Taking risks when communicating on the Internet: The role of offline social-psychological factors in young people's vulnerability to online risks

Information Communication and Society

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 619-644

  Livingstone, Sonia ^a   Helsper, Ellen J ^b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anonymity; Children and young people; Contact risks; Online communication; Trust

Indexed keywords

EID: 35448951305     PISSN: 1369118X     EISSN: 14684462     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13691180701657998     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Bakardjieva, M. (2003) 'Virtual togetherness: an everyday-life perspective', Media, Culture & Society, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 291-313.
2. Barak, A. (2005) 'Sexual harassment on the Internet', Social Science Computer Review, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 77-92.
3. Baym, N. (2001) 'Interpersonal life online', in The Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs, eels L. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone, Sage Publications, London, pp. 62-76.
4. Becker, K., Mayer, M., Nagenborg, M., El-Faddagh, M., & Schmidt, M. H. (2004) 'Parasuicide online: can suicide websites trigger suicidal behaviour in predisposed adolescents?', Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 58, no. 2, p. 111.
5. Beebe, T. J., Asche, S. E., Harrison, P. A., & Quinlan, K. B. (2004) 'Heightened vulnerability and increased risk-taking among adolescent chat room users: results from a statewide school survey', Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 116.
6. Bessiere, K., Kiesler, S., Kraut, R., & Boneva, B. (2005) 'Longitudinal effects of internet uses on depressive affect: a social resources approach', paper presented at the American Sociological Association, Philadelphia, PA.
7. Bocij, P. (2003) 'Victims of cyberstalking: an exploratory study of harassment perpetrated via the Internet', First Monday, vol. 8, no. 10, [Online] Available at: http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_10/bocij/index. html.
8. Boneva, B., Kraut, R., & Frohlich, D. M. (2001) 'Using e-mail for personal relationships: the difference gender makes', American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 530-549.
9. Bryant, J. & Zillman, D. (2002) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
10. Carr, J. (2004) Children's Safety Online: A Digital Manifesto, Children's Charities' Coalition for Internet Safety, London.
11. Center for Media Education (2002) TeenSites.Com - A Field Guide to the New Digital Landscape, Center For Media Education (CME), Washington, DC.
12. Chapman, E. (2002) 'Confirmatory factor analysis of the social anxiety scale for children', Australian Journal of Education & Developmental Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 42-48.
13. Clark, L. S. (2005) 'The constant contact generation: exploring teen friendship networks online', in Girl Wide Web ed. S. Mazzarella, Peter Lang, New York, pp. 203-222.
14. Eastin, M. S. & LaRose, R. (2000) 'Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 6, no. 1, [Online] Available at: http://www.ascusc.org/ jcmc/vol6/issue1/eastin.html.
15. Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J. & Wolak, J. (2000) Online Victimization: A Report on the Nation's Youth, Crimes against Children Research Centre, University of New Hampshire.
16. Fitzpatrick, M. A., Marshall, L. J., Leutwiler, T. J. & Kremar, M. (1996) 'The effect of family communication environments on children's social behaviour during middle childhood', Communication Research, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 379-406.
17. Greenfield, P. M. (ed.) (2004) 'Developing children, developing media - research from television to the Internet from the Children's Digital Media Center', Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 627-769.
18. Griffiths, M. D., Davies, M. N. O. & Chappell, D. (2004) 'Demographic factors and playing variables in online computer gaming', Cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 479.
19. Gross, E. F., Juvonen, J. & Gable, S. L. (2002) 'Internet use and well-being in adolescence', Journal of Social Issues, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 75.
20. Hampton, K. & Wellman, B. (2003) 'Neighboring in netville: how the internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb', City & Community, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 277-311.
21. Hargittai, E. & Shafer, S. (2006) 'Differences in actual and perceived online skills: the role of gender', Social Science Quarterly, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 432-448.
22. Huebner, E. S. (2001) 'Initial development of the students' life satisfaction scale', School Psychology International, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 231-240.
