.E., Mellemkjaer, L., Gridley, G., Goldin, L.R. Engels, E.A. (2007b) Respiratory tract infections and subsequent risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 109, 2198 2201.
91. Lennert, K., Stein, H. Kaiserling, E. (1975) Cytological and functional criteria for the classification of malignant lymphomata. British Journal of Cancer. Supplement, 2, 29 43.
92. Linet, M.S., McCaffrey, L.D., Humphrey, R.L., Brookmeyer, R., Van Natta, M.L., Tielsch, J.M., Bias, W.B., Markowitz, J.A., Kravitz, S.C. Szklo, M. (1986) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acquired disorders affecting the immune system: a case-control study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 77, 371 378.
93. Linet, M.S., Van Natta, M.L., Brookmeyer, R., Khoury, M.J., McCaffrey, L.D., Humphrey, R.L. Szklo, M. (1989) Familial cancer history and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130, 655 664.
94. Linet, M.S., McLaughlin, J.K., Hsing, A.W., Wacholder, S., Co-Chien, H.T., Schuman, L.M., Bjelke, E. Blot, W.J. (1991) Cigarette smoking and leukemia: results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. Cancer Causes and Control, 2, 413 417.
95. Linet, M., Devesa, S.S. Morgan, G.J. (2006) The leukemias. In : Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (ed. by D. Schottenfeld J.F. Fraumeni Jr. pp. 841 871. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
96. Lynch, H.T., Brodkey, F.D., Lynch, P., Lynch, J., Maloney, K., Rankin, L., Kraft, C., Swartz, M., Westercamp, T. Guirgis, H.A. (1976) Familial risk and cancer control. The Journal of American Association, 236, 582 584.
97. Malone, K.E., Koepsell, T.D., Daling, J.R., Weiss, N.S., Morris, P.D., Taylor, J.W., Swanson, G.M. Lyon, J.L. (1989) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in relation to chemical exposures. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130, 1152 1158.
98. Markovic-Denic, L., Jankovic, S., Marinkovic, J. Radovanovic, Z. (1995) Brick mortar exposure and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Neoplasma, 42, 79 81.
99. Marti, G.E., Faguet, G.B., Stewart, C., Branham, P., Carter, P.H., Washington, G.C., Bertin, P., Muller, J., Zenger, V., Caporaso, N., Whitehouse, J., Amos, C.I., Fleisher, T.A. Vogt, R. (1992) Evolution of leukemic heterogeneity of human B-CLL lymphocytes between and within patients. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 182, 303 311.
100. Marti, G.E., Carter, P., Abbasi, F., Washington, G.C., Jain, N., Zenger, V.E., Ishibe, N., Goldin, L., Fontaine, L., Weissman, N., Sgambati, M., Fauget, G., Bertin, P., Vogt, Jr., R.F., Slade, B., Noguchi, P.D., Stetler-Stevenson, M.A. Caporaso, N. (2003) B-cell monoclonal lymphocytosis and B-cell abnormalities in the setting of familial B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cytometry. Part B, Clinical Cytometry, 52, 1 12.
101. Marti, G.E., Rawstron, A.C., Ghia, P., Hillmen, P., Houlston, R.S., Kay, N., Schleinitz, T.A. Caporaso, N. (2005) Diagnostic criteria for monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. British Journal of Haematology, 130, 325 332.
102. Marti, G.E., Abbasi, F., Raveche, E., Rawstron, A.C., Ghia, P., Schleinitz, T.A., Caporaso, N., Shim, Y.K. Vogt, R.F. (2007) Overview of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 701 708.
103. Messmer, B.T., Albesiano, E., Messmer, D. Chiorazzi, N. (2004) The pattern and distribution of immunoglobulin VH gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are consistent with the canonical somatic hypermutation process. Blood, 103, 3490 3495.
