Language of the lost: An explication of stigma communication

Communication Theory

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 462-485

  Smith, Rachel A ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION; LANGUAGE;

EID: 35649020260     PISSN: 10503293     EISSN: 14682885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00307.x     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., Bown, N. J., & Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-norm deviance within in-groups and out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 906-912.
2. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
3. Alexander, M. G., Brewer, M. B., & Herrmann, R. K. (1999). Images and affect: A functional analysis of out-group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 78-93.
4. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
5. Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (p. 16). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., et al. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feelings for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105-118.
7. Berlex Laboratories. (1995). Positive health decisions: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) [Brochure]. Montville, NJ: Author.
8. Beveridge, A. (1996). Images of madness in the films of Walt Disney. Psychiatric Bulletin, 20, 618-620.
9. Bishop, G. D., Alva, A. L., Cantu, L., & Rittiman, T. K. (1991). Responses to persons with AIDS: Fear of contagion or stigma? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1877-1888.
10. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Lickel, B. (2000). Stigma, threat, and social interactions. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 307-333). New York: Guilford Press.
11. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 475-482.
13. Brewer, M. B. (1997). The social psychology of intergroup relations: Can research inform practice? Journal of Social Issues, 53, 197-211.
14. Brewer, M. B., & Alexander, M. G. (2002). Intergroup emotions and images. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup relations: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 209-225). New York: Psychology Press.
15. Brown, L., Macintyre, K., & Trujillo, L. (2003). Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned? AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 49-69.
16. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3, 14-25.
17. Chandra, P. S., Deepthivarma, S., & Manjula, V. (2003). Disclosure of HIV in South India: Patterns, reasons and reactions. AIDS Care, 15, 207-215.
18. Cioffi, D. (2000). The looking-glass self revisited: Behavior choice and self-perception in the social token. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), Social psychology of stigma (pp. 184-219). New York: Guilford Press.
19. Cohen, G. L., & Garcia, J. (2005). "I am us": Negative stereotypes as collective threats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 566-582.
20. Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to "prejudice". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789.
21. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 504-553). Boston: McGraw Hill.
22. Curtis, P. (1992). Mudding: Social phenomena in text-based virtual realities. Intertek, 3, 26-34.
23. Dailey, C. (1952). The effects of premature conclusion upon the acquisition of understanding of a person. Journal of Personality, 32, 149-150.
24. Deaux, K., Reid, A., Mizrahi, K., & Ethier, K. A. (1995). Parameters of social identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 280-291.
25. DeBono, K. G., & Snyder, M. (1995). Acting on one's attitudes: The role of a history of choosing situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 629-636.
26. DeTurck, M. A. (2002). Persuasive effects of product warning labels. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), Persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 213-232). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
28. Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Harrison, K. (1999). The problem of us versus them and AIDS stigma. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1212-1228.
29. Devos, T., Silver, L. A., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). Experiencing intergroup emotions. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 111-134). New York: Psychology Press.
30. de Waal, F. B. M. (1989). Food sharing and reciprocal obligations among chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution, 18, 433-459.
31. Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.
32. Dovidio, J., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1-28). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Ekman, P. (Ed.). (1982). Emotion in the human face. New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), The handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45-60). Sussex, UK: Wiley.
35. Fabrigar, L. R., Priester, J. R., Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1998). The impact of attitude accessibility on elaboration of persuasive messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 339-352.
36. Farina, A., Allen, J. G., & Saul, B. (1968). The role of the stigmatized in affecting social relationships. Journal of Personality, 36, 169-182.
37. Festinger, L. (1957). A cognitive theory of dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
38. Fine, M., & Asch, A. (1988). Disability beyond stigma: Social interaction, discrimination, and activism. Journal of Social Issues, 44, 3-21.
39. Fiske, S. (1980). Attention and weight in person perception: The impact of negative and extreme behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 889-908.
40. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. New York: Pantheon.
41. Frable, D. E. (1993). Dimensions of marginality: Distinctions among those who are different. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 370-380.
