Reproductive corticotropin releasing hormone, implantation, and fetal immunotolerance

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 44, Issue 5-6, 2007, Pages 461-481

  Kalantaridou, Sophia N ^a,e   Zoumakis, Emmanouil ^b   Weil, Stacie ^c   Lavasidis, Lazaros G ^a   Chrousos, George P ^b   Makrigiannakis, Antonis ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Fas; FasL; Immunotolerance; Implantation; Invasion; Labor; Parturition; Reproductive CRH

Indexed keywords

CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN RELATED CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ESTRADIOL; FAS LIGAND; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN; HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN;

AMNION; BIRTH; BLASTOCYST; CELL ADHESION; CELL INVASION; CHORION; DECIDUALIZATION; ENDOMETRIUM; FETAL WELL BEING; GENITAL SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMPLANTATION; LABOR ONSET; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NIDATION; OOCYTE; PLACENTA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGESTERONE RELEASE; REVIEW; STROMA CELL; SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST; THECA CELL; TROPHOBLAST; UTERUS; UTERUS CONTRACTION; VASODILATATION;

ANTIGENS, CD95; APOPTOSIS; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; DECIDUA; EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; FAS LIGAND PROTEIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY; RECEPTORS, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; REPRODUCTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 35448985233     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: 1549781X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408360701548468     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Makrigiannakis A, Minas V, Kalantaridou SN, Nikas G, Chrousos GP. Hormonal and cytokine regulation of early implantation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17: 178-185.
2. Makrigiannakis A, Margioris AN, Le Goascogne C, Zoumakis E, Nikas G, Stournaras G, Psychoyos A, Gravanis A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is expressed at the implantation sites of early pregnant rat uterus. Life Sci 1995; 57: 1869-1875.
3. Gill TJ 3rd. Immunological and genetic factors influencing pregnancy and development. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1986; 10: 116-120.
4. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Kalantaridou S, Coutifaris C, Margioris AN, Coukos G, Rice KC, Gravanis A, Crousos GP. Corticotropin-releasing hormone promotes blastocyst implantation and early maternal tolerance. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 1018-1024.
5. Nagata S. Fas and Fas ligand: a death factor and its receptor. Adv Immunol 1994; 57: 129-144.
6. Suda T, Okazaki T, Naito Y, Yokota T, Arai N, Ozaki S, Nakao K, Nagata S. Expression of the Fas ligand in cells of T cell lineage. J Immunol 1995; 154: 3806-3813.
7. Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawry H, Moore J, Franzusoff A, Duke RC. A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature 1995; 377: 630-632.
8. Griffith TS, Yu X, Herndon JM, Green DR, Ferguson TA. CD95-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in an immune privileged site induces immunological tolerance. Immunity 1996; 5: 7-16.
9. Runic R, Lockwood CJ, Ma Y, Dipasquale B, Guller S. Expression of Fas ligand by human cytotrophoblasts: implications in placentation and fetal survival. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3119-3122.
10. Nagata S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 1997; 88: 355-365.
11. Huang DC, Hahne M, Schroeter M, Frei K, Fontana A, Villanger A, Newton K, Tschopp J, Strasser A. Activation of Fas by Fasl induces apoptosis by a mechanism that cannot be blocked by Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 14871-14876.
12. Bamberger AM, Schulte HM, Thuneke I, Erdmann I, Bamberger CM, Asa SL. Expression of the apoptosis-inducing Fas ligand (FasL) in human first and third trimester placenta and choriocarcinoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3173-3175.
13. Grino M, Chrousos GP, Margioris AN. The corticotropin releasing hormone gene is expressed in human placenta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 148: 1208-1214.
14. Frim DM, Emanuel RL, Robinson BG, Smas CM, Adler GK, Majzoub JA. Characterization and gestational regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA in human placenta. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 287-292.
15. Jones SA, Brooks AN, Challis JR. Steroids modulate corticotropin- releasing hormone production in human fetal membranes and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 825-830.
16. Petraglia F, Tabanelli S, Galassi MC, Garuti GC, Mancini AC, Genazzani AR, Gurpide E. Human decidua and in vitro decidualized endometrial stromal cells at term contain immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-messenger ribonucleic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1427-1431.
17. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Theodoropoulos P, Stournaras C, Gravanis A. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in normal and tumoral epithelial cells of human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 185-189.
18. Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Kao LC, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Rabin D, Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1046-1050.
19. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 229-240.
20. Clifton VL, Telfer JF, Thompson AJ, Cameron IT, Teoh TG, Lye SJ, Challis JR. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides are present in human myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3716-3721.
21. Rogers PA. Early endometrial microvascular response during implantation in the rat. Reprod Fertil Dev 1992; 4: 261-264.
22. Psychoyos A, Nikas G, Gravanis A. The role of prostaglandins in blastocyst implantation. Hum Reprod 1995; 10: 30-42.
23. Chrousos GP, Schulte HM, Oldfield EH, Gold PW, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL. The corticotropin-releasing factor stimulation test. An aid in the evaluation of patients with Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 622-626.
24. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, Listwak S, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP. Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 1991; 254: 421-423.
25. Webster EL, Lewis DB, Torpy DJ, Zachman EK, Rice KC, Chrousos GP. In vivo and in vitro characterization of antalarmin, a nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor antagonist: suppression of pituitary ACTH release and peripheral inflammation. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 5747-5750.
26. Udelsman R, Gallucci WT, Bacher J, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP. Hemodynamic effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the anesthetized cynomolgus monkey. Peptides 1986; 7: 465-471.
27. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letournau R, Webster E, Chrousos G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 403-413.
28. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 1992; 267: 1244-1252.
29. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J. Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin. Science 1981; 213: 1394-1397.
30. Vale W, Rivier C, Brown MR, Spiess J, Koob G, Swanson L. Chemical and biological characterization of corticotropin releasing factor. Recent Prog Horm Res 1983; 39: 245-270.
31. Antoni FA. Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion: advances since the discovery of 41-residue corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocr Rev 1986: 7: 351-378.
32. Orth DN. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in humans. Endocr Rev 1992; 13: 164-191.
33. Petrusz P, Merchenthaler I, Maderdrut L, Vigh S, Schally AV. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the vertebrate endocrine pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 1721-1725.
34. Suda T, Tomori N, Tozawa F, Mouri T, Demoura H, Shizume K. Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor in human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 861-866.
35. Petrusz P, Merchenthaler I, Ordronneau P, Maderdrudt JL, Vigh S, Schally AV. Corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. Peptides 1984; 5(Suppl 1): S71-S78.
36. Usui T, Nakai Y, Tsukada T, Jingami H, Takahashi H, Fukada J, Imura H. Expression of adrenocoricotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene in placenta and other nonhypothalamic tissues in man. Mol Endocrinol 1988; 2: 871-875.
37. Dammrich J, Ormanns W, Kahaly G, Schrezenmeir J. Multiple peptide hormone producing adenocarcinoma of lung with neurotensin and CRF-like immunoreactivity. Pathol Res Pract 1988; 183: 670-674.
38. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 425-73.
39. Donaldson CJ, Sutton SW, Perrin MH, Corrigan AZ, Lewis KA, Rivier JE, Vaughan JM, Vale WW. Cloning and characterization of human urocortin. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 2167-2170.
40. Zoumakis E, Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155(Suppl-1): S58-S91.
41. Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP. Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH receptor antagonists. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13: 436-444.
42. Smets G, Van Gompel J, Meyer C, Abs R, de Menten Y, Kloppel G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on human pituitary cells: autoradiography at the light microscopical level, quantification and immunohistochemistry. Prog Histochem Cytochem 1992; 26: 107-109.
43. Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos D, Milton NG, Quartero HW. The identification of a human myometrial corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor that increases in affinity during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 736-741.
44. Grigoriadis DE, Heroux JA, De Souza EB. Characterization and regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central nervous, endocrine and immune system. Ciba Found Symp 1993; 172: 85-101, discussion 101-107.
45. Chang CP, Pearse RV II, O'Connell S, Rosenfeld MG. Identification of a seven transmembrane helix receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor and sauvagine in mammalian brain. Neuron 1993; 11: 1187-1195.
46. Chen R, Lewis KA, Perrin MH, Vale WW. Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8967-8971.
47. Polymeropoulos MH, Torres R, Yanovski JA, Chandrasekharappa SC, Ledbetter DH. The human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRHR) gene maps to chromosome 17q12-q22. Genomics 1995; 28: 123-124.
48. Xiong Y, Xie L, Abou-Samra AB. Signaling properties of mouse and human corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors: decreased coupling efficiency of human type II CRF receptor. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 1828-1834.
