Clinical problem solving: Finding the target

Neurosurgery

Volumn 61, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 815-824

  Deogaonkar, Milind ^a   Walter, Benjamin L ^a   Boulis, Nicholas ^a   Starr, Philip ^b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Deep brain stimulation; Microelectrode recording; Movement disorder screening; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; CARBIDOPA PLUS LEVODOPA; PERGOLIDE MESILATE; ROPINIROLE; SELEGILINE;

AGED; ANAMNESIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CASE REPORT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DYSKINESIA; HUMAN; MALE; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

AGED; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; HUMANS; MALE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROBLEM SOLVING; RADIOSURGERY; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS;

EID: 35948988897     PISSN: 0148396X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000298911.78882.CA     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abosch A, Hutchison WD, Saint-Cyr JA, Dostrovsky JO, Lozano AM: Movement-related neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg 97:1167-1172, 2002.
2. Alterman RL, Sterio D, Beric A, Kelly PJ: Microelectrode recording during posteroventral pallidotomy: Impact on target selection and complications. Neurosurgery 44:315-323, 1999.
3. Amirnovin R, Williams ZM, Cosgrove GR, Eskandar EN: Experience with microelectrode guided subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgery 58 [Suppl 1]:96-102, 2006.
4. Anderson VC, Burchiel KJ, Hogarth P, Favre J, Hammerstad JP: Pallidal vs subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 62:554-560, 2005.
5. Andrade-Souza YM, Schwalb JM, Hamani C, Eltahawy H, Hoque T, Saint-Cyr J, Lozano AM: Comparison of three methods of targeting the subthalamic nucleus for chronic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Neurosurgery 56 [Suppl 2]:360-368, 2005.
6. Benabid AL, Chabardès S, Seigneuret E: Deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: Long-term efficacy and safety - What happened this year? Curr Opin Neurol 18:623-630, 2005.
7. Benabid AL, Deuschl G, Lang AE, Lyons KE, Rezai AR: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 21 [Suppl 14]:168-170, 2006.
8. Bejjani BP, Dormont D, Pidoux B, Yelnik J, Damier P, Arnulf I, Bonnet AM, Marsault C, Agid Y, Philippon J, Cornu P: Bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease by using three-dimensional stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological guidance. J Neurosurg 92:615-625, 2000.
9. Bejjani BP, Gervais D, Arnulf I, Papadopoulos S, Demeret S, Bonnet AM, Cornu P, Damier P, Agid Y: Axial parkinsonian symptoms can be improved: The role of levodopa and bilateral subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:595-600, 2000.
10. Benabid AL, Krack PP, Benazzouz A, Limousin P, Koudsie A, Pollak P: Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson's disease: Methodologic aspects and clinical criteria. Neurology 55 [Suppl 12]:40-44, 2000.
11. Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gross C, Hoffmann D, Benazzouz A, Gao DM, Laurent A, Gentil M, Perret J: Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62:76-84, 1994.
12. Benazzouz A, Breit S, Koudsie A, Pollak P, Krack P, Benabid AL: Intraoperative microrecordings of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 3 [Suppl 17]:145-149, 2002.
13. Beric A, Kelly PJ, Rezai A, Sterio D, Mogilner A, Zonenshayn M, Kopell B: Complications of deep brain stimulation surgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77:73-78, 2001.
14. Binder DK, Rau G, Starr PA: Hemorrhagic complications of microelectrode-guided deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 80:28-31, 2003.
15. Binder DK, Rau GM, Starr PA: Risk factors for hemorrhage during microelectrode-guided deep brain stimulator implantation for movement disorders. Neurosurgery 56:722-732, 2005.
16. Breit S, LeBas JF, Koudsie A, Schulz J, Benazzouz A, Pollak P, Benabid AL: Pretargeting for the implantation of stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus: A comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging and ventriculography. Neurosurgery 58 [Suppl 1]:83-95, 2006.
17. Broggi G, Franzini A, Marras C, Romito L, Albanese A: Surgery of Parkinson's disease: Inclusion criteria and follow-up. Neurol Sci 24 [Suppl 1]:38-40, 2003.
18. Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Favre J, Hammerstad JP: Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease: Results of a randomized, blinded pilot study. Neurosurgery 45:1375-1384, 1999.
19. Chen SY, Lee CC, Lin SH, Hsin YL, Lee TW, Yen PS, Chou YC, Lee CW, Annie Hsieh W, Su CF, Lin SZ: Microelectrode recording can be a good adjunct in magnetic resonance image-directed subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for parkinsonism. Surg Neurol 65:253-261, 2006.
20. Cuny E, Guehl D, Burbaud P, Gross C, Dousset V, Rougier A: Lack of agreement between direct magnetic resonance imaging and statistical determination of a subthalamic target: The role of electrophysiological guidance. J Neurosurg 97:591-597, 2002.
21. Danish SF, Jaggi JL, Moyer JT, Finkel L, Baltuch GH: Conventional MRI is inadequate to delineate the relationship between the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 84:12-18, 2006.
22. Deogaonkar M, Subramanian T: Pathophysiological basis of drug-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 50:156-168, 2005.
23. Deuschl G, Fogel W, Hahne M, Kupsch A, Müller D, Oechsner M, Sommer U, Ulm G, Vogt T, Volkmann J: Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 249 [Suppl 3]:36-39, 2002.
24. Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K, Daniels C, Deutschländer A, Dillmann U, Eisner W, Gruber D, Hamel W, Herzog J, Hilker R, Klebe S, Kloss M, Koy J, Krause M, Kupsch A, Lorenz D, Lorenzl S, Mehdorn HM, Moringlane JR, Oertel W, Pinsker MO, Reichmann H, Reuss A, Schneider GH, Schnitzler A, Steude U, Sturm V, Timmermann L, Tronnier V, Trottenberg T, Wojtecki L, Wolf E, Poewe W, Voges J: A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 355:896-908, 2006.
25. Durif F, Lemaire JJ, Debilly B, Dordain G: Long-term follow-up of globus pallidus chronic stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 17:803-807, 2002.
26. Godinho F, Thobois S, Magnin M, Guenot M, Polo G, Benatru I, Xie J, Salvetti A, Garcia-Larrea L, Broussolle E, Mertens P: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease : Anatomical and electrophysiological localization of active contacts. J Neurol 253:1347-1355, 2006.
27. Gorgulho A, De Salles AA, Frighetto L, Behnke E: Incidence of hemorrhage associated with electrophysiological studies performed using macroelectrodes and microelectrodes in functional neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 102:888-896, 2005.
28. Guridi J, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Ramos E, Linazasoro G, Obeso JA: Discrepancy between imaging and neurophysiology in deep brain stimulation of medial pallidum and subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease [in Spanish]. Neurologia 17:183-192, 2002.
29. Hamani C, Neimat J, Lozano AM: Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 70:393-399, 2006.
30. Hariz MI: Complications of deep brain stimulation surgery. Mov Disord 17 [Suppl]:162-166, 2002.
31. Hariz MI, Fodstad H: Do microelectrode techniques increase accuracy or decrease risks in pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation? Acritical review of the literature. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 72:157-169, 1999.
32. Honey CR, Berk C, Palur RS, Schulzer M: Microelectrode recording for pallidotomy: Mandatory, beneficial or dangerous? Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77:98-100, 2001.
33. Hutchison WD, Allan RJ, Opitz H, Levy R, Dostrovsky JO, Lang AE, Lozano AM: Neurophysiological identification of the subthalamic nucleus in surgery for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 44:622-628, 1998.
34. Katayama Y, Kasai M, Oshima H, Fukaya C, Yamamoto T, Mizutani T: Double blinded evaluation of the effects of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus stimulation on daytime activity in advanced Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 7:35-40, 2000.
35. Kleiner-Fisman G, Fisman DN, Sime E, Saint-Cyr JA, Lozano AM, Lang AE: Long-term follow up of bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with advanced Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg 99:489-495, 2003.
36. Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, Tamma F, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Lang AE, Deuschl G: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: Summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov Disord 21 [Suppl]:290-304, 2006.
