Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 651-679

  Branco, Fernando ^a   Cardenas, Diana D ^b   Svircev, Jelena N ^c,d  

^a University of Miami Miller School of Medicine ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETHANECHOL; BISACODYL; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DALTEPARIN; DIAZEPAM; DOCUSATE SODIUM; DOXAZOSIN; ENOXAPARIN; EPHEDRINE; ETIDRONIC ACID; HYOSCYAMINE; INDOMETACIN; ISPAGULA; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; OXYBUTYNIN; PAPAVERINE; PRAZOSIN; PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; SENNA EXTRACT; SILDENAFIL; TADALAFIL; TERAZOSIN; TESTOSTERONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARDENAFIL;

CERVICAL SPINE; CONSTIPATION; DEFECATION DISORDER; DIZZINESS; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FATIGUE; FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; FERTILITY; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INCIDENCE; LUMBAR SPINE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; ORTHOSIS; PENIS PROSTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SACRAL SPINAL CORD; SEIZURE; SEXUALITY; SIDE EFFECT; SPASTICITY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SWEATING; THORACIC SPINE; THROMBOSIS; URINE INCONTINENCE; XEROSTOMIA;

ADULT; AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; ORTHOTIC DEVICES; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD INJURIES;

EID: 35548941803     PISSN: 10479651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2007.07.010     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Sekhon L., and Fehlings M. Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine 26 Suppl 24 (2001) S2-S12
2. Spinal cord injury: facts and figures at a glance. J Spinal Cord Med 29 5 (2006) 591-592
3. Lasfargues J.E., Custis D., Morrone F., et al. A model for estimating spinal cord injury in the United States. Paraplegia 33 (1995) 62-68
4. Jackson A., Dijkers M., Devivo M., et al. A demographic profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries: change and stability over 30 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 11 (2004) 1740-1748
5. Bryce Thomas N, Ragnarsonsson, Stein Adam B. Spinal cord injury Chapter 56. In: Randall L. Braddom, editor. Physical medicine and rehabilitation. 3rd edition. 2006. p. 1285-349.
6. American Spinal Cord Injury Association and the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, revised 2000, Chicago.
7. Eismont F.J., Arena M.J., and Green B.A. Extrusion of an intervertebral disc associated with traumatic subluxation or dislocation of cervical facets: case report. J Bone Joint Surg 73 (1991) 1555-1560
8. Bono C.M., Vives M.J., and Kauffman C.P. Cervical injuries: indications and options for surgery. Spinal Cord Medicine 9 (2002) 131-141
9. Apple D.F., and Perez M. Prospective study of orthotic use after operative stabilization of traumatic thoracic and lumbar fractures. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 12 2 (2006) 77-82
10. Redford J, Ogle A, Robinson R. PM&R Secrets, Spinal Orthoses Chapter 107, 1997. p. 570-573.
11. O&P Desk Reference, Lexel Publishing Company, Inc., 1995.
12. Coleman W.P., Benzel D., Cahil D.W., et al. A critical appraisal of the reporting of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (II and III) of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. J Spinal Disord 13 (2000) 185-199
13. Gorio A., Ferrari G., Fusco M., et al. Gangliosides and their effects on rearranging peripheral and central neural pathways. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma 1 (1984) 29-37
14. Rapalino O., Lazarov-Spiegler O., Agranov E., et al. Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats. Nat Med 4 (1998) 814-821
15. Schurch B., Stohrer M., and Kramer G. Botulinum toxin-A to treat detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients. J Urol 164 (2000) 692-697
16. Cardenas D.D., and Mayo M.E. Bacteriuria with Fever after Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68 5 (1987) 291-293
17. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines. Bladder management for adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care providers. 2006. p. 15-6.
18. Benevento B.T., and Sipski M.L. Neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, and sexual dysfunction in people with spinal cord injury. Phys Ther 82 (2002) 601-612
19. Consortium for spinal cord medicine: neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury (1998), Paralyzed Veterans of America, Washington, DC
20. Lynch A.C., Antony A., Dobbs B.R., et al. Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 39 (2001) 193-203
21. Valles M., Vidal J., Clave P., et al. Bowel dysfunction in patients with motor complete spinal cord injury: clinical, neurological, and pathophysiological associations. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 2290-2299
22. Carson CC, Roberston CN. Late hematogenous infection of penile prosthesis. J Urol 139:50-2.
23. Kappor V.K., Chahal A.S., Jyoti S.P., et al. Intracavernous papaverine for impotence in spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 31 10 (1993) 675-677
24. Beretta G., Zanollo A., Ascani L., et al. Prostaglandin E1 in the therapy of erectile deficiency. Acta Eur Fertil 20 5 (1989) 305-308
25. Linet O.I., and Ogrinc F.G. Efficacy and safety of intracavernosal alprostadil in men with erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 873-877
26. Tang S.F., Chu N.K., and Wong M.K. Intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 in spinal cord injured patients with erectile dysfunction. Paraplegia 33 12 (1995) 731-733
27. Wethman P., and Rajfer J. MUSE therapy: preliminary clinical observations. Urol 50 5 (1997) 809-811
28. Schmid D.M., Schurch B., and Hauri D. Sildenafil in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in spinal cord-injured male patients. Eur Urol 38 2 (2000) 184-193
29. Giuliano F., Hultling C., El Masry W.S., et al. Randomized trial of sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in spinal cord injury. Sildenafil Study Group. Annals of Neurology 46 1 (1999) 15-21
