The role of multiphosphorylated peptides in mineralized tissue regeneration

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 479-495

  Cross, Keith J ^a   Huq, N Laila ^a   O'Brien Simpson, Neil M ^a   Perich, John W ^a   Attard, Troy J ^a   Reynolds, Eric C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biomimetic; Mineralisation; Phosphopeptides

Indexed keywords

BIOMIMETIC MATERIAL; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CASEIN PHOSPHOPEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; HISTATIN; PHOSPHOPEPTIDE; STATHERIN; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BONE MINERALIZATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPLEX FORMATION; DENTIN; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; ENAMEL; HUMAN; MINERALIZATION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; TISSUE REGENERATION; TOOTH CALCULUS; TOOTH DISEASE;

EID: 35848946832     PISSN: 15733149     EISSN: 15733904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9105-0     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. About I, Murray PE, Franquin JC, Remusat M, Smith AJ (2001) Pulpal inflammatory responses following non-carious class V restorations. Oper Dent 26:336-342
2. Adamson NJ, Reynolds EC (1995) Characterisation of tryptic casein phosphopeptides prepared under industrially-relevant conditions. Biotech Bioeng 45:196-204
3. Adamson NJ, Reynolds EC (1997) Relationship between degree of casein hydrolysis and phosphopeptide release. J Dairy Res 64:505-514
4. Adamson N, Riley P, Reynolds E (1993) The analysis of multiple phosphoseryl-containing peptides using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromat 646:391-396
5. Altieri AS, Hinton DP, Byrd RA (1995) Association of biomolecular systems via pulsed field gradient NMR self-diffusion measurements. J Am Chem Soc 117:7566-7567
6. Ametani A, Kaminogawa S, Shimizu M, Yamauchi K (1987) Rapid screening of antigenically reactive fragments of αs1-casein using HPLC and ELISA. J Biochem 102:421-425
7. Aoki T, Yamao Y, Yonemasu E, Kumasaki Y, Kako Y (1993) Cross-linking of egg white riboflavin-binding protein by calcium phosphate. Arch Biophys Biochem 305:242-246
8. Aplin HM, Hirst KL, Crosby AH, Dixon MJ (1995) Mapping of the human dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein gene (DMP1) to the dentinogenesis imperfecta type II critical region at chromosome 4q21. Genomics 30:347-349
9. Armfield J, Roberts-Thomson K, Spencer A (2000) Australia's health 2000: the seventh biennial health report of the Australian. Institute of Health & Welfare, Canberra
10. Attard TJ, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC (2007) Synthesis of phosphopeptides in the Fmoc mode. Int J Pept Res Ther (this issue) doi: 10.1007/s10989-007-9107-y
11. Baum BJ, Mooney DJ (2000) The impact of tissue engineering on dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 131:309-318
12. Bauman RA (1980) Quaternary ammonium alkylene diphosphonate anti-calculus agents. US, Colgate-Palmolive Company, New York, NY
13. Bienkiewicz EA, Lumb KJ (1999) Random-coil chemical shifts of phosphorylated amino acids. J Biomol NMR 15:203-206
14. Bright JN, Woolf TB, Hoh JH (2001) Predicting properties of intrinsically unstructured proteins. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 76:131-173
15. Butler WT, Ritchie H (1995) The nature and functional significance of dentin extracellular matrix proteins. Int J Dev Biol 39:169-179
16. Cai F, Shen P, Morgan MV, Reynolds EC (2003) Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions in situ by sugar-free lozenges containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. Aust Dent J 48:240-243
17. Chang S, Chen H, Liu J, Wood D, Bentley P, Clarkson B (2006) Synthesis of a potentially bioactive, hydroxyapatite-nucleating molecule. Calcif Tissue Int 78:55-61