49. Perrin M, Donaldson C, Chen R, Blount A, Berggren T, Bilezikjian L, Sawchenko P, Vale W. Identification of a second corticotropin-releasing factor receptor gene and characterization of a cDNA expressed in heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 2969-2973.
50. Kishimoto T, Pearse RV II, Lin CR, Rosenfeld MG. A sauvagine/ corticotropin-releasing factor receptor expressed in heart and skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 1108-1112.
51. Lovenberg TW, Liaw CW, Grigoriadis DE, Clevenger W, Chalmers DT, De Souza EB, Oltersdorf T. Cloning and characterization of a functionally distinct corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 836-840.
52. Chrousos GP. Reproductive placental corticotropin-releasing hormone and its clinical implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180(Suppl I-III): 249S-250S.
53. Ferin M. The menstrual cycle: an integrative view. In Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z, Eds, Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery and Technology, Vol. 1, pp. 103-121, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1996.
54. Chen MD, O'Byrne KT, Chiappini SE, Hotchkiss J, Knobil E. Hypoglycemic "stress" and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 56: 666-673.
55. Sakakura M, Takebe K, Nakagawa S. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion induced by synthetic LRH by long-term treatment with glucocorticoids in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 40: 774-779.
56. Rabin DS, Johnson EO, Brandon DD, Liapi C, Chrousos GP. Glucocorticoids inhibit estradiol-mediated uterine growth: possible role of the uterine estradiol receptor. Biol Reprod 1990; 42: 74-80.
57. Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP. Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimorphism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1896-1902.
58. Fourestie V, De Lignieres B, Roudot-Thoraval F, Fulli-Lemaire I, Cremniter D, Nahoul K, Fournier S, Lejonc JL. Suicide attempts in hypo-estrogenic phases of the menstrual cycle. Lancet 1986; 2: 1357-1360.
59. Skobeloff EM, Spivey WH, Silverman R, Eskin BA, Harchelroad F, Alessi TV. The effect of the menstrual cycle on asthma presentations in the emergency department. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1837-1840.
60. Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1351-1362.
61. Mastorakos G, Webster E, Friedman TC, Chrousos GP. Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone and its binding in the rat ovaries. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 961-968.
62. Mastorakos G, Scopa C, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Merino MJ, Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in normal and polycystic human ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1191-1197.
63. Asakura H, Zwain IH, Yen SS. Expression of genes encoding corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), type 1 CRF receptor, and CRF-binding protein and localization of the gene products in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2720-2725.
64. Calogero AE, Burrello N, Negri-Cesi P, Papale L, Palumbo MA, Cianci A, Sanfilippo S, D'Agata R. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on ovarian estrogen production in vitro. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 4161-4166.
65. Ghizzoni L, Mastorakos G, Vottero A, Barreca A, Furlini M, Cesarone A, Ferrari B, Chrousos GP, Bernasconi S. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) inhibits steroid biosynthesis by cultured human granulosa-lutein cells in a CRH and interleukin-1 receptor-mediated fashion. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4806-4811.
66. Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prospective study of the determinants of age at menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 124-133.
67. Zoumakis E, Chatzaki E, Charalampopoulos I, Margioris AN, Angelakis E, Koumantakis E, Gravanis A. Cycle and age-related changes in corticotropin- releasing hormone levels in human endometrium and ovaries. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001; 15: 98-102.
68. Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Kao LC, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Rabin D, Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1046-1050.
69. Di Blasio AM, Pecori Giraldi F, Vigano P, Petraglia F, Vignali M, Cavagnini F. Expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone and its R1 receptor in human endometrial stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1594-1597.
70. Grammatopoulos D, Milton NG, Hillhouse EW. The human myometrial CRH receptor: G proteins and second messengers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 99: 245-250.
71. Grammatopoulos D, Thompson S, Hillhouse EW. The human myometrium express multiple isoforms of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2388-2393.
72. Grammatopoulos D, Stirrat GM, Williams SA, Hillhouse EW. The biological activity of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-adenylate cyclate complex in human myometrium is reduced at the end of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 745-751.
73. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Chrousos GP, Gravanis A. Regulation of the promoter of the human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in transfected human endometrial cells. Neuroendocrinology 1996; 64: 85-92.
74. Makrigiannakis A, Psychoyos A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Gravanis A. Endometrial corticotropin-releasing hormone: expression, regulation, and potential psychological implications. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 816: 116-128.
