Neuromuscular complications of thyrotoxicosis

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 67, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 645-650

  Kung, Annie W C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTITHYROID AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; PROPRANOLOL; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; THIONAMIDE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; EYE DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOKALEMIA; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE DISEASE; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; MYOPATHY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; PERIODIC PARALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SEIZURE; THYROTOXICOSIS;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADULT; AGED; ANTITHYROID AGENTS; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; THYROTOXICOSIS; TREMOR;

EID: 35449000522     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: 13652265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02909.x     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Nordyke, R.A., Gilbert, F.I. Harada, A.S.M. (1988) Graves' disease: influence of age on clinical findings. Archives of Internal Medicine, 148, 626 631.
2. Shaw, P.J. (1998) Neurological abnormalities associated with thyroid disease. In : Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vinken, P.J., Bruyn, G.W. eds. Vol. 70, Elsevier, New York, 81 110.
3. Trivalle, C., Doucet, J., Chassagne, P., Landrin, I., Kadri, N., Menard, J.F. Bercoff, E. (1996) Differences in the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in older and younger patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 50 53.
4. Feely, J. Peden, N. (1984) Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism. Drugs, 27, 425 446.
5. Klein, I., Trzepacz, P.T., Roberts, M. Levey, G.S. (1988) Symptom rating scale for assessing hyperthyroidism. Archives of Internal Medicine, 148, 387 390.
6. Heffron, W. Eaton, R.P. (1970) Thyrotoxicosis presenting as choreoathetosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 73, 425 428.
7. Marks, P., Anderson, J. Vincent, R. (1979) Choreo-athetosis with severe thyrotoxicosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 55, 830 831.
8. Clements, M.R., Hamilton, D.V. Siklos, P. (1981) Thyrotoxicosis presenting with choreoathetosis and severe myopathy. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 74, 459 460.
9. Shahar, E., Shapiro, M.S. Shenkman, L. (1988) Hyperthyroid-induced chorea: case report and review of the literature. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 24, 264 266.
10. Fishbeck, K.H. Layzer, R.B. (1979) Paroxysmal choreoathetosis associated with thyrotoxicosis. Annals of Neurology, 6, 453 454.
11. Javaid, A. Hilton, D.D. (1988) Persistent chorea as a manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 64, 789 790.
12. Amato, A.A. (2002) Endocrine myopathies and toxic myopathies. In : W. F. Brown, C. F. Bolton, M. J. Aminoff eds. Neuromuscular Function and Disease: Basic, Clinical, and Electrodiagnostic Aspects, Vol. 2. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1399 1402.
13. Ludin, H.P., Spiess, J. Koenig, M.P. (1969) Neuropathy and hyperthyroidism. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 27, 107.
14. Feibel, J.H. Campa, J.F. (1976) Thyrotoxic neuropathy (Basedow's paraplegia). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 39, 491 497.
15. Pandit, L., Shankar, S.K., Gayathri, N. Pandit, A. (1998) Acute thyrotoxic neuropathy: Basedow's paraplegia revisited. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 155, 211 214.
16. Fisher, M., Meteer, J.E., Ullrich, I. Gutrecht, J.A. (1985) Pyramidal tract deficits and polyneuropathy in hyperthyroidism: combination clinically mimicking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Medicine, 78, 1041 1044.
17. Duyff, R.F., Van den Bosch, J., Laman, D.M., Van Loon, B.J. Linssen, W.H. (2000) Neuromuscular findings in thyroid dysfunction: a prospective clinical and electrodiagnostic study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 68, 750 755.
18. Beard, L., Kumar, A. Estep, H.L. (1985) Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Graves' disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 145, 345 346.
19. Rocquier, J. Cano, J.F. (1993) Carpal tunnel syndrome and hyperthyroidism: a prospective study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 88, 149 152.
20. Ijichi, S., Niina, K., Tara, M., Nakamura, F., Ijichi, N., Izumo, S. Osame, M. (1990) Mononeuropathy associated with hyperthyroidism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 53, 1109 1110.
21. Garcia, C.A. Fleming, H. (1977) Reversible corticospinal tract disease due to hyperthyroidism. Archives of Neurology, 34, 647 648.
22. Florin, T. Walls, R.S. (1984) Neurological complications of thyrotoxicosis in the elderly. Annals of Neurology, 15, 608.