23. Internet Crime Forum (2000) Chat Wise, Street Wise: Children and Internet Chat Services, Internet Crime Forum IRC sub-group, London.
24. Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001) 'Gender and the internet: Women communicating and men searching' Sex. Roles, vol. 44, nos 5-6, pp. 363-379.
25. Joinson, A. N. (2001) 'Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: the role of self-awareness and visual anonymity', European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 177-192.
26. Koerner, A. F. & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002) 'Understanding family communication patterns and family functioning: the roles of conversation orientation and conformity orientation', Communication Yearbook, vol. 26, pp. 36-68.
27. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V. & Crawford, A. (2002) 'Internet paradox revisited', Journal of Social Issues, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 49-74.
28. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B. & Shklovski, I. (2006) 'Examining the impact of internet use: details make a difference', in New Information Technologies at Home: The Domestic Impact of Computing and Telecommunications, eds R. Kraut, M. Brynin & S. Kiesler, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 70-83.
29. Kraut, R., Lundmark, V., Patterson, M., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T. & Scherlis, M. (1998) 'Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?', American Psychologist, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1017-1031.
30. LaRose, R., Mastro, D. & Eastin, M. S. (2001) 'Understanding internet usage: a social-cognitive approach to uses and gratifications', Social Science Computer Review, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 395-413.
31. Larsson, K. (2003) 'Children's on-line life - and what parents believe: a survey in five countries', in Promote or Protect? Perspectives on Media Literacy and Media Regulations, eds C. Von Feilitzen & U. Carlsson, Nordicom, Goteborg, Sweden, pp. 113-120.
32. Leung, L. (2001) 'College student motives for chatting on icq', New Media & Society, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 483-500.
33. Leung, L. & Lee, P. S. N. (2005) 'Multiple determinants of life quality: the roles of Internet activities, use of new media, social support, and leisure activities', Telematics and Informatics, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 161.
34. Liau, A. K., Khoo, A. & Ang, P. H. (2005) 'Factors influencing adolescents engagement in risky internet behaviour', CyberPsychology & Behaviour, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 513-520.
35. Livingstone, S. (2001) Online Freedom & Safety for Children, IPPR/ Citizens Online Research Publication, London.
36. Livingstone, S. & Bober, M. (2004a) 'Taking up opportunities? Children's uses of the internet for education, communication and participation', E-Learning, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 395-419.
37. Livingstone, S. & Bober, M. (2004b) UK Children Go Online: Surveying the Experiences of Young People and their Parents, London School of Economics and Political Science, London.
38. Livingstone, S. & Bober, M. (2005) UK Children Go Online: Final Report of Key Project Findings, London School of Economics and Political Science, London.
39. Livingstone, S. & Bober, M. (2006) ' Regulating the internet at home: contrasting the perspectives of children and parents', in Digital Generations, eds D. Buckingham & R. Willett, Erlbaum, Mahwah NJ, pp. 93-113.
40. Livingstone, S., Bober, M. & Helsper, E. J. (2005) Internet Literacy among Children and Young People, LSE Report, LSE, London.
41. McGerty, L.-J. (2000) 'Nobody lives only in cyberspace': gendered subjectivities and domestic use of the internet, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 895-899.
42. McKenna, K. Y. A. & Bargh, J. A. (1998) 'Coming out in the age of the Internet: identity "demarginalization" through virtual group participation', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 681-694.
43. Mesch, G. (2001) 'Social relationships and internet use among adolescents in Israel', Social Science Quarterly, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 329-339.
44. Mesch, G. S. & Talmud, I. (2007) 'Similarity and the quality of online and offline social relationships among adolescents in Israel', Journal of Research in Adolescence, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 455-466.
45. Mesch, G. & Talmud, I. (n.d.) 'Online friendship formation, communication channels, and social closeness', International Journal of Internet Science, under review.
46. Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D. & Wolak, J. (2003) 'The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the internet: a national survey of risk, impact, and prevention', Youth & Society, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 330-358.