75. Makrigiannakis A, Margioris AN, Zoumakis E, Stournaras C, Garvanis A. The transcription of corticotropin-releasing hormone in human endometrial cells is regulated by cytokines. Neuroendocrinology 1999; 70: 451-459.
76. Ferrari A, Petraglia F, Gurpide E. Corticotropin-releasing factor decidualizes human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Interaction with progestin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 54: 251-255.
77. Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Dermitzaki E, Angelakis E, Makrigiannakis A, Koumantakis E, Gravanis A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) interacts with inflammatory prostaglandins and interleukins and affects decidualization of human endometrial stroma. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6: 344-351.
78. Petraglia F, Tabanelli S, Galassi MC, Garuti GC, Mancini AC, Genazzani AR, Gurpide E. Human decidua and in vitro decidualized endometrial cells at term contain immunoreactive CRF and CRF mRNA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1427-1431.
79. Frank GR, Brar AK, Jikihara H, Cedars MI, Handwerger S. Interleukin-1 beta and the endometrium: an inhibitor of stromal cell differentiation and possible autoregulator of decidualization in humans. Biol Reprod 1995; 52: 184-191.
80. Makrigiannakis A, Margioris AN, Chatzaki E, Zoumakis E, Chrousos GP, Gravanis A. The decidualizing effect of progesterone may involve direct transcriptional activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone from human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Hum Reprod 1999; 5: 789-796.
81. Sheth KV, Roca GL, al-Sedairy ST, Parhar RS, Hamilton CJ, al-Abdul Jabbar F. Prediction of successful embryo implantation by measuring interleukin-1-alpha and immunosuppressive factor(s) in preimplantation embryo culture fluid. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 952-957.
82. Lass A, Weiser W, Munafo A, Loumaye E. Leukemia inhibitory factor in human reproduction. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 1091-1096.
83. Kauma SW, Huff TF, Hayes N, Nilkaeo A. Placental Fas ligand expression is a mechanism for maternal immune tolerance to the fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2188-2194.
84. McIntyre JA, Faulk WP. Trophoblast antigens in normal and abnormal human pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1986; 29: 976-998.
85. Martin JN Jr, Perry KG Jr, Miles JF Jr, Blake PG, Magann EF, Roberts WE, Martin RW. The interrelationship of eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and prematurity: cofactors for significant maternal and perinatal risk. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 1095-1100.
86. Athanassakis I, Farmakiotis V, Papadimitriou L. Uterine cytokine production during the menstrual cycle and preimplantation stages in mice. Dev Immunol 1999; 7: 33-42.
87. Psychoyos A. Uterine receptivity for nidation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 476: 36-42.
88. Muglia L, Jacobson L, Dikkes P, Majzoub JA Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency reveals major fetal but not adult glucocorticoid need. Nature 1995; 373: 427-432.
89. Turnbull AV, Smith GW, Lee S, Vale WW, Lee KF, Rivier C. CRF type I receptor-deficient mice exhibit a pronounced pituitary-adrenal response to local inflammation. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 1013-1017.
90. Abrahams VM, Straszweski-Chavez SL, Guller S, Mor G. First trimester trophoblast cells secrete Fas ligand which induces immune cell apoptosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2004; 10: 55-63.
91. Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S. The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 1991; 66: 233-243.
92. Yamashita H, Otsuki Y, Matsumoto K, Ueki K, Ueki M. Fas ligand, Fas antigen and Bcl-2 expression in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Mol Hum Reprod 1999; 5: 358-364.
93. Phillips TA, Ni J, Pan G, Ruben SM, Wei YF, Pace JL, Hunt JS. TRAIL (Apo-2L) and TRAIL receptors in human placentas: implications for immune privilege. J Immunol 1999; 162: 6053-6059.
94. Bamberger AM, Minas V, Kalantaridou SN, Radde J, Sadeghian H, Loning T, Charalampopoulos I, Brummer J, Wagener C, Bamberger CM, Schulte HM, Chrousos GP, Makrigiannakis A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates human trophoblast invasion through carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 regulation. Am J Pathol 2006; 168: 141-150.
95. Thompson JA, Grunert F, Zimmerman W. Carcinoembryonic antigen gene family: molecular biology and clinical perspectives. J Clin Lab Anal 1991; 5: 344-366.