23. Shaw, P.J., Bates, D. Kendall-Taylor, P. (1988) Hyperthyrodism presenting as pyramidal tract disease. British Medical Journal, 297, 1395 1396.
24. Jabbari, B. Huott, A.D. (1980) Seizures in thyrotoxicosis. Epilepsia, 21, 91 96.
25. Primavera, A., Brusa, G. Novello, P. (1990) Thyrotoxic encephalopathy and recurrent seizures. European Neurology, 30, 186 188.
26. Skanse, B. Nyman, E. (1956) Thyrotoxicosis as a cause of cerebral dysrhythmia and convulsive seizures. Acta Neuroendocrinologica, 22, 246 263.
27. Kornstein, S.G., Sholar, E.F. Gardner, D.F. (2000) Endocrine disorders. In : A. Stoudemire, B.S. Fogel, D.B. Greenberg eds. Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, 801 819.
28. Horton, J.C. (1988) Thyroid storm presenting as coma. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 17, 343 345.
29. Laman, D.M., Berghout, A., Endtz, L.J., van der Vijver, J.C. Wattendorff, A.R. (1984) Thyroid crisis presenting as coma. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 86, 295 298.
30. Kathol, R.G. Delahunt, J.W. (1986) The relationship of anxiety and depression to symptoms of hyperthyroidism using operational criteria. General Hospital Psychiatry, 8, 23 28.
31. Trzepacz, P.T., McCue, M., Klein, I., Levey, G.S. Greenhouse, J. (1988) A psychiatric and neuropsychiatric study of patients with untreated Graves' disease. General Hospital Psychiatry, 10, 49 55.
32. Lahey, F.H. (1931) Non-activated (apathetic) type of hyperthyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine, 204, 747 749.
33. Thomas, F.B., Mazzaferri, E. Skillman, T.G. (1970) Apathetic thyrotoxicosis: a distinctive clinical and laboratory entity. Annuals of Internal Medicine, 72, 679 685.
34. Tibaldi, J.M., Barzel, U., Albin, J. Surks, M. (1986) Thyrotoxicosis in the very old. American Journal of Medicine, 81, 619 622.
35. Wagle, A.C., Wagle, S.A. Patel, A.G. (1998) Apathetic form of thyrotoxicosis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 747 748.
36. Teelucksingh, S., Pendek, R. Padfield, P.L. (1991) Apathetic thyrotoxicosis in adolescence. Journal of Internal Medicine, 229, 543 544.
37. Boyages, S.C. (2000) The neuromuscular system and brain in thyrotoxicosis. In : L.E. Braverman, R.D. Utiger eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, 8th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 631 633.
38. Ramsay, I.D. (1966) Muscle dysfunction in hyperthyroidism. Lancet, 2, 931 934.
39. Puvanendran, K., Cheah, J.S., Naganathan, N. Wong, P.K. (1979) Thyrotoxic myopathy: a clinical and quantitative analytic electromyographic study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 42, 441 451.
40. Havard, C.W., Campbell, E.D.R., Ross, H.B. Spence, A.W. (1963) Electromyographic and histological findings in the muscles of patients with thyrotoxicosis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 32, 145 163.
41. Segal, A.M., Sheeler, L.R. Wilke, W.S. (1982) Myalgia as the primary manifestation of spontaneously resolving hyperthyroidism. Journal of Rheumatology, 9, 459 461.
42. Engel, A.G. (1972) Neuromuscular manifestations of Graves' disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 47, 919 925.
43. Roelofs, R.I. Engel, W.K. (1971) Myopathies associated with systemic diseases. Postgraduate Medicine, 50, 95 101.
44. Ramsay, I.D. (1966) Muscle dysfunction in hyperthyroidism. Lancet, 29, 931 934.
45. Reinfrank, R.F., Kaufman, R.P., Wetstone, H.J. Glennon, J.A. (1967) Observations of the Achilles reflex test. Journal of the American Medical Association, 199, 1 4.
46. Kammer, G.M. Hamilton, C.R. Jr. (1974) Acute bulbar muscle dysfunction and hyperthyroidism. A study of four cases and review of the literature. American Journal of Medicine, 56, 464 470.
47. Marks, P., Anderson, J. Vincent, R. (1980) Thyrotoxic myopathy presenting as dysphagia. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 56, 669 670.
48. Sweatman, M.C. Chambers, L. (1985) Disordered oesophageal motility in thyrotoxic myopathy. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 61, 619 620.