30. Govier F., Potempa A.J., Kaufman J., et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of patient preference for tadalafil 20 mg or sildenafil citrate 50 mg during initiation of treatment for erectile dysfunction. Clin Ther 11 (2003) 2709-2723
31. Giuliano F, Rubio-Aurioles E, Kennelly M, et al. Vardenafil Study Group. Efficacy and safety of vardenafil in men with erectile dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. 2006;66(2):210-16.
32. Becher E.F., Bechara A., and Casabe A. Clitoral hemodynamic changes after a topical application of alprostadil. J Sex Marital Ther 27 (2001) 405-410
33. Islam A., Mitachel J., Rosen R., et al. Topical alprostadil in the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: a pilot study. J Sex Marital Ther 27 (2001) 531-540
34. Berman JR, Berman LA, Lin H, et al. Effect of sildenafil on subjective and physiologic parameters of the female sexual response in women with sexual arousal disorder.
35. Sipski M.L., Alexander C.J., Rosen R.C., et al. Sildenafil effects on sexual and cardiovascular responses in women with spinal cord injury. Urology 55 (2000) 812-815
36. Ducharme S.H., and Gill K.M. Sexuality and disability. In: Diamant L., and Mc Anulty R. (Eds). The psychology of sexual orientation, behavior and identity: a handbook (1995), Greenwood Press, Westport (CT) 348-409
37. Baker E.R., Cardenas D.D., and Benedetti T.J. Risks associated with pregnancy in spinal cord injured women. Obstet Gynecol 80 3 (1992) 425-428
38. Snow J.C., Sideropoulos H.P., Kripke B.J., et al. Autonomic hyperreflexia during cystoscopy in patients with high spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 15 (1978) 327-332
39. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Acute management of autonomic dysreflexia: individuals with spinal cord injury presenting to health care facilities (1997), Paralyzed Veterans of America, Washington, DC
40. James J., and Cardenas D.D. Spinal cord injury. In: Garrison S.J. (Ed). Handbook of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2nd edition (2003), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 270-295
41. Maynard F.M., Karunas R.S., Adkins A.H., et al. Management of the neuromusculoskeletal systems. Spinal cord injury, clinical outcomes from the model systems (1995), Aspen, Gaithersburg (MD) p. 145-69
42. Banovac K., Estores I., Sherman A., et al. Prevention and treatment of heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 27 4 (2004) 376-382
43. Schaeffer M., and Sosner J. Heterotopic ossification: treatment of established bone with radiation therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 (1995) 284-286
44. Cardenas DD. Current concepts of rehabilitation of spinal cord injury patients.
45. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury; 1997.
46. Green LA. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Presented at the Programs and abstracts of the American Academy of Family Physicians 2005 Scientific Assembly. San Francisco (CA), September 28-October 2, 2005.
47. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury. 2nd edition (1999), Paralyzed Veterans of America, Washington, DC
48. Jackson A.B., and Groomes T.E. Incidence of respiratory complications following spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1999) 270-275
49. Jaeger R.J., Turba R.M., Yarkony G.M., et al. Cough in spinal cord injured patients: comparison of three methods to produce cough. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74 (1993) 1358-1361
50. Lance J.W. Symposium synopsis. In: Feldman R.G., Young R.R., and Koella W.P. (Eds). Spasticity: disordered motor control (1980), Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago 485-494
51. Bohannon R.W., and Smith M.B. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 67 (1987) 206-207
52. Hsieh J., and Penn R. Intrathecal Baclofen in the treatment of adult spasticity. Neurosurg Focus 21 2 (2006)
53. Cardenas D.D., Bryce T.N., Shem K., et al. Gender and minority differences in the pain experience of people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004) 1774-1781
54. Cardenas D.D., and Jensen M.P. Treatments for chronic pain in persons with spinal cord injury: a survey study. J Spinal Cord Med 29 (2006) 109-117
55. Waters R.L., Adkins R.H., Yakura J.S., et al. Motor and sensory recovery following complete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74 (1993) 242-247
56. Burns A.S., and Ditunno J.F. Establishing prognosis and maximizing functional outcomes after spinal cord injury. Spine 26 (2001) S137-S145
57. Ditunno J.F., Cohen M.E., Hauck W.W., et al. Recovery of upper-extremity strength in complete and incomplete tetraplegia: a multi center study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81 (2000) 389-393
58. Waters R.L., Yakura J.S., Adkins R.H., et al. Recovery following complete paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73 (1992) 784-789
59. Waters R.L., Adkins R.H., Yakura J.S., et al. Motor and sensory recovery following incomplete paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1994) 67-72
60. Waters R.L., Adkins R., Yakura J., et al. Prediction of ambulatory performance based on motor scores derived from standards of the American Spinal Injury Association. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1994) 756-760
61. Waters R.L., Adkins R., Yakura J., et al. Functional and neurologic recovery following acute SCI. J Spinal Cord Med 21 (1998) 195-199
62. Burns S.P., Golding D.G., Rolle W.A., et al. Recovery of ambulation potential in motor-incomplete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78 (1997) 1169-1172
63. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury: clinical practice guidelines for health-care professionals (1999), Paralyzed Veterans of America, Washington, DC
64. Gittler M.S., McKinley W.O., Stiens S.A., et al. Spinal cord injury medicine: 3. Rehabilitation Outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83 Suppl 1 (2002) S65-S71