Mechanisms of Disease: WNK-ing at the mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension

Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology

Volumn 3, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 623-630

  Huang, Chou Long ^a   Kuo, Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Dietary potassium intake; Gordon's syndrome; Potassium deficiency; Salt sensitive hypertension; WNK kinase

Indexed keywords

POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROTEIN KINASE WNK1; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; SODIUM CHANNEL; SODIUM CHLORIDE COTRANSPORTER;

GENE DELETION; GORDON SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INTRON; PATHOGENESIS; POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SECRETION; SODIUM ABSORPTION; SODIUM RETENTION;

HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, RENAL; HYPOKALEMIA; KIDNEY TUBULES; POTASSIUM; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY;

EID: 35549003692     PISSN: 17458323     EISSN: 17458331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0638     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Ambard L and Beaujard E (1904) Causes of arterial hypertension [French]. Arch Gen Med 1: 520-530
2. Allen FM (1922) Treatment of arterial hypertension. Med Clin N Am 6: 475-485
3. Dole VP et al. (1950) Dietary treatment of hypertension: clinical and metabolic studies of patients on the rice-fruit diet. J Clin Invest 29: 1189-1206
4. Dole VP et al. (1951) Dietary treatment of hypertension: II. Sodium depletion as related to the therapeutic effect. J Clin Invest 30: 584-595
5. Dole VP et al. (1953) Dietary treatment of hypertension: III. The effect of protein on appetite and weight. J Clin Invest 32: 185-191
6. Dahl LK et al. (1962) Role of genetic factors in susceptibility to experimental hypertension due to chronic excess of salt ingestion. Nature 194: 480-482
7. Dahl LK and Heine M (1975) Primary role of renal homografts in setting chronic blood pressure levels in rats. Circ Res 36: 692-696
8. Dahl LK (1972) Salt and hypertension. Am J Clin Nutri 25: 231-244
9. Hall JE et al. (1996) Pressure-volume regulation in hypertension. Kidney Int 49 (suppl 55): S35-S41
10. Lifton RP et al. (2001) Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 104: 545-556
11. Johnson RJ et al. (2005) Subtle renal injury is likely a common mechanism for salt-sensitive essential hypertension. Hypertension 45: 326-330
12. Eaton SB and Konner M (1985) Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 312: 283-289
13. Langford HG (1983) Dietary potassium and hypertension: epidemiologic data. Ann Intern Med 98: 770-772
14. Lever AF et al. (1981) Sodium and potassium in essential hypertension. Br Med J 283: 463-468
15. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group (1988) Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Br Med J 297: 319-328
16. Kaplan NM et al. (1985) Potassium supplementation in hypertensive patients with diuretic-induced hypokalemia. N Engl J Med 312: 746-749
17. Morris RC et al. (1999) Normotensive salt sensitivity: effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension 33: 18-23
18. Dahl LK et al. (1972) Influence of dietary potassium and sodium/potassium molar ratios on the development of salt hypertension. J Exp Med 136: 318-330
19. Appel LJ et al. (1997) A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336: 1117-1124
20. Sacks FM et al. (2001) Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 344: 3-10
21. Appel LJ et al. (2006) Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 47: 296-308
22. Whelton PK et al. (1997) Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 277: 1624-1632
23. Johnson RJ et al. (2005) A unifying pathway for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 18: 431-440
24. Smith SJ et al. (1985) Moderate potassium chloride supplementation in essential hypertension: is it additive to moderate sodium restriction? Br Med J 290: 110-113
25. Krishna GG et al. (1987) Mild potassium depletion provokes renal sodium retention. J Lab Clin Med 109: 724-730
26. Grimm RH Jr et al. (1990) The influence of oral potassium chloride on blood pressure in hypertensive men on a low-sodium diet. N Engl J Med 322: 569-574
27. Krishna GG and Kapoor SC (1991) Potassium depletion exacerbates essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 115: 77-83
28. Krishna GG et al. (1989) Increased blood pressure during potassium depletion in normotensive men. N Engl J Med 320: 1177-1182
29. Xu B et al. (2000) WNK1, a novel mammalian serine/ threonine protein kinase lacking the catalytic lysine in subdomain II. J Biol Chem 275: 16795-16801
30. Verissimo F and Jordan P (2001) WNK kinases, a novel protein kinase subfamily in multi-cellular organisms. Oncogene 20: 5562-5569
31. O'Reilly M et al. (2003) WNK1, a gene within a novel blood pressure control pathway, tissue-specifically generates radically different isoforms with and without a kinase domain. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2447-2456
32. Delaloy C et al. (2003) Multiple promoters in the WNK1 gene: one controls expression of a kidney-specific kinase-defective isoform. Mol Cell Biol 23: 9208-9221
33. Subramanya AR et al. (2006) Dominant-negative regulation of WNK1 by its kidney-specific kinase-defective isoform. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F619-F624
34. Lazrak A et al. (2006) Antagonistic regulation of ROMK by long and kidney-specific WNK1 isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 1615-1620
35. Wade JB et al. (2006) WNK1 kinase isoform switch regulates renal potassium excretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8558-8563
36. Gordon RD (1986) Syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia with normal glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension 8: 93-102
37. Wilson FH et al. (2001) Human hypertension caused by mutations in WNK kinases. Science 293: 1107-1112
38. Xu B et al. (2005) WNK1 activates SGK1 to regulate the epithelial sodium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 10315-10320
39. Yang CL et al. (2005) Mechanisms of WNK1 and WNK4 interaction in the regulation of thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransport. J Clin Invest 115: 1379-1387
40. + secretion. Nat Genet 35: 372-376
41. He G et al. (2007) Intersectin links WNK kinases to endocytosis of ROMK1. J Clin Invest 117: 1078-1088
42. Wilson FH et al. (2003) Molecular pathogenesis of inherited hypertension with hyperkalemia: the Na-Cl cotransporter is inhibited by wild-type but not mutant WNK4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 680-684
43. Yamauchi K et al. (2004) Disease-causing mutant WNK4 increases paracellular chloride permeability and phosphorylates claudins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 4690-4694
44. Lalioti MD et al. (2006) WNK4 controls blood pressure and potassium homeostasis via regulation of mass and activity of the distal convoluted tubule. Nat Genet 38: 1124-1132
45. D561A/+ knockin mouse model. Cell Metab 5: 331-344
46. Mayan H et al. (2004) Hypercalciuria in familial hyperkalemia and hypertension accompanies hyperkalemia and precedes hypertension: description of a large family with the Q565E WNK4 mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 4025-4030
47. Chu PY et al. (2003) Dietary potassium restriction stimulates endocytosis of ROMK in rat cortical collecting duct. Am J Physiol 285: F1179-F1187
48. O'Reilly M et al. (2006) Dietary electrolyte-driven responses in the renal WNK kinase pathway in vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 2402-2413