18. Chang HS, Walsh LJ, Freer TJ (1997) Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Aetiology and prevention. Aust Dent J 42:322-327
19. Cochrane NJ, Cai F, Reynolds EC (2006) QLF and TMR analysis of CPP-ACFP remineralized enamel in vitro. IADR 84th General Session and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia
20. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Bicknell W, Reynolds EC (2001) Cation-dependent structural features of β-casein(1-25). Biochem J 356:277-285
21. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Palamara JE, Perich JW, Reynolds EC (2005a) Physicochemical characterization of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes. J Biol Chem 280:15362-15369
22. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Reynolds EC (2005b) Protein dynamics of bovine dentin phosphophoryn. J Pept Res 66:59-67
23. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Reynolds EC (2007) Casein phosphopeptides in oral health-chemistry and clinical applications. Theme: food-derived bioactive proteins and peptides as potential components of nutraceuticals. Curr Pharm Des 13:793-800
24. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Stanton DP, Sum M, Reynolds EC (2004) NMR studies of a novel calcium, phosphate and fluoride delivery vehicle-α(S1)-casein(59-79) by stabilized amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate nanocomplexes. Biomaterials 25:5061-5069
25. Decup F, Six N, Palmier B, Buch D, Lasfargues JJ, Salih E, Goldberg M (2000) Bone sialoprotein-induced reparative dentinogenesis in the pulp of rat's molar. Clin Oral Investig 4:110-119
26. Dunker AK, Brown CJ, Lawson JD, Iakoucheva LM, Obradovic Z (2002) Intrinsic disorder and protein function. Biochemistry (Mosc) 41:6573-6582
27. Dunker AK, Garner E, Guilliot S, Romero P, Albrecht K, Hart J, Obradovic Z, Kissinger C, Villafranca JE (1998) Protein disorder and the evolution of molecular recognition: theory, predictions and observations. Pac Symp Biocomput 3:473-484
28. Dunker AK, Lawson JD, Brown CJ, Williams RM, Romero P, Oh JS, Oldfield CJ, Campen AM, Ratliff CR, Hipps KW, Ausio J, Nissen MS, Reeves R, Kang CH, Kissinger CR, Bailey RW, Griswold MD, Chiu M, Garner EC, Obradovic Z (2001) Intrinsically disordered protein. J Mol Graph Model 19:26-59
29. s1-casein using extensively purified synthetic peptides. Scand J Immunol 60:486-493
30. Evans J, Chiu T, Chan S (1994) Phosphophoryn, an "Acidic" biomineralization regulatory protein: conformational folding in the presence of Cd(II). Biopolymers 34:1359-1375
31. Fairbrother KJ, Heasman PA (2000) Anticalculus agents. J Clin Periodontol 27:285-301
32. Fejerskov O, Manji F, Baelum V (1990) The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res 69:692-700
33. Feng JQ, Luan XH, Wallace J, Jing D, Ohshima T, Kulkarni AB, Dsouza RN, Kozak CA, Macdougall M (1998) Genomic organization, chromosomal mapping, and promoter analysis of the mouse dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) gene, which codes for both dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem 273:9457-9464
34. Ferraretto A, Gravaghi C, Fiorilli A, Tettamanti G (2003) Casein-derived bioactive phosphopeptides: role of phosphorylation and primary structure in promoting calcium uptake by HT-29 tumor cells. FEBS Lett 551:92-98
35. Fisher LW, Fedarko NS (2003) Six genes expressed in bones and teeth encode the current members of the SIBLING family of proteins. Connect Tissue Res 44:33-40
36. Fisher LW, Torchia DA, Fohr B, Young MF, Fedarko NS (2001) Flexible structures of SIBLING proteins, bone sialoprotein, and osteopontin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280:460-465
37. Fujisawa R, Kuboki Y (1991) Preferential adsorption of dentin and bone acidic proteins on the (100) face of hydroxyapatite crystals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1075:56-60
38. Gaffar A (1982) Anticalculus oral composition. US, Colgate-Palmolive Company, New York, NY
