SATCHMO: A spatial simulation model of growth, competition, and mortality in cycling savanna patches

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 209, Issue 2-4, 2007, Pages 377-391

  Meyer, Katrin M ^a   Wiegand, Kerstin ^a   Ward, David ^b   Moustakas, Aristides ^a,c  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acacia mellifera; Computer simulation model; Cyclical succession; Latin Hypercube sensitivity analysis; Patch dynamics; Shrub encroachment; Spatially explicit root growth; Validation

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GROWTH RATE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOIL MOISTURE;

ACACIA MELLIFERA; CYCLICAL SUCCESSION; LATIN HYPERCUBE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; PATCH-DYNAMICS; SHRUB ENCROACHMENT; SPATIALLY EXPLICIT ROOT GROWTH;

VEGETATION;

COEXISTENCE; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); COMPUTER SIMULATION; GROWTH MODELING; GROWTH RATE; MORTALITY; PATCH DYNAMICS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SAVANNA; SHRUB; SOIL MOISTURE; SUCCESSION; VEGETATION COVER;

AFRICA; KALAHARI DESERT; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

ACACIA; ACACIA MELLIFERA; POACEAE;

EID: 35748972660     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Augustine D.J., and McNaughton S.J. Regulation of shrub dynamics by native browsing ungulates on East African rangeland. J. Appl. Ecol. 41 (2004) 45-58
2. Bond W.J., Midgley G.F., and Woodward F.I. What controls South African vegetation-climate or fire?. S. Afr. J. Bot. 69 (2003) 79-91
3. Bond W.J., and Van Wilgen B.W. Fire and Plants (1996), Chapman & Hall, London
4. Chesson P. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31 (2000) 343-366
5. Chesson P., and Huntly N. The role of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. Am. Nat. 150 (1997) 519-553
6. Diggle P.J. The Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns (1983), Academic Press, New York
7. Donaldson C.H. Further findings on the effects of fire on blackthorn. Proc. Grassland Soc. S. Afr. 2 (1967) 59-61
8. Eagleson P.S., and Segarra R.I. Water-limited equilibrium of savanna vegetation systems. Water Resour. Res. (1985) 21
9. Evans R.D., and Ehleringer J.R. A break in the nitrogen-cycle in aridlands-evidence from delta-N-15 of soils. Oecologia 94 (1993) 314-317
10. Fernandez-Illescas C.P., Porporato A., Laio F., and Rodriguez-Iturbe I. The ecohydrological role of soil texture in a water-limited ecosystem. Water Resour. Res. 37 (2001) 2863-2872
11. Frost P.G., Menaut J.C., Solbrig O.T., Swift M., and Walker B.H. Responses of Savannas to Stress and Disturbance: A Proposal for a Collaborative Programme of Research (1986), International Union of Biological Sciences, Paris
12. Gillson L. Evidence of hierarchical patch dynamics in an East African savanna?. Landscape Ecol. 19 (2004) 883-894
13. Grimm V., Berger U., Bastiansen F., Eliassen S., Ginot V., Giske J., Goss-Custard J., Grand T., Heinz S.K., Huse G., Huth A., Jepsen J.U., Jörgensen C., Mooij W.M., Müller B., Pe'er G., Piou C., Railsback S.F., Robbins A.M., Robbins M.M., Rossmanith E., Rüger N., Strand E., Souissi S., Stillmann R.A., Vabö R., Visser U., and DeAngelis D.L. A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models. Ecol. Modell. 198 (2006) 115-126
14. Higgins S.I., Bond W.J., and Trollope S.W. Fire, resprouting and variability: a recipe for grass-tree coexistence in savannna. J. Ecol. 88 (2000) 213-229
15. Hochberg M.E., Menaut J.C., and Gignoux J. The influences of tree biology and fire in the spatial structure of the West African savanna. J. Ecol. 82 (1994) 217-226
16. House J.I., Archer S., Breshears D.D., and Scholes R.J. Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems. J. Biogeogr. 30 (2003) 1763-1777
17. Jeltsch F., Milton S.J., Dean W.R.J., and Van Rooyen N. Tree spacing and coexistence in semiarid savannas. J. Ecol. 84 (1996) 583-595
18. Jeltsch F., Milton S.J., Dean W.R.J., van Rooyen N., and Moloney K.A. Modelling the impact of small-scale heterogeneities on tree-grass coexistence in semiarid savannas. J. Ecol. 86 (1998) 780-794
19. Jeltsch F., Weber G.E., and Grimm V. Ecological buffering mechanisms in savannas: a unifying theory of long-term tree-grass coexistence. Plant Ecol. 150 (2000) 161-171
20. Laio F., Porporato A., Ridolfi L., and Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress-II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics. Adv. Water Resour. 24 (2001) 707-723
21. McKay M.D., Beckmann R.J., and Conover W.J. A comparison of three methods of selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code. Technometrics 21 (1979) 239-245
22. Menaut J.C., Gignoux J., Prado C., and Clobert J. Tree community dynamics in a humid savanna of the Côte-d'Ivoire: modelling the effects of fire and competition with grass and neighbours. J. Biogeogr. 17 (1990) 471-481
23. Meyer K.M., Ward D., Moustakas A., and Wiegand K. Big is not better: small Acacia mellifera shrubs are more vital after fire. Afr. J. Ecol. 43 (2005) 131-136
