Simulation, scenarios, and emotional appraisal: Testing the convergence of real and imagined reactions to emotional stimuli

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 27, Issue 11, 2001, Pages 1520-1532

  Robinson, Michael D ^a   Clore, Gerald L ^b  

^a NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035641212     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/01461672012711012     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Barlow, D. H. (1991). Disorders of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 58-71.
2. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Towards a general theory of anger and emotional aggression: Implications of the cognitive-neoassociationistic perspective for the analysis of anger and other emotions. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Perspectives on anger and emotion: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 6, pp. 1-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
3. Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, cognitive, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561-576.
4. Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Picture media and emotion: Effects of a sustained affective context. Psychophysiology, 33, 662-270.
5. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35.
6. Clore, G. L., & Robinson, M. D. (2000). What is emotion regulation?: In search of a phenomenon. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 163-166.
7. Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Emotion and information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 323-417). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
8. Clore, G. L., Wyer, R. S., Dienes, B., Gasper, K., Gohm, C., & Isbell, L. (2001). Affective feelings as feedback: Some cognitive consequences. In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition: A user's guidebook. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9. Cuthbert, B. N., Vrana, S. R., & Bradley, M. M. (1991). Imagery: Function and physiology. In J. R. Jennings, P. K. Ackles, & M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Advances in psychophysiology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-42). London: Jessica Kingsley.
10. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.
11. Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984). Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.
12. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.
13. Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 357-387.
14. Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, L. (1989). Relations between emotion, appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
15. Greenwald, M. K., Cook, E. W., III, & Lang, P. J. (1989). Affective judgment and psychophysical response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 51-64.
16. Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
17. Heller, W., Nitschke, J., Etienne, M., & Miller, G. (1997). Patterns of regional brain activity differentiate types of anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 376-385.
18. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
19. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. Gainesville: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
20. Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273.
21. Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean, A. (1980). Emotional imagery: Conceptual structure and pattern of somato-visceral response. Psychophysiology, 17, 179-192.
22. Lang, P. J., Levin, D. N., Miller, G. A., & Kozak, M. J. (1983). Fear behavior, fear imagery and the psychophysiology of emotion: The problem of affective response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 276-306.
23. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834.
24. Lazarus, R. S. (1995). Vexing research problems inherent in cognitive-mediational theories of emotion- and some solutions. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 183-196.
25. Lazarus, R. S., & Alfert, E. (1964). Short circuiting of threat by experimentally altering cognitive appraisal. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 195-205.
26. Lewis, M. D. (1996). Self-organizing cognitive appraisals. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 1-25.
27. McFarland, C., Ross, M., & DeCourville, N. (1989). Women's theories of menstruation and biases in the recall of menstrual symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 522-531.
28. Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., Kozak, M. J., Cook, E. W., McLean, A., & Lang, P. J. (1987). Individual differences in emotional imagery. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 367-390.
29. Öhman, A., & Soares, J.J.F. (1994). Unconscious anxiety: Phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 231-240.
30. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
32. Parkinson, B. (1997). Untangling the appraisal-emotion connection. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 62-79.
33. Parkinson, B., & Manstead, A.S.R. (1992). Appraisal as a cause of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review oj'personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 122-149). New York: Russell Sage.
34. Parkinson, B., & Manstead, A.S.R. (1993). Making sense of emotion in stories and social life. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 295-323.
35. Polivy, J. (1981). On the induction of emotion in the laboratory: Discrete moods or multiple affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 803-817.
36. Reisenzein, R., & Hofmann, T. (1993). Discriminating emotions from appraisal-relevant situational information: Baseline data for structural models of cognitive appraisals. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 271-293.
37. Robinson, M. D. (1998). Running from William James' bear: Areview of preattentive mechanisms and their contributions to emotional experience. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 667-696.
38. Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2001). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Manuscript submitted for publication.
39. Robinson, M. D., & Johnson, J. T. (2000). Temporal characteristics and anticipated effort: A framework for differentiating between stress and other negative states. Manuscript submitted for publication.
40. Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 161-200.
41. Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 899-915.
42. Russell, D., & McAuley, E. (1986). Causal attributions, causal dimensions, and affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1174-1185.
43. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
44. Russell, J. A. (1987). Comments on articles by Frijda and by Conway and Bekerian. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 193-197.
45. Scherer, K. R. (1984). Emotion as a multicomponent process: A model and some cross-cultural data. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 37-63). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
46. Scherer, K. R. (1988). Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower, & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (pp. 89-126). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
47. Scherer, K. R. (1993). Studying the emotion-antecedent appraisal process: An expert system approach. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 325-355.
48. Scherer, K. R., Wallbott, H. G., & Summerfield, A. B. (Eds.). (1986). Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
49. Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086.
50. Shields, S. A. (1991). Gender in the psychology of emotion: A selective research review. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (Vol. 1, pp. 227-245). New York: John Wiley.
51. Smith, C. A. (1989). Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 339-353.
52. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 813-838.
53. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P.C. (1987). Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 475-488.
54. Smith, C. A., Griner, L. A., Kirby, L. D., & Scott, H. S. (1996, August). Toward a process model of appraisal in emotion. Paper presen ted at the ninth meeting of the International Society for Research on Emotions, Toronto, Canada.
55. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 609-637). New York: Guilford.
56. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233-269.
57. Stein, N. L., Trabasso, T., & Liwag, M. (1993). The representation and organization of emotional experience: Unfolding the emotion episode. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 279-300). New York: Guilford.
58. Storm, C., & Storm, T. (1987). A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 805-816.
59. Thomas, D. L., & Diener, E. (1990). Memory accuracy in the recall of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 500-507.
60. Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548-573.
61. Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D. J., Kraft, D., & Wetzel, C. G. (1989). Preferences as expectation-driven inferences: Effects of affective expectations on affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 519-530.
62. Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. (2000). Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 821-836.
63. Winter, K. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1997). Individual differences in the experience of emotions. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 791-821.
64. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Thinking and feeling: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
65. Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of emotion. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123.