42. Fredriksson, J., & Kanabus, A. (2007). HIV & AIDS discrimination and stigma. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.avert.org/ aidsstigma.html.
43. Frijda, N. (1987). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
44. Gerbner, G. (1995). Casting and fate: Women and minorities on television drama, game shows, and news. In E. Hollander, D. Van der Linden, & P. Rutten (Eds.), Communication, culture, community (pp. 125-135). Houten, The Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.
45. Gilbert, R. (2000). Strange notions: Treatments of early modern hermaphrodites. In J. Hubert (Ed.), Madness, disability, and social exclusion: The archaeology and anthropology of "difference" (pp. 168-179). London: Routledge.
46. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
47. Goodall, J. (1986). Social rejection, exclusion, and shunning among the Gombe chimpanzees. Ethology and Sociobiology, 7, 227-236.
48. Greene, K., Frey, L., & Derlega, V. (2002). Interpersonalizing AIDS: Attending to the personal and social relationships of individuals living with HIV and/or AIDS. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19, 5-17.
49. Gunn, J. (2004). The rhetoric of exorcism: George W. Bush and the return of political demonology. Western Journal of Communication, 68, 1-23.
50. Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701-713.
51. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336-355.
52. Heath, C. (1996). Do people prefer to pass along good or bad news? Valence and relevance of news as predictors of transmission propensity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 79-94.
53. Heath, C., Bell, C., & Sternberg, E. (2001). Emotional selections in memes: The case of urban legends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1028-1041.
54. Hebb, D. O., & Thompson, R. (1968). The social significance of animal studies. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2. Research methods (2nd ed., pp. 729-774). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
55. Herek, G. M. (1986). The instrumentality of attitudes: Toward a neofunctional theory. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 99-114.
56. Herek, G. M. (1987). Can functions be measured? A new perspective on the functional approach to attitudes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50, 285-303.
57. Herek, G. M. (1990). Illness, stigma, and AIDS. In P. T. Costa, Jr. & G. R. VandenBos (Eds.), Psychological aspects of serious illness: Chronic conditions, fatal diseases, and clinical care (pp. 103-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
58. Herek, G. M. (1999). AIDS and stigma. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1106-1116.
59. Herek, G. M. (2002). Thinking about AIDS and stigma: A psychologist's perspective. Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 30, 594-607.
60. Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1998). Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20, 230-241.
61. Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1988). An epidemic of stigma: Public reactions to AIDS. American Psychologist, 43, 886-891.
62. Hilton, D. J., & Slugoski, B. R. (1986). Knowledge-based causal attribution: The abnormal conditions focus model. Psychological Review, 93, 75-88.
63. Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16, 7-30.
64. Hubert, J. (2000). The social, individual and moral consequences of physical exclusion in long-stay institutions. In J. Hubert (Ed.), Madness, disability, and social exclusion: The archaeology and anthropology of "difference"(pp. 196-207). London: Routledge.
65. Hyland, J. (2000). Leprosy and social exclusion in Nepal: The continuing conflict between medical and socio-cultural beliefs and practices. In J. Hubert (Ed.), Madness, disability, and social exclusion: The archaeology and anthropology of "difference" (pp. 168-179). London: Routledge.
66. Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
67. Jankovic, J. (2001). Tourette's syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1184-1193.
68. Jelen, T. G., & Wilcox, C. (1992). Symbolic and instrumental values as predictors of AIDS policies. Social Science Quarterly, 73, 736-749.
69. Jodelet, D. (1991). Madness and social representations: Living with the mad in one French community. California: University of California Press.
70. Johnson, K. (1998). Deinstitutionalizing women: An ethnographic study of institutional closure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
71. Jones, C. P. (1987). Stigma: Tattooing and branding in Graeco-Roman antiquity. Journal of Roman Studies, 77, 139-155.
72. Jones, E., & Davis, K. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 220-266). New York: Academic Press.
73. Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: W.H. Freeman.
74. Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
75. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotion at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 505-521.
76. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
77. Leary, M. R., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (1998). The stigmatization of HIV and AIDS: Rubbing salt in the wound. In V. J. Derlega & A. P. Barbee (Eds.), HIV and social interaction (pp. 12-29). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
78. Lee, S., Chiu, M. Y. L., Tsang, A., Chui, H., & Kleinman, A. (2006). Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 62, 1685-1696.
