The geological history of Geysir, Iceland: A tephrochronological approach to the dating of sinter

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 164, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1241-1252

  Jones, Brian ^a   Renaut, Robin W ^b   Torfason, Helgi ^c,d   Owen, R Bernhart ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^c ICELANDIC INSTITUTE OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Iceland)

^d National Energy Authority Reykjavik   (Iceland)

^e HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATING METHOD; DEPOSITION; DISCHARGE; HISTORICAL RECORD; LITHOLOGY; SINTER; SPRING WATER; TEPHRA; TEPHROCHRONOLOGY; WEATHERING;

ARCTIC; HEKLA; ICELAND;

EID: 35748968814     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492006-178     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. BARTH, T.F.W. 1936. Stóri Geysir pa Island vekket til nytt liv. Naturen, 1, 1-6.
2. BARTH, T.F.W. 1940. Geysir in Iceland. American Journal of Science, 238, 381-407.
3. BARTH, T.F.W. 1950. Volcanic Geology, Hot Springs and Geysers of Iceland. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 587.
4. BOYGLE, J. 1999. Variability of tephra in lake and catchment sediments, Svínavatn, Iceland. Global and Planetary Change, 21, 129-149.
5. CHAFETZ, H.S. & FOLK, R.L. 1984. Travertines: depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 289-316.
6. DAUX, V., GUY, C., ADVOCAT, T., CROVISIER, J. & STILLE, M. 1997. Kinetic aspects of basaltic glass dissolution at 90 °C: role of silicon and aluminium. Chemical Geology, 142, 109-128.
7. DAVIDSSON, I. 1981. Gróourathuganir á girta sæoinu vio Geysi í Haukadal 1960-1980. Náttúrufræoingurinn, 51, 132-140.
8. DESCLOIZEAUX, A. 1847. Observations sur les pricipaux Geysers d'Islande. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 19, 444-470.
9. EINARSSON, T. 1937. Über die neuen Eruptionen des Geysir in Haukadalur. Rit Visindafélags Ícendinga, 2, 149-166.
10. EINARSSON, T. 1938. Geysir í Haukadal. Tímarit verkfræoingafélags, Íslands, 5, 53-56.
11. EINARSSON, T. 1967. The Great Geysir and the Hot Spring-Area of Haukadalur, Iceland. The Geysir Committee, Reykjavik.
12. 14C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla, Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science, 15, 573-580.
13. FOLEY, D. 2005. Building Castle Geyser - geologic and chronologic interpretation of the development of Castle Geyser, Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 37, 332.
14. FORBES, C.S. 1860. Iceland, its Volcanoes, Geysers, and Glaciers, John Murray, London.
15. 2 budget for Iceland. In: CASELDINE, C., RUSSELL, A., HARDARDÓTTIR, J. & KNUDSEN, Ó. (eds) Iceland - Modern Processes and Past Environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 289-308.
16. GÍSLASON, S.R. & OELKERS, E.H. 2003. The mechanism, rates, and consequences of basaltic glass dissolution: I. An experimental study of the dissolution rates of basaltic glass as a function of pH, and temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 3817-3832.
17. HAFLIDASON, H., EIRIKSSON, J. & VAN KREVELD, S. 2000. The tephrochronology of Iceland and the North Atlantic region during the Middle and Late Quaternary: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science, 15, 3-22.
18. HARDARDÓTTIR, J., GEIRSDÓTTIR, Á. & THÓRDARSON, T. 2001. Tephra layers in a sediment core from Lake Hestvatn, southern Iceland: implications for evaluating sedimentation processes and environmental impacts on a lacustrine system caused by tephra fall deposits in the surrounding watershed. In: WHITE, J.D.L. & RIGGS, N.R. (eds) Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Lacustrine Settings. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publications, 30, 225-246.
19. HEKINIAN, R. & MOFFERT, M. 1975. Rate of palagonization and manganese coating on basaltic rocks from the Rift Valley in the Atlantic Ocean near 36°50′N. Marine Geology, 19, 91-109.
20. HERDIANITA, N.R., BROWNE, P.R.L., RODGERS, K.A. & CAMPBELL, K.A. 2000. Mineralogical and textural changes accompanying ageing of silica sinter. Mineralium Deposita, 35, 48-62.
21. HINMAN, N.W. 1990. Chemical factors influencing the rates and sequences of silica phase transitions: effects of organic constituents. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1563-1574.
22. HRÓARSSON, B. & JÓNSSON, S.S. 1992. Geysers and Hot Springs in Iceland. Mál og Menning, Reykjavík.
23. IONAOARRÁOUNEYTIO 1994. Innlendar orkulindir til vinnslu raforku. Ionaoarráouneytio, Reykjavík.
24. JAKOBSSON, S.P. & MOORE, J.G. 1986, Hydrothermal minerals and alteration rates at Surtsey volcano, Iceland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 27, 648-659.
25. JONES, B. 1988. Biostatistics in paleontology. Geoscience Canada, 15, 3-22.
