Hormone therapy for the prevention of bone loss in menopausal women with osteopenia: Is it a viable option?

Drugs

Volumn 67, Issue 16, 2007, Pages 2311-2321

  Hohenhaus, Mary H ^a,c   McGarry, Kelly A ^a   Col, Nananda F ^b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MAINE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c MIRIAM HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Bisphosphonates, therapeutic use; Bone resorption, prevention; Estrogens progestogens, therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE;

BONE DENSITY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HIP FRACTURE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENOPAUSE; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

EID: 35948968822     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 00126667     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767160-00002     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993 Jun; 94: 646-50
2. WHO. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: report of a WHO scientific group. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2003; WHO technical report series: 921
3. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, et al. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22: 465-75
4. Oden A, Dawson A, Dere W, et al. Lifetime risk of hip fractures is underestimated. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8: 599-603
5. US Congress. Hip fracture outcomes in people age 50 and over: background paper (OTA-BP-H-120). US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994
6. Braithwaite RS, Col NF, Wong JB. Estimating hip fracture morbidity, mortality and costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51 (3): 364-70
7. Melton LJ, Kan SH, Frye MA, et al. Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129 (5): 1000-11
8. Ensrud KE, Thompson DE, Cauley JA, et al. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict mortality and hospitalization in older women with low bone mass. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48 (3): 241-9
9. Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, et al. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women. Arch Intern Med 1999 Jun; 159: 1215-20
10. National Osteoporosis Foundation. America's bone health: the state of osteoporosis and low bone mass in our nation. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2002
11. Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2001; 286 (22): 2815-22
12. Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, et al. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med 2004 May; 164: 1108-12
13. Cummings SR. A 55-year-old woman with osteopenia. JAMA 2006; 296 (21): 2601-10
14. Kanis JA, Melton LJ, Christiansen C, et al. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9 (8): 1137-41
15. Cummings SR, Browner W, Black DM, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet 1993; 341 (8837): 72-5
16. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation, Apr 2003
17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins: gynecology. Osteoporosis. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 50. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103 (1): 203-16
18. The North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2006; 13 (3): 340-67
19. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Osteoporosis Task Force. AACE medical guidelines for clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endoc Prac 2003; 9 (6): 544-64
20. Brown JP, Josse RG. 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ 2002; 167 (10 Suppl.): S1-34
21. Kanis JA, Delmas P, Burckhardt P, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 1997; 7: 390-406
22. Cummings SR, Bates D, Black DM. Clinical use of bone densitometry. JAMA 2002; 288 (15): 1889-97
23. Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996 May; 312: 1254-9
24. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12: 989-95
25. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332 (12): 767-73
26. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998; 280 (24): 2077-82
27. Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290 (13): 1729-38
28. Quandt SA, Thompson DE, Schneider DL, et al. Effect of alendronate on vertebral fracture risk in women with bone mineral density T scores of -1.6 to -2.5 at the femoral neck: the Fracture Intervention Trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80 (3): 343-9
29. Seeman E. Alendronate and vertebral fracture risk [letter]. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80 (9): 1236-7
30. Shen H, Recker RR, Deng HW. Molecular and genetic mechanisms of osteoporosis: implication for treatment. Curr Mol Med 2003; 3 (8): 737-57
31. Emaus N, Berntsen GKR, Joakimsen R, et al. Longitudinal changes in forearm bone mineral density in women and men aged 45-84 years: the Tromso study, a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163 (5): 441-9
32. Ensrud KE, Palermo L, Black DM, et al. Hip and calcaneal bone loss increase with advancing age: longitudinal results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10 (11): 1778-87
33. Riis B, Thomsen K, Christiansen C. Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss? N Engl J Med 1987; 316 (4): 173-7
34. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, et al. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97 (5): 699-705
35. Writing group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1996; 276 (17): 1389-96
36. Speroff L, Rowan J, Symons J, et al. The comparative effect on bone density, endometrium, and lipids of continuous hormones as replacement therapy (CHART study). JAMA 1996; 276 (17): 1397-403
37. Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291 (14): 1701-12
38. Nelson HD, Rizzo J, Harris E, et al. Osteoporosis and fractures in postmenopausal women using estrogen. Arch Intern Med 2002 Nov; 162: 2278-84
39. Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O'Fallon WM, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann Int Med 1992; 117 (1): 1-9
40. Komulainen MH, Kroger H, Tuppurainen MT, et al. HRT and vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas 1998; 31: 45-54
41. Mosekilde L, Beck-Nielsen H, Sorensen OH, et al. Hormonal replacement therapy reduces forearm fracture incidence in recent postmenopausal women: results of the Danish osteoporosis prevention study. Maturitas 2000; 36: 181-93
42. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288 (1): 58-66
43. Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2001; 285 (22): 2891-7
44. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343 (8): 522-9
45. ESPRIT Team. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 2001-8
46. Wells G, Tugwell P, Shea B, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endo Rev 2002; 23 (4): 529-39
47. Hux JE, Naylor CD. Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: does the format of efficacy data determine patients' acceptance of treatment? Med Decis Making 1995; 15 (2): 152-7
48. Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 581-9
49. Grady D. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med 2006; 355 (22): 2338-47
50. Writing group for the Women's Health Initiative investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321-33
51. Cranney A, Wells G, Willan A, et al. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev 2002; 23 (4): 508-16
52. Papapoulos SE, Quandt SA, Liberman UA, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of alendronate for the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 468-74
53. Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, et al. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (3): CD000227
54. Stevenson M, Lloyd Jones M, De Nigris E, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health Technol Assess 2005; 9 (22): 1-145
55. Farquhar CM, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, et al. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (4): CD004143