37. Krack P, Benazzouz A, Pollak P, Limousin P, Piallat B, Hoffmann D, Xie J, Benabid AL: Treatment of tremor in Parkinson's disease by subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Mov Disord 13:907-914, 1998.
38. Kühn AA, Kupsch A, Schneider GH, Brown P: Reduction in subthalamic 8-35 Hz oscillatory activity correlates with clinical improvement in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 23:1956-1960, 2006.
39. Landi A, Grimaldi M, Antonini A, Parolin M, Zincone AM: MRI indirect stereotactic targeting for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg Sci 47:26-32, 2003.
40. Lee J, Deogaonkar M, Russo G, Walter B, Rao S, DeLong M, Abosch A, Gross R, Bakay RAE, Vitek J: Somatotopy of the human subthalamic nucleus (STN). Presented at the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Boston, June 1-4, 2006.
41. Liang GS, Chou KL, Baltuch GH, Jaggi JL, Loveland-Jones C, Leng L, Maccarone H, Hurtig HI, Colcher A, Stern MB, Kleiner-Fisman G, Simuni T, Siderowf AD: Long-term outcomes of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 84:221-227, 2006.
42. Liu X, Rowe J, Nandi D, Hayward G, Parkin S, Stein J, Aziz T: Localisation of the subthalamic nucleus using radionics image fusion and stereoplan combined with field potential recording. A technical note. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 76:63-73, 2001.
43. Lozano AM, Mahant N: Deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and consequences. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10 [Suppl]:49-57, 2004.
44. Lyons KE, Pahwa R: Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 4:290-295, 2004.
45. Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, Overman J, Pahwa R: Surgical and hardware complications of subthalamic stimulation: Aseries of 160 procedures. Neurology 63:612-616, 2004.
46. Machado A, Rezai AR, Kopell BH, Gross RE, Sharan AD, Benabid AL: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: Surgical technique and perioperative management. Mov Disord 21 [Suppl 14]:247-258, 2006.
47. McClelland S 3rd, Kim B, Winfield LM, Ford B, Edwards TA, Pullman SL, Yu Q, McKhann GM 2nd, Goodman RR: Microelectrode recording-determined subthalamic nucleus length not predictive of stimulation-induced side effects. Neurosurg Focus 19:13, 2005.
48. Minguez-Castellanos A, Escamilla-Sevilla F: Pallidal vs subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: Winner and loser or a sharing of honors? Arch Neurol 62:1642-1643, 2005.
49. Miocinovic S, Noecker AM, Maks CB, Butson CR, McIntyre CC: Cicerone: Stereotactic neurophysiological recording and deep brain stimulation electrode placement software system. Acta Neurochir Suppl 97:561-567, 2007.
50. Mogilner AY, Sterio D, Rezai AR, Zonenshayn M, Kelly PJ, Beric A: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in patients with a prior pallidotomy. J Neurosurg 96:660-665, 2002.
51. Moran A, Bar-Gad I, Bergman H, Israel Z: Real-time refinement of subthalamic nucleus targeting using Bayesian decision-making on the root mean square measure. Mov Disord 21:1425-1431, 2006.
52. Obeso JA, Rodriguez MC, Gorospe A, Guridi J, Alvarez L, Macias R: Surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Baillieres Clin Neurol 6:125-145, 1997.
53. Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Pedraza O, Misra M, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Tarsy D, Scollins L, Corapi K, Friehs GM, Grace J, Romrell J, Foote KD: Development and initial validation of a screening tool for Parkinson disease surgical candidates. Neurology 63:161-163, 2004.
54. Okun MS, Foote KD: Subthalamic nucleus vs globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation, the rematch: Will pallidal deep brain stimulation make a triumphant return? Arch Neurol 62:533-536, 2005.
55. Okun MS, Green J, Saben R, Gross R, Foote KD, Vitek JL: Mood changes with deep brain stimulation of STN and GPi: Results of a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:1584-1586, 2003.
56. Ondo WG, Bronte-Stewart H: The North American survey of placement and adjustment strategies for deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 83:142-147, 2005.
57. Østergaard K, Aa Sunde N: Evolution of Parkinson's disease during 4 years of bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Mov Disord 21:624-631, 2006.
58. Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Ondo WG, Gronseth G, Bronte-Stewart H, Hallett M, Miyasaki J, Stevens J, Weiner WJ: Practice Parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 66:983-995, 2006.
59. Pahwa R, Wilkinson SB, Overman J, Lyons KE: Bilateral subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease: Long-term follow up. J Neurosurg 99:71-77, 2003.
60. Pahwa R, Wilkinson SB, Overman J, Lyons KE: Preoperative clinical predictors of response to bilateral subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 83:80-83, 2005.
61. Palur RS, Berk C, Schulzer M, Honey CR: A metaanalysis comparing the results of pallidotomy performed using microelectrode recording or macroelectrode stimulation. J Neurosurg 96:1058-1062, 2002.
62. Parsons TD, Rogers SA, Braaten AJ, Woods SP, Tröster AI: Cognitive sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 5:578-588, 2006.
63. Patel NK, Heywood P, O'Sullivan K, Love S, Gill SS: MRI-directed subthalamic nucleus surgery for Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 78:132-145, 2002.
64. Patel NK, Plaha P, O'Sullivan K, McCarter R, Heywood P, Gill SS: MRI directed bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:1631-1637, 2003.
65. Pilitsis JG, Rezai AR, Boulis NM, Henderson JM, Busch RM, Kubu CS: Apreliminary study of transient confusional states following bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 83:67-70, 2005.
66. Pollo C, Meuli R, Maeder P, Vingerhoets F, Ghika J, Villemure JG: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: Magnetic resonance imaging targeting using visible anatomical landmarks. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 80:76-81, 2003.
67. Priori A, Egidi M, Pesenti A, Rohr M, Rampini P, Locatelli M, Tamma F, Caputo E, Chiesa V, Barbieri S: Do intraoperative microrecordings improve subthalamic nucleus targeting in stereotactic neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease? J Neurosurg Sci 47:56-60, 2003.
68. Rampini PM, Locatelli M, Alimehmeti R, Tamma F, Caputo E, Priori A, Pesenti A, Rohr M, Egidi M: Multiple sequential image-fusion and direct MRI localisation of the subthalamic nucleus for deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg Sci 47:33-39, 2003.
69. Rezai AR, Kopell BH, Gross RE, Vitek JL, Sharan AD, Limousin P, Benabid AL: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: Surgical issues. Mov Disord 21 [Suppl]:197-218, 2006.
70. Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Zamarbide I, Guridi J, Palmero MR, Obeso JA: Efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease 4 years after surgery: Double blind and open label evaluation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:1382-1385, 2004.
71. Romanelli P, Bronte-Stewart H, Heit G, Schaal DW, Esposito V: The functional organization of the sensorimotor region of the subthalamic nucleus. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 82:222-229, 2004.
72. Romanelli P, Heit G, Hill BC, Kraus A, Hastie T, Brontë-Stewart HM: Microelectrode recording revealing a somatotopic body map in the subthalamic nucleus in humans with Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg 100:611-618, 2004.
73. Saint-Cyr JA, Albanese A: STN DBS in PD: Selection criteria for surgery should include cognitive and psychiatric factors. Neurology 66:1799-1800, 2006.
74. Saint-Cyr JA, Trépanier LL: Neuropsychologic assessment of patients for movement disorder surgery. Mov Disord 15:771-783, 2000.
75. Schlaier J, Schoedel P, Lange M, Winkler J, Warnat J, Dorenbeck U, Brawanski A: Reliability of atlas-derived coordinates in deep brain stimulation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147:1175-1180, 2005.
76. Senatus PB, Teeple D, McClelland S 3rd, Pullman SL, Yu Q, Ford B, McKhann GM 2nd, Goodman RR: A technique for minimally altering anatomically based subthalamic electrode targeting by microelectrode recording. Neurosurg Focus 20:E8, 2006.
77. Simuni T, Jaggi JL, Mulholland H, Hurtig HI, Colcher A, Siderowf AD, Ravina B, Skolnick BE, Goldstein R, Stern MB, Baltuch GH: Bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson disease: A study of efficacy and safety. J Neurosurg 96:666-672, 2002.