26. JONES, B. & RENAUT, R.W. 2007. Microstructural changes accompanying the opal-A to opal-CT transition: new evidence from the siliceous sinters of Geysir, Haukadalur, Iceland. Sedimentology, 54, 921-948.
27. JONES, B., RENAUT, R.W. & KONHAUSER, K.O. 2005. Genesis of large siliceous stromatolites at Frying Pan Lake, Waimangu geothermal field, North Island, New Zealand. Sedimentology, 52, 1229-1252.
28. KONHAUSER, K.O., PHOENIX, V.R., BOTTRELL, S.H., ADAMS, D.G. & HEAD, I.M. 2001. Microbial - silica interactions in Icelandic hot spring sinter: possible analogues for some Precambrian siliceous stromatolites. Sedimentology, 48, 415-433.
29. LUTZ, S.J., CASKEY, S.J., MILDENHALL, D.D., BROWNE, P.R.L. & JOHNSON, S.D. 2002. Dating sinter deposits in northern Dixie Valley, Nevada - the paleoseismic record and implications for the Dixie Valley geothermal system. In: Proceedings 27th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 284-290.
30. LYNNE, B.Y., CAMPBELL, K.A., PERRY, R.S., BROWNE, P.R.L. & MOORE, J.N. 2006. Acceleration of sinter diagenesis in an active fumarole, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geology, 34, 749-752.
31. 4 and other acid Hekla tephra layers. Jökull, 27, 28-46.
32. MORRIS, W. 1975. Dagbækur úr Íslandsteroum 1871-1873. Mál og Menning, Reykjavik.
33. NIELSEN, N. 1937. Renewed activity of the Great Geysir. Geographical Journal, 89, 451-454.
34. NIELSEN, N. 1940. En dag ved Stori Geysir. Islandsk arbog 1940. Gyldendal, Copenhagen, 44-55.
35. OELKERS, E.H. & GÍSLASON, S.R. 2001. The mechanism, rates, and consequences of basaltic glass dissolution: I. An experimental study of the dissolution rates of basaltic glass as a function of aqueous Al, Si, and oxalic acid concentrations at 25 °C and pH = 3 and 11. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 3671-3681.
36. OGAWA, Y. & KAWATA, T. 1998. Preservation of biogenic opal-A in earliest Cretaceous radiolarian claystone from the western Pacific. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 68, 435-439.
37. PEEK, C.E. 1882. Across Iceland by the Sprengisander Route. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 4, 129-140.
38. POLLARD, A.M., BLOCKLEY, S.P.E. & WARD, K.R. 2003. Chemical alteration of tephra in the depositional environment: theoretical stability modelling. Journal of Quaternary Science, 18, 385-394.
39. RODGERS, K.A. 2001. Silica phases of New Zealand sinters. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 134, 112-113.
40. RODGERS, K.A., BROWNE, P.R.L. & BUDDLE, T.F. ET AL. 2004. Silica phases in sinters and residues from geothermal fields of New Zealand. Earth-Science Reviews, 66, 1-61.
41. RUSSELL, W.S.C. 1911. Physiographical features of Iceland. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 43, 489-500.
42. STORM, G. 1888. Oddaverjaannáll. In: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Groendahl, Christiania (Oslo), 427-491.
43. STRONCIK, N.A. & SCHMINCKE, H.-U. 2002. Palagonite - a review. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 680-697.
44. STURCHIO, N.C., DUNKLEY, P.N. & SMITH, M. 1993. Climate-driven variations in geothermal activity in the northern Kenya rift valley. Nature, 362, 233-234.
45. THORARINSSON, S. 1940. Um aldur Geysis. Náttúrufræoingurinn, 19, 34-41.
46. THORARINSSON, S. 1944. Tefrokronologiska studier pa Island. Pjorsardalur och Dess Forodelse. Geografiska Annaler, 26, 1-217.
47. THORARINSSON, S. 1949a. Some tephrochronological contributions to the volcanology and glaciology of Iceland. Geografiska Annaler, 31, 239-2562.
48. THORARINSSON, S. 1949b. Um aldur Geysis. Náttúrufræoingurinn, 19, 34-41.
49. THORARINSSON, S. 1951. Laxargljufur and Laxarhraun: a tephrochronology study. Geografiska Annaler, 33, 1-89.
50. THORARINSSON, S. 1979. Tephrochronology and its application in Iceland. Jökull, 29, 33-36.
51. THORKELSSON, T. 1937. Aoferoir til ao vekja upp goshveri. Morgunblaoio, 20 October 1937, Reykjavík.
52. THORODDSEN, T. 1899. Landskjálftar á Íslandi. Hio íslendinga bókmenntafélag, Kaupmannahöfn.
53. TORFASON, H. 1985. The Great Geysir. Geysir Conservation Committee, Reykjavík.
54. TORFASON, H. 2006. Geysir í Haukadal. Breytingar á rennsli og yfirboroshita vegna dælingar í Neoridal og Kjarnholtum 2005. Náttúrufræoistofnun Íslands, NI-06005.
55. TUXEN, S.L. 1938a. Bemerkungen über die erneuerte aktivität des grossen Geysir in Haukadalur. Rit Vísindafélags Ícendinga, 23, 1-25.
56. TUXEN, S.L. 1938b. Stóri Geysir paa Island samt om Geysirtheorier. Naturens Verden, 21, 118-142.
57. WOLFF-BOENISCH, D., GISLASON, S.R., OELKERS, E.H. & PUTNIS, C.V. 2004. The dissolution rates of natural glasses as a function of their composition at pH 4 and 10.6, and temperatures from 25 to 74 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 4843-4858.