39. General S (2003) National call to action to promote oral health, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/oralhealth/nationalcalltoaction.htm
40. George A, Srinivasan R, Thotakura SR, Liu K, Veis A (1999) Rat dentin matrix protein 3 is a compound protein of rat dentin sialoprotein and phosphophoryn. Connect Tissue Res 40:49-57
41. George A, Srinivasan R, Thotakura S, Veis A (1998) The phosphophoryn gene family-identical domain structures at the carboxyl end. Eur J Oral Sci 106:221-226
42. Green MR, Pastewka JV, Peacock AC (1973) Differential staining of phosphoproteins on polyacrylamide gels with a cationic carbocyanine dye. Anal Biochem 56:43-51
43. He G, Dahl T, Veis A, George A (2003) Nucleation of apatite crystals in vitro by self-assembled dentin matrix protein, 1. Nat Mater 2:552-558
44. Holt C, Van Kemenade MJJM (1989) The interaction of phosphoproteins with calcium phosphate. In: Hukins DWL (ed) Calcified tissue. CRC Press, Florida
45. s1-casein(59-79). Biochim Biophys Acta 1247:201-208
46. Huq NL, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC (2000a) Molecular modelling of a multiphosphorylated sequence motif bound to hydroxyapatite surfaces. J Mol Model 6:35-47
47. Huq NL, Cross KJ, Talbo GH, Riley PF, Loganathan A, Crossley MA, Perich JW, Reynolds EC (2000b) N-terminal sequence analysis of bovine dentin phosphophoryn after conversion of phosphoseryl to S-propylcysteinyl residues. J Dent Res 79:1914-1919
48. S2-casein(2-20). J Pept Sci 9:386-392
49. Huq NL, Cross KJ, Ung M, Reynolds EC (2005) A review of protein structure and gene organisation for proteins associated with mineralised tissue and calcium phosphate stabilisation encoded on human chromosome 4. Arch Oral Biol 50:599-609
50. Iakoucheva LM, Radivojac P, Brown CJ, O'connor TR, Sikes JG, Obradovic Z, Dunker AK (2004) The importance of intrinsic disorder for protein phosphorylation. Nuc Acid Res 32:1037-1049
51. Ibrahim N, Sodano JL (1991) Tripolyphosphate-containing anti-calculus toothpaste. US
52. Iijima Y, Cai F, Shen P, Walker G, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC (2004) Acid resistance of enamel subsurface lesions remineralized by a sugar-free chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. Caries Res 38:551-556
53. Jadlowiec JA, Zhang X, Li J, Campbell PG, Sfeir C (2006) Extracellular matrix-mediated signaling by dentin phosphophoryn involves activation of the Smad pathway independent of bone morphogenetic protein. J Biol Chem 281:5341-5347
54. Jonsson M, Fredriksson A (1978) Isoelectric focusing of the phosphoprotein of rat-incisor dentin in ampholine and acid pH gradients. Evidence for carrier ampholyte-protein complexes. J Chromatogr 157:235-242
55. Kaigler D, Mooney D (2001) Tissue engineering's impact on dentistry. J Dent Educ 65:456-462
56. Kawasaki K, Suzuki T, Weiss KM (2004) Genetic basis for the evolution of vertebrate mineralized tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:11356-11361
57. Kawasaki K, Suzuki T, Weiss KM (2005) Phenogenetic drift in evolution: the changing genetic basis of vertebrate teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:18063-18068
58. Kawasaki K, Weiss KM (2003) Mineralized tissue and vertebrate evolution: the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein gene cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4060-4065
59. Kawasaki K, Weiss KM (2006) Evolutionary genetics of vertebrate tissue mineralization: the origin secretory calcium-binding and evolution of the phosphoprotein family. J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol 306B:295-316
60. Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ, Arena J, Song MJ, Mcewen BF (1996) Structural relations between collagen and mineral in bone as determined by high voltage electron microscopic tomography. Microsc Res Tech 33:192-202