96. Bamberger AM, Sudahl S, Loning T, Wagener C, Bamberger CM, Drakakis P, Coutifaris C, Makrigiannakis A. The adhesion molecule CEACAM1 (CD66a, C-CAM, BGP) is specifically expressed by the extravillous intermediate trophoblast. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1165-1170.
97. Bamberger AM, Riethdorf L, Nollau P, Naumann M, Erdmann I, Gotze J, Brummer J, Schulte HM, Wagener C, Loning T. Dysregulated expression of CD66a (BGP, C-CAM), an adhesion molecule of the CEA family, in endometrial cancer. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 1401-1406.
98. Brosens IA. Morphological changes in the utero-placental bed in pregnancy hypertension. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1977; 4: 573-593.
99. Meekins JW, Pijnenborg R, Hanssens M, McFadyen IR, Van Asshe A. A study of placental bed spiral arteries and trophoblast invasion in normal and severe pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101: 669-674.
100. Perkins AV, Linton EA, Eben F, Simpson J, Wolfe CD, Redman CW. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein in normal and pre-eclamptic human pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995: 102: 118-122.
101. Karteris E, Vatish M, Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos DK. Preeclampsia is associated with impaired regulation of the placental nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH-related peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3680-3687.
102. Grunt M, Glaser J, Schmidhuber H, Pauschinger P, Born J. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on isolated rat heart activity. Am J Physiol 1993; 264H: 1124-1129.
103. Gravanis A, Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN. Endometrial and myometrial corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): its regulation and possible roles. Peptides 2001; 22: 785-793.
104. Riley SC, Walton JC, Herlick JM, Challis JR. The localization and distribution of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the human placenta and fetal membranes throughout gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 1001-1007.
105. Challis JR, Matthews SG, Van Meir C, Ramirez MM. Current topic: the placental corticotropin-releasing hormone-adrenocorticotrophin axis. Placenta 1995; 16: 481-502.
106. Linton EA, Perkins AV, Woods RJ, Eben F, Wolfe CD, Behan DP, Potter E, Vale WW, Lowry PJ. Corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP): plasma levels decrease during the third trimester of normal human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 260-262.
107. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Rabin D, Dubbert B, Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone suppression during the postpartum period: implications for the increase in-psychiatric manifestations during this time. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1912-1917.
108. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Bakalov VK, Link AA, Dimitrov MA, Fisher S, Crane M, Kanik KS, Chrousos GP. Interleukin 12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and hormonal changes during late pregnancy and early postpartum: Implications for autoimmune disease activity during these times. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4933-4938.
109. Grammatopoulos DK, Hillhouse EW. Role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in onset of labour. Lancet 1999; 354: 1546-1549.
110. Karalis K, Goodwin G, Majzoub JA. Cortisol blockade of progesterone: a possible molecular mechanism involved in the initiation of human labor. Nat Med 1996; 2: 556-560.
111. Petraglia F, Sutton S, Vale W. Neurotransmitters and peptides modulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin releasing factor from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 247-251.
112. Petraglia F, Garuti GC, De Ramundo B, Angioni S, Genazzani AR, Bilezikjian LM. Mechanism of action of interleukin-1 beta in increasing corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone release from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1307-1312.
113. Robinson BG, Emanuel RL, Frim DM, Majzoub JA. Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 5244-5248.
114. Goland RS, Conwell IM, Jozak S. The effect of pre-eclampsia on human placental corticotropin-releasing hormone content and processing. Placenta 1995; 16: 375-382.
115. Ni X, Nicholson RC, King BR, Chan EC, Read MA, Smith R. Estrogen represses whereas the estrogen-antagonist ICI 182780 stimulates placental CRH gene expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3774-3778.
116. Challis JRG, Matthews SG, Gibb W, Lye SJ. Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 514-550.
117. Wolfe CDA, Patel SP, Linton EA, Campbell EA, Anderson J, Dornhorst A, Lowry PJ, Jones MT. Plasma corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in abnormal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95: 1003-1006.
118. McLean M, Bisits A, Davies J, Woods R, Lowry P, Smith R. A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy. Nat Med 1995; 1: 460-463.
119. Nielsen DM. Corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 receptor antagonists: the next class of antidepressants? Life Sci 2006; 78: 909-919.
120. Chan EC, Falconer J, Madsen G, Rice KC, Webster EL, Chrousos GP, Smith R. A corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist delays parturition in sheep. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 3357-3360.