49. Goswami, R., Guleria, R., Gupta, A.K., Gupta, N., Marwaha, R.K., Pande, J.N. Kochupillai, N. (2002) Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. European Journal of Endocrinology, 147, 299 303.
50. Mier, A., Brophy, C., Wass, J.A., Besser, G.M. Green, M. (1989) Reversible respiratory muscle weakness in hyperthyroidism. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 139, 529 533.
51. McElvaney, G.N., Wolcox, P.G., Fairbarn, M.S., Hilliam, C., Wilkins, G.E., Pare, P.D. Pardy, R.L. (1990) Respiratory muscle weakness and dyspnea in thyrotoxic patients. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 141, 1221 1227.
52. Swanson, J.W., Kelly, J.J. McConahey, W.M. (1981) Neurologic aspects of thyroid dysfunction. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 56, 504 512.
53. Martin, W.H., Spina, R.J., Kortte, E., Yarasheski, K.E., Angelopoulos, T.J., Nemeth, P.M. Saffitz, J.E. (1991) Mechanisms of impaired exercise capacity in short duration experimental hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 88, 2047 2053.
54. Lovejoy, J.C., Smith, S.R., Smith, S.R., Bray, G.A., DeLany, J.P., Rood, J.C., Gouvier, D., Windhauser, M., Ryan, D.H., Macchiavelli, R. Tulley, R. (1997) A paradigm of experimentally induced mild hyperthyroidism: effects on nitrogen balance, body composition, and energy expenditure in healthy young men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 765 770.
55. Klein, I. Ojamaa, K. (2000) Thyroid (neuro)myopathy. Lancet, 356, 614.
56. Caiozzo, V.J., Baker, M.J. Baldwin, K.M. (1998) Novel transformation in MHC isoforms: separate and combined effects of thyroid hormone and mechanical unloading. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 2237 2248.
57. Celsing, F., Blomstrand, E., Melichna, J., Terrados, N., Clausen, N., Lins, P.E. Jansson, E. (1986) Effect of hyperthyroidism on fibre area, glycogen content, and enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Clinical Physiology, 6, 171 181.
58. Alshekhlee, A., Kaminski, H.J. Ruff, R.L. (2002) Neuromuscular manifestations of endocrine disorders. Neurologic Clinics, 20, 35 58 v vi.
59. Fukui, H., Taniguchi, S., Ueta, Y., Yoshida, A., Ohtahara, A., Hisatome, I. Shigemasa, C. (2001) Enhanced activity of the purine nucleotide cycle of exercising muscle in patients with hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 2205 2210.
60. Bennett, W.R. Huston, D.P. (1984) Rhabdomyolysis in thyroid storm. American Journal of Medicine, 77, 733 735.
61. Hardiman, O., Molloy, F., Brett, F. Farrell, M. (1997) Inflammatory myopathy in thyrotoxicosis. Neurology, 48, 339 341.
62. Kiessling, W.R., Finke, R., Kotulla, P. Schleusener, H. (1982) Circulating TSH-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen), 101, 41 46.
63. Sahay, B.M., Blendia, L.M. Greence, R. (1965) Relation between myasthenia gravis and thyroid disease. British Medical Journal, 1, 762 765.
64. Christensen, P.B., Jensen, T.S., Tsiropoulos, I., Sorensen, T., Kjaer, M., Hojer-Pedersen, E., Rasmussen, M.J. Lehfeldt, E. (1995) Associated autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 91, 192 195.
65. Weissel, M. (1997) Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 3905 3906.
66. Marino, M., Ricciardi, R., Pinchera, A., Barbesino, G., Manetti, L., Chiovato, L., Braverman, L.E., Rossi, B., Muratorio, A. Mariotti, S. (1997) Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 438 443.
67. Kiessling, W.R., Pflughaupt, K.W., Ricker, K., Haubitz. I. Mertens. H.G. (1981) Thyroid function and circulating antithyroid antibodies in myasthenia graves. Neurology, 31, 771 774.
68. Peacey, S.R. Belchetz, P.E. (1993) Graves' disease associated with ocular myasthenia gravis and thymic cyst. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 86, 297 298.
69. Kaminski, H.J. Ruff, R.L. (1989) Neurologic complications of endocrine diseases. Neurologic Clinics, 7, 489 508.
70. Marinó, M., Mariotti, S., Braverman, L.E. Pinchera, A. (1997) Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid disease - authors' response. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 3905 3906.