61. Lee SL, Veis A, Glonek T (1977) Dentin phosphoprotein: an extracellular calcium-binding protein. Biochemistry (Mosc) 16:2971-2979
62. Linde A (1989) Dentin matrix proteins: composition and possible functions in calcification. Anat Rec 224:154-166
63. Loesche WJ (1986) The identification of bacteria associated with periodontal disease and dental caries by enzymatic methods. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1:65-72
64. Macdougall M (1998) Refined mapping of the human dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene within the critical dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and dentin dysplasia type II loci. Eur J Oral Sci 106:227-233
65. Marsh M (1989) Binding of calcium and phosphate ions to dentin phosphophoryn. Biochemistry (Mosc) 28:346-352
66. Merutka G, Dyson HJ, Wright PE (1995) Random coil H-1 chemical shifts obtained as a function of temperature and trifluoroethanol concentration for the peptide series GG×GG. J Biomol NMR 5:14-24
67. Milan AM, Sugars RV, Embery G, Waddington RJ (2006) Adsorption and interactions of dentine phosphoprotein with hydroxyapatite and collagen. Eur J Oral Sci 114:223-231
68. Moreno EC, Kresak M, Hay DI (1982) Adsorption thermodynamics of acidic proline-rich human salivary proteins onto calcium apatites. J Biol Chem 257:2981-2989
69. Morgan MV, Adams GG, Bailey DL, Tsao CE, Reynolds EC (2006) CPP-ACP gum slows progression and enhances regression of dental caries. IADR 84th General Session and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia
70. Murray PE, About I, Lumley PJ, Smith G, Franquin JC, Smith AJ (2000) Postoperative pulpal and repair responses. J Am Dent Assoc 131:321-329
71. O'Brien-Simpson N, Attard TJ, Huq NL, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC (2005) Synthesis of multiphosphorylated peptides of bovine dentine phosphophoryn for the development of novel dental restorative material. Aust Dent J 50:S26-S27
72. Ohkawa K, Saitoh A, Yamamoto H (1999) Synthesis of poly(O-phospho-L- serine) and its structure in aqueous solution. Macro Rap Comm 20:619-621
73. Papagerakis P, Berdal A, Mesbah M, Peuchmaur M, Malaval L, Nydegger J, Simmer J, Macdougall M (2002) Investigation of osteocalcin, osteonectin, and dentin sialophosphoprotein in developing human teeth. Bone 30:377-385
74. Perich JW, Johns RB, Reynolds EC (1992a) Synthesis of casein-related peptides and phosphopeptides. XVI*. The efficient synthesis of the casein related complex O-phosphoseryl-containing peptide Ac-Glu-Ser(P)-Leu-Ser(P)- Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu-NHMe. Aust J Chem 45:385-394
75. Perich JW, Kelly DP, Reynolds EC (1992b) Efficient solution-phase synthesis of multiple O-phosphoseryl-containing peptides related to casein and statherin. Int J Pept Protein Res 40:81-88
76. Perich JW, Nguyen DL, Reynolds EC (1991) The facile synthesis of Ala-Glu-Tyr(P)-Ser-Ala by Global Di-t-butyl N,N-Diethylphosphoramidite "phosphite-triester" phosphorylation of a resin-bound peptide. Tet Lett 32:4033-4034
77. Perich JW, Reynolds EC (1992) The Boc/solid phase synthesis of Glu-Abu(P)-Leu. Aust J Chem 45:1765-1770
78. Perich JW, Ruzzene M, Pinna LA, Reynolds EC (1994) Efficient Fmoc/solid phase synthesis of O-phosphotyrosyl-containing peptides and their use as phosphatase substrates. Int J Pept Protein Res 43:39-46
79. Price PA, Rice JS, Williamson MK (1994) Conserved phosphorylation of serines in the Ser-X-Glu/Ser(P) sequences of the Vitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein from shark, lamb, rat, cow and human. Protein Sci 3:822-830
80. Putt MS, Kleber CJ (1991) Oral compositions comprising anti-calculus agents. US
81. Raj PA, Johnsson M, Levine MJ, Nancollas GH (1992) Salivary statherin. Dependence on sequence, charge, hydrogen bonding potency, and helical conformation for adsorption to hydroxyapatite and inhibition of mineralization. J Biol Chem 267:5968-5976
