Testing the limits of tolerance: How intergroup anxiety amplifies negative and offensive responses to out-group-initiated contact

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 33, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 1686-1699

  Van Zomeren, Martijn ^a,c   Fischer, Agneta H ^a   Spears, Russell ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anger; Intergroup anxiety; Intergroup contact; Norm transgression; Threat

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; COMPUTER INTERFACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; NETHERLANDS; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; ANXIETY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PREJUDICE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 36048932975     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167207307485     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London: Sage.
2. Averill, J.R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38, 1145-1160.
3. Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4. Britt, T.W., Boniecki, K.A., Vescio, T.K., Biernat, M., & Brown, L.M. (1996). Intergroup anxiety: A person × situation approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1177-1188.
5. Corenblum, B., & Stephan, W.G. (2001). White fears and native apprehensions: An integrated threat theory approach to intergroup attitudes. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33, 251-268.
6. Eysenck, M.W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
7. Eysenck, M.W. (2000). Anxiety, cognitive biases, and beliefs. In N. H. Frijda, A. S. R. Manstead, & S. Bem (Eds.), Emotions and beliefs: How feelings influence thoughts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8. Frijda, N.H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
9. Frijda, N.H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
10. Islam, M.R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700-710.
11. Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
12. Lazarus, R.S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 37-67). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
13. Lerner, M.J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.
14. Mackie, D.M., Devos, T., & Smith, E.R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
15. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (Eds.). (2002). From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups. New York: Psychology Press.
16. Mikula, G. (1993). On the experience of injustice. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 223-244.
17. Miller, D.T. (2000). Disrespect and the experience of injustice. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 527-553.
18. Robinson, M.D., & Clore, G.L. (2001). Simulation, scenarios, and emotional appraisal: Testing the convergence of real and imagined reactions to emotional stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1520-1532.
19. Roseman, I.J. (2001). A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 68-91). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
20. Russell, D.W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1629-1646.
21. Scherer, K.R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 92-120). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
22. Scherer, K.R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
23. Skitka, L.J., Baumann, C.W., & Mullen, E. (2004). Political tolerance and coming to psychological closure following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: An integrative approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 743-756.
24. Smith, E.R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
25. Stephan, W.G., Boniecki, K.A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K.S., Jackson, L.A., et al. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of Blacks and Whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1242-1254.
26. Stephan, W.G., Diaz-Loving, R., & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 240-249.
27. Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Inter-group anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.
28. Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1989). Antecedents of intergroup anxiety in Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 203-219.
29. Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1996). Predicting prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 409-426.
30. Stephan, W.G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C.M., Schwarzwald, J., & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 559-576.
31. Tetlock, P.E. (2002). Social functionalist frameworks for judgment and choice: Intuitive politicians, theologians, and prosecutors. Psychological Review, 109, 451-471.
32. Tetlock, P.E., Kirstel, O.V., Elson, S.B., Green, M.C., & Lerner, J.S. (2000). The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 853-870.
33. Van Zomeren, M., & Lodewijkx, H.F.M. (2005). Motivated responses to "senseless" violence: Explaining emotional and behavioral responses through person and position identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 755-766.
34. Van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A.H., & Leach, C.W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 649-664.