104. Miligi, L., Costantini, A.S., Bolejack, V., Veraldi, A., Benvenuti, A., Nanni, O., Ramazzotti, V., Tumino, R., Stagnaro, E., Rodella, S., Fontana, A., Vindigni, C. Vineis, P. (2003) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, and exposures in agriculture: results from the Italian multicenter case-control study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 627 636.
105. Miligi, L., Costantini, A.S., Benvenuti, A., Veraldi, A., Tumino, R., Ramazzotti, V., Vindigni, C., Amadori, D., Fontana, A., Rodella, S., Stagnaro, E., Crosignani, P. Vineis, P. (2005) Personal use of hair dyes and hematolymphopoietic malignancies. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, 60, 249 256.
106. Montserrat, E., Vinolas, N., Reverter, J.C. Rozman, C. (1988) Natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: on the progression and progression and prognosis of early clinical stages. Nouvelle Revue Francaise D Hematologie, 30, 359 361.
107. Morley, R. Dwyer, T. (2005) Studies of twins: what can they tell us about the fetal origins of adult disease? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 19 (Suppl. 1 2 7.
108. Morton, L.M., Hartge, P., Holford, T.R., Holly, E.A., Chiu, B.C., Vineis, P., Stagnaro, E., Willett, E.V., Franceschi, S., La Vecchia, C., Hughes, A.M., Cozen, W., Davis, S., Severson, R.K., Bernstein, L., Mayne, S.T., Dee, F.R., Cerhan, J.R. Zheng, T. (2005) Cigarette smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (interlymph). Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 14, 925 933.
109. Morton, L.M., Wang, S.S., Devesa, S.S., Hartge, P., Weisenburger, D.D. Linet, M.S. (2006) Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001. Blood, 107, 265 276.
110. Muirhead, C.R., Bingham, D., Haylock, R.G., O'Hagan, J.A., Goodill, A.A., Berridge, G.L., English, M.A., Hunter, N. Kendall, G.M. (2003) Follow up of mortality and incidence of cancer 1952-98 in men from the UK who participated in the UK's atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and experimental programmes. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 165 172.
111. Nanni, O., Amadori, D., Lugaresi, C., Falcini, F., Scarpi, E., Saragoni, A. Buiatti, E. (1996) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas by histological type in farming-animal breeding workers: a population case-control study based on a priori exposure matrices. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53, 652 657.
112. Nystad, W., Roysamb, E., Magnus, P., Tambs, K. Harris, J.R. (2005) A comparison of genetic and environmental variance structures for asthma, hay fever and eczema with symptoms of the same diseases: a study of Norwegian twins. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 1302 1309.
113. Osler, W. (1909) Leukaemia. In : The Principles and Practice of Medicine (ed. by I.K. Vasil J. Shell pp. 731 738. Appleton, New York.
114. Pan, J.W., Cook, L.S., Schwartz, S.M. Weis, N.S. (2002) Incidence of leukemia in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Cancer Causes and Control, 13, 791 795.
115. Pekarsky, Y., Zanesi, N., Aqeilan, R.I. Croce, C.M. (2007) Animal models for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 100, 1109 1118.
116. Percy, C., Van Holten, V. Muir, C. (eds) (1990) International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
117. Phillips, J.A., Mehta, K., Fernandez, C. Raveche, E.S. (1992) The NZB mouse as a model for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Research, 52, 437 443.
118. Portier, C.J. Wolfe, M.S. (eds) (1998) Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Working Group Report NIH Publ no. 98-3981. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
119. Preston, D.L., Kusumi, S., Tomonaga, M., Izumi, S., Ron, E., Kuramoto, A., Kamada, N., Dolty, H., Matsuo, T., Nonaka, H., Thompson, D.E., Soda, M. Mabuchi, K. (1994) Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950-1987. Radiation Research, 137, S68 S97.
120. Preston, D.L., Pierce, D.A., Shimizu, Y., Cullings, H.M., Fujita, S., Funamoto, S. Kodama, K. (2004) Effect of recent changes in atomic bomb survivor dosimetry on cancer mortality risk estimates. Radiation Research, 162, 377 389.