82. Reeves RE, Latour N (1958) Calcium phosphate sequestering phosphopeptide from casein. Science 128:472
83. Reynolds E (1987a) The prevention of sub-surface demineralization of bovine enamel and change in plaque composition by casein in an intra-oral model. J Dent Res 26:1120-1127
84. Reynolds EC (1987b) The prevention of sub-surface demineralization of bovine enamel and change in plaque composition by casein in an intra-oral model. J Dent Res 66:1120-1127
85. Reynolds E (1991) Anticariogenic phosphopeptides. US Patent No 5015628
86. Reynolds EC (1993) Phosphopeptides for the treatment of dental calculus. United States Patent 5227154, The University of Melbourne
87. Reynolds EC (1998a) Anticariogenic complexes of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilised by casein phosphopeptides. Invited review. Spec Care Dentist 18:8-16
88. Reynolds EC (1998b) Calcium phosphopeptide complexes. The University of Melbourne, US
89. Reynolds EC (2002) Health aspects of dairy products-dairy products in relation to caries prevention and oral health. Invited review. In Roginsky H, Fuquay J, Fox P (eds) Encyclopedia of dairy sciences. Elsevier
90. Reynolds E (2006) Remineralization of white spot lesions: scientific evidence. IADR 84th General Session and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia, IADR
91. Reynolds E, Black CL (1987a) Confectionery composition and rat caries. Caries Res 21:238-245
92. Reynolds E, Black CL (1987b) The reduction of chocolate's cariogenicity by supplementation with sodium caseinate. Caries Res 21:445-451
93. Reynolds EC, Black CL (1989) Cariogenicity of a confection supplemented with sodium caseinate at a palatable level. Caries Res 23:368-370
94. Reynolds EC, Cai F, Shen P, Walker GD (2003) Retention in plaque and remineralization of enamel lesions by various forms of calcium in a mouthrinse or sugar-free chewing gum. J Dent Res 82:206-211
95. Reynolds EC, Cain CJ, Webber FL, Black CL, Riley PF, Johnson IH, Perich JW (1995) Anticariogenicity of calcium phosphate complexes of tryptic casein phosphopeptides in the rat. J Dent Res 74:1272-1279
96. Reynolds E, Del Rio A (1984) Effects of casein and whey-protein solutions on caries experience and feeding patterns of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 29:927-933
97. Reynolds E, Johnson I (1981) Effect of milk on caries incidence and bacterial composition of dental plaque in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 26:445-451
98. Reynolds E, Riley P, Adamson N (1994) A selective precipitation procedure for the purification of multiple-phosphoseryl containing peptides and their identification. Anal Biochem 217:277-284
99. Reynolds E, Wong A (1983) Effect of adsorbed protein on hydroxyapatite zeta potential and Streptococcus mutans adherence. Infect Immun 39:1285-1290
100. Riordan PJ, Banks JA (1991) Dental fluorosis and fluoride exposure in Western Australia. J Dent Res 70:1022-1028
101. Ritchie HH, Ritchie DG, Wang LH (1998) Six decades of dentinogenesis research-historical and prospective views on phosphophoryn and dentin sialoprotein. Eur J Oral Sci 106:211-220
102. Romero P, Obradovic Z, Li XH, Garner EC, Brown CJ, Dunker AK (2001) Sequence complexity of disordered protein. Proteins Struct Funct Genetics 42:38-48
103. Schwarzinger S, Kroon GJA, Foss TR, Chung J, Wright PE, Dyson HJ (2001) Sequence-dependent correction of random coil NMR chemical shifts. J Am Chem Soc 123:2970-2978
104. Shen P, Cai F, Nowicki A, Vincent J, Reynolds EC (2001) Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by sugar-free chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Dent Res 80:2066-2070
105. Sloan AJ, Rutherford RB, Smith AJ (2000) Stimulation of the rat dentine-pulp complex by bone morphogenetic protein-7 in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 45:173-177