71. Jacobson, D.M. (1995) Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology, 15, 166 170.
72. Garrity, J.A. Bahn, R.S. (2006) Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy: implications for prediction, prevention, and treatment. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 142, 147 153.
73. Kung, A.W.C. (2006) Clinical review: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91, 2490 2495.
74. McFadzean, A.J.S. Yeung, R. (1967) Periodic paralysis complicating thyrotoxicosis in Chinese. British Medical Journal, 1, 451 455.
75. Okinaka, S., Shizume, K., Lino, S., Watanabe, A., Irie, M., Noguchi, A., Kuma, S., Kuma, K. Ito, T. (1957) The association of periodic paralysis and hyperthyroidism in Japan. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17, 1454 1459.
76. Ober, K.P. (1992) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in the United States. Report of 7 cases and review of the literature. Medicine, 71, 109 120.
77. Kelley, D.E., Gharib, H., Kennedy, F.P., Duda, R.J. McManis, M.B. (1989) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Report of 10 cases and review of electromyographic findings. Archives of Internal Medicine, 149, 2597 2600.
78. Tinker, T.D. Vannatta, J.B. (1987) Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis: report of four cases and review of the literature. Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 80, 76 83.
79. Liu, Y.C., Tsai, W.S., Chau, T. Lin, S.H. (2004) Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. American Journal of Medical Science, 327, 264 267.
80. Ahlawat, S.K. Sachdev, A. (1999) Hypokalemic paralysis. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 75, 193 197.
81. Crane, M.G. (1960) Periodic paralysis associated with hyperthyroidism. California Medicine, 92, 285 288.
82. Kung, A.W.C. (2002) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. In : J.A.H. Wass, S.M. Shalet eds. Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 427 429.
83. Nora, N.A. Berns, A.S. (1989) Hypokalemic, hypophosphatemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 13, 247 249.
84. Manoukian, M.A., Foote, J.A. Crapo, L.M. (1999) Clinical and metabolic features of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 24 episodes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 601 606.
85. Chan, A., Shinde, R., Chow, C.C., Cockram, C.S. Swaminathan, R. (1991) In vivo and in vitro sodium pump activity in subjects with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. British Medical Journal, 303, 1096 1099.
86. Lam, K.S.L., Yeung, R.T.T., Benson, E.A. Wang, C. (1989) Erythrocyte sodium-potassium pump in the thyrotoxic period paralysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 19, 6 10.
87. +)-ATPase concentrations in various tissues of rates caused by thyroid hormone treatment. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 253, 723 726.
88. Lee, K.O., Taylor, E.A., Oh, V.M.S., Cheah, J.S. Aw, S.E. (1991) Hyperinsulinaemia in thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Lancet, 337, 1063 1064.
89. Dias Da Silva, M.R., Cerutti, J.M., Arnaldi, L.A. Maciel, R.M. (2002) A mutation in the KCNE3 potassium channel gene is associated with susceptibility to thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 4881 4884.
90. Lane, A.H., Markarian, K. Braziunene, I. (2004) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis associated with a mutation in the sodium channel gene SCN4A. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17, 1679 1682.
91. v1.1) and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 1340 1345.
92. v1.1) are not associated with thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Clinical Endocrinology, 56, 367 375.
93. Kung, A.W.C., Lau, K.S., Cheung, W.M.W. Chan, V. (2006) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and polymorphisms of sodium-potassium ATPase genes. Clinical Endocrinology, 64, 158 161.
94. Young, R.T.T. Tse, T.F. (1974) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Effect of propranolol. American Journal of Medicine, 57, 584 590.
95. Birkhaln, R.H., Gaeta, T.J. Melniker, L. (2000) Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and intravenous propranolol in the emergency setting. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 199 202.
96. Tassone, H., Moulin, A. Henderson, S.O. (2004) The pitfalls of potassium replacement in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 26, 157 161.
97. Lin, S.H. Lin, Y.F. (2001) Propranolol rapidly reverses paralysis, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 37, 620 623.
98. Mizuno, H., Sugiyama, Y., Nishi, Y., Ueda, N., Ohro, Y. Togari, H. (2006) Elevation of serum creatine kinase in response to medical treatment of Graves' disease in children. Acta Paediatrica, 95, 243 245.