121. Raabe, G.K. Wong, O. (1996) Leukemia mortality by cell type in petroleum workers with potential exposure to benzene. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104 (Suppl. 6 1381 1392.
122. Rai, K.R., Sawitsky, A., Cronkite, E.P., Chanana, A.D., Levy, R.N. Pasternack, B.S. (1975) Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 46, 219 234.
123. Raveche, E.S., Salerno, E., Scaglione, B.J., Manohar, V., Abbasi, F., Lin, Y.C., Fredrickson, T., Landgraf, P., Ramachandra, S., Huppi, K., Toro, J.R., Zenger, V.E., Metcalf, R.A. Marti, G.E. (2007) Abnormal microRNA-16 locus with synteny to human 13q14 linked to CLL in NZB mice. Blood, 109, 5079 5086.
124. Rawstron, A.C. (2004) Prevalence and characteristics of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) in healthy individuals and the relationship with clinical disease. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 18, 155 160.
125. Rawstron, A.C., Green, M.J., Kuzmicki, A., Kennedy, B., Fenton, J.A., Evans, P.A., O'Connor, S.J., Richards, S.J., Morgan, G.J., Jack, A.S. Hillmen, P. (2002a) Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of "indolent" chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts. Blood, 100, 635 639.
126. Rawstron, A.C., Yuille, M.R., Fuller, J., Cullen, M., Kennedy, B., Richards, S.J., Jack, A.S., Matutes, E., Catovsky, D., Hillmen, P. Houlston, R.S. (2002b) Inherited predisposition to CLL is detectable as subclinical monoclonal B-lymphocyte expansion. Blood, 100, 2289 2290.
127. Rericha, V., Kulich, M., Rericha, R., Shore, D.L. Sandler, D.P. (2006) Incidence of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma in Czech uranium miners: a case-cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 818 822.
128. Richardson, D.B., Wing, S., Schroeder, J., Schmitz-Feuerhake, I. Hoffmann, W. (2005) Ionizing radiation and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1 5.
129. Rosenblatt, K.A., Koepsell, T.D., Daling, J.R., Lyon, J.L., Swanson, G.M., Greenberg, R.S. Weiss, N.S. (1991) Antigenic stimulation and the occurrence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 22 28.
130. Rosenwald, A., Alizadeh, A.A., Widhopf, G., Simon, R., Davis, R.E., Yu, X., Yang, L., Pickeral, O.K., Rassenti, L.Z., Powell, J., Botstein, D., Byrd, J.C., Grever, M.R., Cheson, B.D., Chiorazzi, N., Wilson, W.H., Kipps, T.J., Brown, P.O. Staudt, L.M. (2001) Relation of gene expression phenotype to immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 194, 1639 1647.
131. Ross, J.A., Parker, E., Blair, C.K., Cerhan, J.R. Folsom, A.R. (2004) Body mass index and risk of leukemia in older women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 13, 1810 1813.
132. Scaglione, B.J., Salerno, E., Balan, M., Coffman, F., Fernandes, H., Landgraf, P., Abbasi, F., Kotenko, S., Marti, G.E. Raveche, E.S. (2007) Murine models of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: role of microRNA-16 in the New Zealand Black mouse model. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 645 657.
133. Schollkopf, C., Smedby, K.E., Hjalgrim, H., Rostgaard, K., Gadeberg, O., Roos, G., Porwit-Macdonald, A., Glimelius, B., Adami, H.O. Melbye, M. (2005) Cigarette smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 14, 1791 1796.
134. Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., Daniels, R.D., Fleming, D.A., Markey, A.M., Couch, J.R., Ahrenholz, S.H., Burphy, J.S., Anderson, J.L. Tseng, C.-Y. (2007) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and radiation: findings among workers at five US nuclear facilities and a review of the recent literature. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 799 808.
135. Schweitzer, M., Melief, C.J. Ploem, J.E. (1973) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in 5 siblings. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, 11, 97 105.