106. Sloan AJ, Smith AJ (1999) Stimulation of the dentine-pulp complex of rat incisor teeth by transforming growth factor-beta isoforms 1-3 in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 44:149-156
107. Smith AJ, Lesot H (2001) Induction and regulation of crown dentinogenesis: embryonic events as a template for dental tissue repair. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12:425-437
108. Sørensen ES, Højrup P, Petersen TE (1995) Post-translational modifications of bovine osteopontin: identification of twenty-eight phosphorylation and three O-glycosylation sites. Protein Sci 4:2040-2049
109. Sreenath T, Thyagarajan T, Hall B, Longenecker G, D'souza R, Hong S, Wright JT, Macdougall M, Sauk J, Kulkarni AB (2003) Dentin sialophosphoprotein knockout mouse teeth display widened predentin zone and develop defective dentin mineralization similar to human dentinogenesis imperfecta type III. J Biol Chem 278:24874-24880
110. Stetler-Stevenson WG, Veis A (1983) Bovine dentin phosphophoryn: composition and molecular weight. Biochemistry (Mosc) 22:4326-4335
111. Sugawara A, Takeuchi K, Uruno A, Kudo M, Sato K, Ito S (2003) Effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and co-activator CREP-binding protein on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-mediated transcription suppression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene. Hypertens Res 26:623-628
112. Swaisgood HE (1982) Chemistry of milk protein. In Fox PF (ed) Developments in dairy chemistry-1. Applied Science Publishers, London
113. Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O (1986) Textbook of cariology. Munksgaard
114. Tsuda S, Niki R, Kuwata T, Tanaka I, Hikichi K (1991) Proton NMR study of casein phosphopeptide (1-25): assignment and conformation. Mag Res Chem 28:1097-1102
115. Ung M, Huq NL, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC (2006) Saliva, salivary peptidome, and its interaction with casein phosphopeptides. IADR 84th General Session and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia
116. Uversky VN, Gillespie JR, Fink AL (2000) Why are "natively unfolded" proteins unstructured under physiologic conditions? Proteins Struc Funct Genetics 41:415-427
117. Wahlgren NM, Dejmek P, Drakenberg T (1994) Secondary structures in beta-casein peptide 1-42: a two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Dairy Res 61:495-506
118. Wahlgren NM, Leonil J, Dejmek P, Drakenberg T (1993) Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance study of the beta-casein peptide 1-25: resonance assignments and secondary structure. Biochim Biophys Acta 1202:121-128
119. Wallwork ML, Kirkham J, Chen H, Chang SX, Robinson C, Smith DA, Clarkson BH (2002) Binding of dentin noncollagenous matrix proteins to biological mineral crystals: an atomic force microscopy study. Calcif Tissue Int 71:249-255
120. White DJ (1997) Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Eur J Oral Sci 105:508-522
121. Wright F (1986) Ministerial review of dental services in Victoria. Australia
122. Wüthrich K (1986) NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. Wiley and Sons, New York
123. Xiao SX, Yu C, Chou XM, Yuan WJ, Wang Y, Bu L, Fu G, Qian MQ, Yang J, Shi YZ, Hu LD, Han B, Wang ZM, Huang W, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhao GP, Kong XY (2001) Dentinogenesis imperfecta 1 with or without progressive hearing loss is associated with distinct mutations in DSPP. Nat Genet 27:201-204
124. Yin A, Margolis HC, Grogan J, Yao Y, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG (2003) Physical parameters of hydroxyapatite adsorption and effect on candidacidal activity of histatins. Arch Oral Biol 48:361-368
125. Zhang XH, Zhao J, Li CF, Gao S, Qiu CC, Liu P, Wu GY, Qiang BQ, Lo WHY, Shen Y (2001) DSPP mutation in dentinogenesis imperfecta Shields type II. Nat Genet 27:151-152
126. Zhu DH, Paine ML, Luo W, Bringas PJ, Snead ML (2006) Altering biomineralization by protein design. J Biol Chem 281:21173-21182