Variability in response criteria affects estimates of conscious identification and unconscious semantic priming

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 785-796

  Bengson, Jesse J ^a   Hutchison, Keith A ^a  

^a MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conscious awareness; Exclusion task; Masked priming; Response criteria; Subliminal semantic priming; Unconscious perception

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CONSCIOUSNESS; HUMAN; INFORMATION; PERCEPTION; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE;

AWARENESS; CUES; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MENTAL RECALL; PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING; PERCEPTUAL MASKING; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SENSORY THRESHOLDS; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION; UNCONSCIOUS (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 36048932453     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2006.12.002     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Abrams R.L., and Greenwald A.G. Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning. Psychological Science 11 (2000) 118-124
2. Baars B. Introduction: treating consciousness as a variable: the fading taboo. In: Baars B., Banks W., and Newman J. (Eds). Essential sources in the scientific study of consciousness (2003), The MIT press, Cambridge Mass 1-10
3. Bargh J.A. Automaticity of social behavior: direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 2 (1996) 230-244
4. Bengson, J.J. (2005). Unconscious semantic perception: still no reliable evidence, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States.
5. Bisiach E. Through the looking glass and what cognitive psychology found there. Behavioral & Brain Sciences 9 (1986) 24-25
6. Block N. Paradox and cross purposes in recent work on consciousness. Cognition 79 (2001) 197-219
7. Cheesman J., and Merikle P.M. Priming with and without awareness. Perception & Psychophysics 36 (1984) 387-395
8. Coltheart M. The MRC Psycholinguistic Database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A (1981) 497-505
9. Dark V.J., and Benson K. Semantic priming and identification of near threshold primes in a lexical decision task. Quarterly Journal of experimental psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 43A 1 (1991) 53-78
10. Debner J., and Jacoby L.L. Unconscious perception: attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, & Cognition 20 (1994) 304-317
11. Deeprose C., and Andrade J. Is priming during anesthesia unconscious?. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 15 1 (2006) 1-23
12. Draine S., and Greenwald A.G. Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 127 3 (1998) 286-303
13. Erdelyi M. Subliminal perception and its cognates: theory, indeterminacy, and time. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 13 (2004) 73-91
14. Fisk G., and Haase S. Exclusion failure does not demonstrate unconscious perception II: Evidence from a forced-choice exclusion task. Vision Research 46 (2006) 4244-4251
15. Greenwald A.J. New Look 3: unconscious cognition reclaimed. American Psychology 47 3 (1992) 766-779
16. Haase S.J., and Fisk G.D. Confidence in word detection predicts word identification: Implications for an unconscious perception paradigm. American Journal of Psychology 114 (2001) 439-468
17. Holender D. Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: a survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 1 (1986) 1-66
18. Holender D., and Duscherer K. Unconscious perception: The need for a paradigm shift. Perception & Psychophysics 61 (2004) 872-881
19. Hutchison K.A., Neely J.H., Neill T., and Walker P. Is unconscious identity priming lexical or sub-lexical?. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 13 (2004) 512-538
20. Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 30 (1991) 513-541
21. James W. The principles of psychology (1890/1983), Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass
22. Kihlstrom J.F. The continuum of consciousness. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 2 4 (1993) 334-354
23. Kihlstrom J.F., Barnhardt T..M., and Tataryn D.J. Implicit perception. In: Bornstein R.F., and Pittman T.S. (Eds). Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives (1992), Guilford, New York 17-54
24. Kunimoto C., Miller J.O., and Pashler H.E. Confidence and accuracy of near threshold discrimination responses. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 10 (2001) 294-340
25. Leibniz G.W. The philosophical writings of Leibniz (1698/1934), J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd, London
26. Lupker S.J. Conscious identification: where do you draw the line?. Behavioral & Brain Sciences 9 (1986) 37-38
27. Macmillan N.A. The psychophysics of subliminal perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (1986) 38-39
28. Marcel A.J. Conscious and unconscious perception: experiment on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 15 (1983) 197-237
29. Merikle P.M. Unconscious perception revisited. Perception & Psychophysics 31 3 (1982) 298-301
30. Merikle P.M., and Daneman M. Psychological investigations of unconscious perception. Journal of Consciousness Studies 5 (1998) 5-18
31. Merikle P.M., and Joordens S. Measuring unconscious influences. In: Cohen J., and Schooler J. (Eds). Scientific approaches to consciousness (1997), Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey 109-123
32. Merikle P.M., Joordens S., and Stoltz J.A. Measuring the relative magnitude of Unconscious influences. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 4 4 (1995) 422-439
33. Naccache L. Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli. Cognition 80 3 (2001) 215-229
34. Nelson, D.L., McEvoy, C.L., & Schreiber, T.A. (1999). The University of South Florida word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. .
35. Pollatsek A., and Well A. On the use of counterbalanced designs in cognitive research: a suggestion for better and more powerful analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition 21 3 (1995) 785-794
36. Reingold E.M., and Merikle P.M. Theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes. In: Davies M., and Martin G.W. (Eds). Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays (1993), Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts 40-57
37. Schneider W., Eschman A., and Zuccolotto A. E-Prime reference guide (2001), Psychology Software Tools Inc, Pittsburgh
38. Schooler J., and Fiore S. Consciousness and the limits of language: you can't always say what you think or think what you say. In: Cohen J., and Schooler J. (Eds). Scientific approaches to consciousness (1997), Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey 241-257
39. Snodgrass M. Disambiguating conscious and unconscious influences: do exclusion paradigms demonstrate unconscious perception?. American Journal of Psychology 115 4 (2002) 545-579
40. Van Opstal F., Reynvoet B., and Verguts T. Unconscious semantic categorization and mask interactions: An elaborate response to Kunde et al. (2005). Cognition 97 1 (2005) 107-113
41. Visser T.A.W., and Merikle P.M. Conscious and unconscious processes: the effects of motivation. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 8 1 (1999) 94-113
42. Wilson T., and Nisbett R. The accuracy of verbal reports about the effects of stimuli on evaluations and behavior. Social Psychology 41 (1978) 118-131