79. LePoire, B. (1994). Attraction toward and nonverbal stigmatization of gay males and persons with AIDS: Evidence of symbolic over instrumental attitudinal structures. Human Communication Research, 21, 241-279.
80. Lewis, A. C., & Sherman, S. J. (2003). Hiring you makes me look bad: Social-identity based reversals of the ingroup favoritism effect. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 262-276.
81. Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2006). A pain by any other name (rejection, exclusion, ostracism) still hurts the same: The role of dorsal anterior cingulated cortex in social and physical pain. In J. T. Cacioppo, P. S. Visser, & C. L. Pickett (Eds.), Social neuroscience: People thinking about thinking people (pp. 167-187). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
82. Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989). A modified labeling theory approach in the area of mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociology Review, 54, 100-123.
83. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385.
84. Looy, H. (2004). Embodied and embedded morality: Divinity, identity, and disgust. Zygon, 39, 219-235.
85. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
86. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). From prejudice to intergroup relations: Differentiated reactions to social groups. New York: Psychology Press.
87. Markowitz, F. E. (1998). The effects of stigma on the psychological well-being and life satisfaction of persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 335-348.
88. Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., & Serôdio, R. (2001). Being better by being right: Subjective group dynamics and derogation of in-group deviants when generic norms are undermined. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 436-447.
89. Marques, J. M., & Paez, D. (1994). The "black sheep effect": Social categorization, rejection of ingroup deviates, and perception of group variability. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology: Vol. 5 (pp. 37-68). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
90. McCormick, L. K., Bartholomew, L. K., Lewis, M. J., Brown, M. W., & Hanson, I. C. (1997). Parental perceptions of barriers to childhood immunization: Results of focus groups conducted in an urban population. Health Education and Research: Theory and Practice, 12, 355-362.
91. Mendes, W. B., & Blascovich, J. (1999, June). Perceptions of stigmatization on cardiovascular reactivity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Denver, CO.
92. Miller, C. T., & Major, B. (2000). Coping with stigma and prejudice. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 243-272). New York: Guilford Press.
93. Mooney, K. M., Cohn, E. S., & Swift, M. B. (1992). Physical distance and AIDS: Too close for comfort? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1442-1452.
94. Morone, J. A. (1997). Enemies of the people: The moral dimension to public health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 22, 993-1020.
95. Nabi, R. (1998). The effect of disgust-eliciting visuals on attitudes toward animal experimentation. Communication Quarterly, 46, 472-484.
96. Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D. M., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 31-61). New York: Guilford Press.
97. Papadopoulos, J. K. (2000). Skeletons in wells: Toward an archaeology of social exclusion in the ancient Greek world. In J. Hubert (Ed.), Madness, disability, and social exclusion: The archaeology and anthropology of "difference"(pp. 96-118). London: Routledge.
98. Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 13-24.
99. Person, B., Sy, F., Holton, K., Govert, B., & Liang, A. (2004). NCID/ SARS Emergency Outreach Team. Fear and stigma: The epidemic within the SARS outbreak. Emergency Infectious Disease, 10 (2), 358-363 [serial online]. Retrieved June 30, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/ vol10no2/03-0750.htm.
100. Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., Vinacco, R., & Kott, T. L. (1989). The instrumental and symbolic functions of attitudes toward persons with AIDS. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 377-404.
101. Roser, C., & Thompson, M. (1995). Fear appeals and the formation of active publics. Journal of Communication, 45, 103-121.
102. Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (1997). Attitude accessibility and persuasion: Review and a transactive model. In B. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 20 (pp. 185-225). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
103. Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Arpan-Ralstin, L. A., & St. Pierre, J. (2002). Attitude accessibility and persuasion: The quick and the strong. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), Persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 39-61). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
104. Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Bichsel, J., & Hoffman, K. (2002). The influence of accessibility of source likability on persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 137-143.
105. Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., & Fazio, R. H. (1992). On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 198-211.
106. Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Yu, H. J., & Rhodes, N. (2004). Fear appeal messages affect accessibility of attitudes toward the threat and adaptive behaviors. Communication Monographs, 71, 49-69.
107. Rozin, P., Markwith, M., & McCauley, C. (1994). Sensitivity to indirect contact with other person: AIDS aversion as a composite of aversion to strangers, infection, moral taint, and misfortune. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 495-504.
108. Schaller, M., & Conway, L. G. III. (1999). Influence of impression management goals on the emerging contents of group stereotypes: Support for a social-evolutionary process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 819-833.
109. Schaller, M., Conway, L. G., III, & Tanchuk, T. L. (2002). Selective pressures on the once and future contents of ethnic stereotypes: Effects of the communicability of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 861-877.
110. Schneider, A. L., Snyder-Joy, Z., & Hopper, M. (1993). Rational and symbolic models of attitudes toward AIDS policy. Social Science Quarterly, 74, 349-366.
111. Signorielli, N. (1989). The stigma of mental illness on television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 33, 325-333.
112. Smith, R. A. (2007). Media depictions of health topics: Challenge and stigma formats. Journal of Health Communication, 12, 233-249.
113. Smith, R. A., Ferrara, M., & Witte, K. (2007). Social sides of health risks: Stigma and collective efficacy. Health Communication, 21, 1-10.
114. Smith, R. A., Han, S., & Miller, W. (2006, June). Blighted evacuees or wrathful storms: Investigating stigma and challenge frames in newspaper articles. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany.
115. Smith, R. A., & Morrison, D. (2006). The impact of stigma, experience, and group referent on HIV risk assessments and HIV testing intentions in Namibia. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2649-2660.
116. Snyder, M., Omoto, A. M., & Crain, A. L. (1999). Punished for their good deeds: Stigmatization of AIDS volunteers. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1175-1192.
117. Stockholder, J. E. (1994). Naming and renaming persons with intellectual disabilities. In M. H. Riouz & M. Bach (Eds.), Disability is not measles: New research paradigms in disability (pp. 153-179). Ontario, Canada: L'Institut Roeher Institute.
118. Sunwolf, & Leets, L. (2003). Communication paralysis during peer-group exclusion: Social dynamics that prevent children and adolescents from expressing disagreement. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22, 355-384.
119. Tajfel, H. (1959). Quantitative judgement in social perception. British Journal of Psychology, 50, 16-29.
120. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
121. Trafimow, D., Bromgard, I. K., Finlay, K. A., & Ketelaar, T. (2005). The role of affect in determining the attributional weight of immoral behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 935-948.
122. UNAIDS. (2004, September). Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
123. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General-Executive Summary. Rockville, MD: Author.
124. Wahl, O. F. (1995). Media madness: Public images of mental illness. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
125. Wahl, O. F. (2003). Depictions of mental illnesses children's media. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 249-258.
126. Wahl, O. F., Wood, A., & Richards, R. (2002). Newspaper coverage of mental illness: Is it changing? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 9-31.
127. Walter, G. (2000). The psychiatric patient in American cartoons, 1941-1990. Humor, 13, 7-17.
128. Weinstein, N. D. (1988). The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 7, 355-386.
129. Wiener, L. S., Battles, H. B., & Heilman, N. (2000). Public disclosure of child' HIV infection: Impact on children and families. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 12, 485-497.
130. Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
131. Wilson, C., Nairn, R., Coverdale, J., & Panapa, A. (1999). Constructing mental illness as dangerous: A pilot study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 240-247.
132. Wilson, C., Nairn, R., Coverdale, J., & Panapa, A. (2000). How mental illness is portrayed in children's television: A prospective study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 440-443.
133. Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349.
134. World Health Organization. (2001). The world health report 2001-Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
135. Wright, E. R., Gonfrein, W. P., & Owens, T. J. (2000). Deinstitutionalization, social rejection, and the self-esteem of former mental patients. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 68-90.
136. Wu, C., & Shaffer, D. R. (1987). Susceptibility to persuasive appeals as a function of source credibility and prior experience with the attitude object. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 677-688.