24. Meyer, K.M., Wiegand, K., Ward, D., Moustakas, A. The rhythm of savanna patch dynamics. J. Ecol., in press.
25. Noy-Meir I. Interactive effects of fire and grazing on structure and diversity of Mediterranean grasslands. J. Veg. Sci. 6 (1995) 701-710
26. O'Connor T.G. The influence of grazing on seed production and seed banks of some African savanna grasslands. J. Appl. Ecol. 29 (1992) 247-260
27. O'Connor T.G. Composition and population responses of an African savanna grassland to rainfall and grazing. J. Appl. Ecol. 31 (1994) 155-171
28. O'Connor T.G., and Everson T.M. Population dynamics of perennial grasses in African savanna and grassland. In: Cheplick G.P. (Ed). Population Biology of Grasses (1998), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 399
29. Okubo A., and Levin S.A. A theoretical framework for data-analysis of wind dispersal of seeds and pollen. Ecology 70 (1989) 329-338
30. Rodriguez-Iturbe I., Porporato A., Ridolfi L., Isham V., and Cox D.R. Probabilistic modelling of water balance at a point: the role of climate, soil and vegetation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 455 (1999) 3789-3805
31. Roques K.G., O'Connor T.G., and Watkinson A.R. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: relative influences of fire, herbivory, rainfall and density dependence. J. Appl. Ecol. 38 (2001) 268-280
32. Sankaran M., Hanan N.P., Scholes R.J., Ratnam J., Augustine D.J., Cade B.S., Gignoux J., Higgins S.I., Le Roux X., Ludwig F., Ardo J., Banyikwa F., Bronn A., Bucini G., Caylor K.K., Coughenour M.B., Diouf A., Ekaya W., Feral C.J., February E.C., Frost P.G.H., Hiernaux P., Hrabar H., Metzger K.L., Prins H.H.T., Ringrose S., Sea W., Tews J., Worden J., and Zambatis N. Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438 (2005) 846-849
33. Sankaran M., Ratnam J., and Hanan N.P. Tree-grass coexistence in savannas revisited-insights from an examination of assumptions and mechanisms invoked in existing models. Ecol. Lett. 7 (2004) 480-490
34. Scholes R., and Walker B.H. An African Savanna: Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
35. Scholes R.J., and Archer S.R. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Systematics 28 (1997) 517-544
36. Silva J.F., and Raventos J. Effects of end of dry season shoot removal on the growth of three savanna grasses with different phenologies. Biotropica 31 (1999) 430-438
37. Smit G.N. An approach to tree thinning to structure southern African savannas for long-term restoration from bush encroachment. J. Environ. Manage. 71 (2004) 179-191
38. Stoyan D., and Stoyan H. Fractals, Random Shapes and Point Fields. Methods of Geometrical Statistics (1994), Wiley, New York
39. Van de Vijver C., Foley C.A., and Olff H. Changes in the woody component of an East African savanna during 25 years. J. Trop. Ecol. 15 (1999) 545-564
40. van Langevelde F., van de Vijver C., Kumar L., van de Koppel J., de Ridder N., van Andel J., Skidmore A.K., Hearne J.W., Stroosnijder L., Bond W.J., Prins H.H.T., and Rietkerk M. Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems. Ecology 84 (2003) 337-350
41. van Wijk M.T., and Bouten W. Towards understanding tree root profiles: simulating hydrologically optimal strategies for root distribution. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 5 (2001) 629-644
42. Vila M. Effect of root competition and shading on resprouting dynamics of Erica multiflora L. J. Veg. Sci. 8 (1997) 71-80
43. Walker B.H., Ludwig D., Holling C.S., and Peterman R.M. Stability of semi-arid savanna grazing systems. J. Ecol. 69 (1981) 473-498
44. Walker B.H., and Noy-Meir I. Aspects of the stability and resilience of savanna ecosystems. In: Walker B.J., and Huntley B.H. (Eds). Ecology of Tropical Savannas (1982), Springer Verlag, Berlin 556-590
45. Walter H. Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation (1971), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, UK
46. Wiegand K., Saltz D., and Ward D. A patch-dynamics approach to savanna dynamics and woody plant encroachment-insights from an arid savanna. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Systematics 7 (2006) 229-242
47. Wiegand K., Ward D., and Saltz D. Multi-scale patterns and bush encroachment in an arid savanna with a shallow soil layer. J. Veg. Sci. 16 (2005) 311-320
48. Wiegand T., Jeltsch F., Hanski I., and Grimm V. Using pattern-oriented modeling for revealing hidden information: a key for reconciling ecological theory and application. Oikos 100 (2003) 209-222
49. Wilson J.B. Shoot competition and root competition. J. Appl. Ecol. 25 (1988) 279-296
50. Witkowski E.T.F., and Garner R.D. Spatial distribution of soil seed banks of three African savanna woody species at two contrasting sites. Plant Ecol. 149 (2000) 91-106
51. Wolf A. Fifty year record of change in tree spatial patterns within a mixed deciduous forest. Forest Ecol. Manage. 215 (2005) 212-223
52. Zucchini W., Adamson P., and McNeill L. A model of Southern African rainfall. S. Afr. J. Sci. 88 (1992) 103-109