136. SEER-9 (2007) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. (http://www.seer.cancer.gov) SEER*Stat Database: Incidence - SEER 9 Regs Public-Use, Nov 2004 Sub (1973-2004)National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch, released April 2007, based on the November 2006 submission.
137. Seidler, A., Mohner, M., Berger, J., Mester, B., Deeg, E., Elsner, G., Nieters, A. Becker, N. (2007) Solvent exposure and malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Germany. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2, 2.
138. Sgambati, M.T., Linet, M.S. Devesa, S.S. (2001) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: epidemiologic, familial, and genetic aspects. In : Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias (ed. by B. Cheson pp. 33 62. Marcel Dekker, New York.
139. Shilnikova, N.S., Preston, D.L., Ron, E., Gilbert, E.S., Vassilenko, E.K., Romanov, S.A., Kuznetsova, I.S., Sokolnikov, M.E., Okatenko, P.V., Kreslov, V.V. Koshurnikova, N.A. (2003) Cancer mortality risk among workers at the Mayak nuclear complex. Radiation Research, 159, 787 798.
140. Shim, Y.K., Vogt, R.F., Middleton, D., Abbasi, F., Slade, B., Lee, K.Y. Marti, G.E. (2007) Prevalence and natural history of monoclonal and polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in a residential adult population. Cytometry. Part B, Clinical Cytometry, 72, 344 353.
141. Silver, S., Hiratzka, S.L., Schubauer-Berigan, M.K. Daniels, R.D. (2007) Radiogenicity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: systematic review and power analysis for a theoretical pooled occupational study. Cancer Causes and Control, doi :.
142. Smedby, K.E., Hjalgrim, H., Melbye, M., Torrang, A., Rostgaard, K., Munksgaard, L., Adami, J., Hansen, M., Porwit-MacDonald, A., Jensen, B.A., Roos, G., Pedersen, B.B., Sundstrom, C., Glimelius, B. Adami, H.O. (2005) Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of malignant lymphomas. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97, 199 209.
143. Smith, P.G. Doll, R. (1982) Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis after a single treatment course with x rays. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 284, 449 460.
144. Smith, B.J., Zhang, L. Field, R.W. (2007a) Iowa radon leukaemia study: a hierarchical population risk model for spatially correlated exposure measured with error. Statistics in Medicine, doi :.
145. Smith, M.T., Jones, R.M. Smith, A.H. (2007b) Benzene exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 16, 385 391.
146. Stagnaro, E., Ramazzotti, V., Crosignani, P., Fontana, A., Masala, G., Miligi, L., Nanni, O., Neri, M., Rodella, S., Costantini, A.S., Tumino, R., Vigano, C., Vindigni, C. Vineis, P. (2001) Smoking and hematolymphopoietic malignancies. Cancer Causes and Control, 12, 325 334.
147. Stamatopoulos, K., Belessi, C., Moreno, C., Boudjograh, M., Guida, G., Smilevska, T., Belhoul, L., Stella, S., Stavroyianni, N., Crespo, M., Hadzidimitriou, A., Sutton, L., Bosch, F., Laoutaris, N., Anagnostopoulos, A., Montserrat, E., Fassas, A., Dighiero, G., Caligaris-Cappio, F., Merle-Beral, H., Ghia, P. Davi, F. (2007) Over 20% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carry stereotyped receptors: pathogenetic implications and clinical correlations. Blood, 109, 259 270.
148. Staudt, L.M. Dave, S. (2005) The biology of human lymphoid malignancies revealed by gene expression profiling. Advances in Immunology, 87, 163 208.
149. Stevenson, F.K. Caligaris-Cappio, F. (2004) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revelations from the B-cell receptor. Blood, 103, 4389 4395.
150. Takkouche, B., Etminan, M. Montes-Martinez, A. (2005) Personal use of hair dyes and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. The Journal of American Medical Association, 293, 2516 2525.
151. Theriault, G., Goldberg, M., Miller, A.B., Armstrong, B., Guenel, P., Deadman, J., Imbernon, E., To, T., Chevalier, A., Cyr, D. Wall, C. (1994) Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France: 1970-1989. American Journal of Epidemiology, 139, 550 572.