78. Skidmore FM, Rodriguez RL, Fernandez HH, Goodman WK, Foote KD, Okun MS: Lessons learned in deep brain stimulation for movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr 11:521-536, 2006.
79. Slavin KV, Thulborn KR, Wess C, Nersesyan H: Direct visualization of the human subthalamic nucleus with 3T MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:80-84, 2006.
80. Starr PA, Christine CW, Theodosopoulos PV, Lindsey N, Byrd D, Mosley A, Marks WJ Jr: Implantation of deep brain stimulators into the subthalamic nucleus: Technical approach and magnetic resonance imaging-verified lead locations. J Neurosurg 97:370-387, 2002.
81. Starr PA, Vitek JL, DeLong M, Bakay RAE: Magnetic resonance imagingbased stereotactic localization of the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. Neurosurgery 44:303-314, 1999.
82. Sterio D, Zonenshayn M, Mogilner AY, Rezai AR, Kiprovski K, Kelly PJ, Beric A: Neurophysiological refinement of subthalamic nucleus targeting. Neurosurgery 50:58-69, 2002.
83. The Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Study Group: Deepbrain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 345:956-963, 2001.
84. Thobois S, Mertens P, Guenot M, Hermier M, Mollion H, Bouvard M, Chazot G, Broussolle E, Sindou M: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease: Clinical evaluation of 18 patients. J Neurol 249:529-534, 2002.
85. Umemura A, Jaggi JL, Hurtig HI, Siderowf AD, Colcher A, Stern MB, Baltuch GH: Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: Morbidity and mortality in 109 patients. J Neurosurg 98:779-784, 2003.
86. Vesper J, Klostermann F, Stockhammer F, Funk T, Brock M: Results of chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease: A 1-year follow-up study. Surg Neurol 57:306-313, 2002.
87. Vingerhoets FJ, Villemure JG, Temperli P, Pollo C, Pralong E, Ghika J: Subthalamic DBS replaces levodopa in Parkinson's disease: Two-year follow-up. Neurology 58:396-401, 2002.
88. Visser-Vandewalle V, van der Linden C, Temel Y, Celik H, Ackermans L, Spincemaille G, Caemaert J: Long-term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced Parkinson disease: A four year follow-up study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 11:157-165, 2005.
89. Vitek JL: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. A critical re-evaluation of STN versus GPi DBS. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 78:119-131, 2002.
90. Voges J, Waerzeggers Y, Maarouf M, Lehrke R, Koulousakis A, Lenartz D, Sturm V: Deep Brain Stimulation: Long-term analysis of complications caused by hardware and surgery - experiences from a single centre. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:868-872, 2006.
91. Volkmann J, Allert N, Voges J, Weiss P, Freund H-J, Sturm V: Safety and efficacy of pallidal or subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced PD. Neurology 56:548-551, 2001.
92. Volkmann J, Sturm V, Weiss P, Kappler J, Voges J, Koulousakis A, Lehrke R, Hefter H, Freund HJ: Bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in advanced Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 44:953-961, 1998.
93. Walter BL, Vitek JL: Surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 3:719-728, 2004.
94. Weaver F, Follett K, Hur K, Ippolito D, Stern M: Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease: A metaanalysis of patient outcomes. J Neurosurg 103:956-967, 2005.
95. Welter ML, Houeto JL, Tezenas du Montcel S, Mesnage V, Bonnet AM, Pillon B, Arnulf I, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Cornu P, Agid Y: Clinical predictive factors of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain 125:575-583, 2002.
96. Wichmann T, Delong MR: Deep brain stimulation for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuron 52:197-204, 2006.
97. Woods SP, Rippeth JD, Conover E, Carey CL, Parsons TD, Tröster AI: Statistical power of studies examining the cognitive effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropsychol 20:27-38, 2006.
98. Yelnik J, Damier P, Demeret S, Gervais D, Bardinet E, Bejjani BP, Francois C, Houeto JL, Arnule I, Dormont D, Galanaud D, Pidoux B, Cornu P, Agid Y: Localization of stimulating electrodes in patients with Parkinson disease by using a three-dimensional atlas-magnetic resonance imaging coregistration method. J Neurosurg 99:89-99, 2003.