152. Thorselius, M., Krober, A., Murray, F., Thunberg, U., Tobin, G., Buhler, A., Kienle, D., Albesiano, E., Maffei, R., Dao-Ung, L.P., Wiley, J., Vilpo, J., Laurell, A., Merup, M., Roos, G., Karlsson, K., Chiorazzi, N., Marasca, R., Dohner, H., Stilgenbauer, S. Rosenquist, R. (2006) Strikingly homologous immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and poor outcome in VH3-21-using chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients independent of geographic origin and mutational status. Blood, 107, 2889 2894.
153. Thun, M.J., Altekruse, S.F., Namboodiri, M.M., Calle, E.E., Myers, D.G. Heath, Jr., C.W. (1994) Hair dye use and risk of fatal cancers in U.S. women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 210 215.
154. Tobin, G., Rosen, A. Rosenquist, R. (2006) What is the current evidence for antigen involvement in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia? Hematological Oncology, 24, 7 13.
155. Turesson, I., Linet, M.S., Bjorkholm, M., Kristinsson, S.Y., Goldin, L.R., Caporaso, N.E. Landgren, O. (2007) Ascertainment and diagnostic accuracy for hematopoietic lymphoproliferative malignancies in Sweden 1964-2003. International Journal of Cancer, doi :.
156. de Tute, R., Yuille, M., Catovsky, D., Houlston, R.S., Hillmen, P. Rawstron, A.C. (2006) Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) in CLL families: substantial increase in relative risk for young adults. Leukemia, 20, 728 729.
157. Tynes, T. Haldorsen, T. (2003) Residential and occupational exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields and hematological cancers in Norway. Cancer Causes and Control, 14, 715 720.
158. UNSCEAR (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Annex I. Epidemiological evaluation of radiation-induced cancer. pp. 297 431. UNSCEAR, New York, NY.
159. Videbaek, A. (1947) Familial leukemia. A preliminary report. Acta Medica Scandinavia, 127, 26 52.
160. Vogt, R.F., Meredith, M.N.K., Powell, J., Ethridge, S.F., Whitfield, W., Henderson, L.O. Hannon, W.H. (1995) Results in eleven individuals with B-CLL-like phenotypes detected in environmental health studies. In : Proceedings of a USPHS Workshop on Laboratory Approaches to Deternining the Role of Environmental Exposures as Risk Factors for B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia and Other B-cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders (ed. by G.E. Marti, R.F. Vogt V.E. Zenger pp. 19 35. USPHS, Atlanta, GA.
161. Weiss, H.A., Darby, S.C., Fearn, T. Doll, R. (1995) Leukemia mortality after X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Radiation Research, 142, 1 11.
162. WHO (1976) International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
163. Wick, R.R., Nekolla, E.A., Gossner, W. Kellerer, A.M. (1999) Late effects in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with 224Ra. Radiation Research, 152, S8 S11.
164. Widhopf, II., G.F., Rassenti, L.Z., Toy, T.L., Gribben, J.G., Wierda, W.G. Kipps, T.J. (2004) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells of more than 1% of patients express virtually identical immunoglobulins. Blood, 104, 2499 2504.
165. Wolf, P.H., Andjelkovich, D., Smith, A. Tyroler, H. (1981) A case-control study of leukemia in the U.S. rubber industry. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 23, 103 108.
166. Zahm, S.H., Weisenburger, D.D., Babbitt, P.A., Saal, R.C., Vaught, J.B. Blair, A. (1992) Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 990 997.
167. Zent, C.S., Kyasa, M.J., Evans, R. Schichman, S.A. (2001) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence is substantially higher than estimated from tumor registry data. Cancer, 92, 1325 1330.
168. Zheng, T., Blair, A., Zhang, Y., Weisenburger, D.D. Zahm, S.H. (2002) Occupation and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44, 469 474.