47. Montgomery, K. (2001) 'The new on-line children's consumer culture', in Handbook of Children and the Media, eds D. Singer & J. Singer, Sage Publications, London, pp. 635-650.
48. Muir, D. (2005) Violence against Children in Cyberspace: A Contribution to the United Nations Study on Violence against Children, ECPAT International, Bangkok, Thailand.
49. Nie, N. (2001) 'Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the internet', American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 420-435.
50. O'Connell, R. (2003) Young People's Use of Chatrooms: Implications for Policy Strategies and Programs of Education, Cyberspace Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire.
51. Palmer, T. & Stacey, L. (2004) Just One Click: Sexual Abuse of Children and Young People through the Internet and Mobile Telephone Technology, Barnardo's, Ilford.
52. Pew (2001) Teenage Life Online: The Rise of The Instant-Message Generation and the Internet's Impact on Friendships and Family Relationships, Pew Internet & American Life Project, Washington DC.
53. Prasad, V. & Owens, D. (2001) 'Using the internet as a source of self-help for people who self-harm', Psychiatric Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 222-225.
54. Raphael, C., Bachen, C., Lynn, K., Baldwin-Philippi, J. & McKee, K. A. (2006) 'Portrayals of information and communication technology on World Wide Web sites for girls', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 11, no. 1, article 4.
55. Savin-Williams, R. C. & Ream, G. L. (2003) 'Suicide attempts among sexualminority male youth', Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, no. 4, p. 509.
56. Seiter, E. (2005) The Internet Playground: Children's Access, Entertainment, and Miseducation, Peter Lang, New York.
57. Shaw, L. H. & Grant, L. M. (2002) 'Users divided? Exploring the gender gap in Internet use', Cyherpsychology & Behavior, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 517-527.
58. Singh, S. (2001) 'Gender and the use of the Internet at home', New Media and Society, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 395-416.
59. Slater, D. (2002) 'Social relationships and identity online and offline', in The Handbook of New Media, eds L. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone, Sage Publications, London, pp. 534-547.
60. Slater, M. D., Henry, K. L., Swaim, R. & Cardador, J. M. (2004) 'Vulnerable teens, vulnerable times: how sensation seeking, alienation, and victimization moderate the violent media content-aggressiveness relation', Communication Research, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 642-668.
61. Spears, R., Postmes, T., Wolbert, A., Lea, M. & Rogers, P. (2000) Social Psychological Influence of ICTs on Society and their Policy Implications, Infodrome, Amsterdam.
62. Stephenson, M., Hoyle, R. H., Palmgreen, P. & Slater, M. D. (2003) 'Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 279-286.
63. Subrahmanyam, K., Kraut, R., Greenfield, P. & Gross, E. (2000) 'The impact of home computer use on children's activities and development', The Future of Children, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 123-144.
64. Suzuki, L. & Calzo, J. (2004) 'The search for peer advice in cyberspace: an examination of online teen bulletin boards about health and sexuality', Applied Developmental Psychology, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 685-698.
65. Turow, J. & Nir, L. (2000) 'The internet and the family: the view of US parents', in Children in the New Media Landscape: Games, Pornography, Perceptions eds C. Feilitzen & U. Carlsson, UNESCO/Nordicom, Goteborg, Sweden, pp. 331-348.
66. Turkic, S. (1995) Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, Simon & Schuster, New York.
67. Valkenburg, P. M. & Soeters, K. E. (2001) 'Children's positive and negative experiences with the Internet -an exploratory survey', Communication Research, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 652-675.
68. Walther, J. B. (1996) 'Computer-mediated communication: impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction', Communication Research, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 3-43.
69. Weiser, E. B. (2000) 'Gender differences in internet use patterns and internet application preferences: a two-sample comparison', CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 167-178.
70. Wellman, B., Quan Haase, A., Witte, J. & Hampton, K. (2001) 'Does the internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment', American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 436-455.
71. Whitlock, J. L., Powers, J. L. & Eckenrode, J. (2006) 'The virtual cutting edge: the internet and adolescent self-injury', Developmental Psychology, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 407-417.
72. Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. & Finkelhor, D. (2003) 'Escaping or connecting? Characteristics of youth who form close online relationships', Journal of Adolescence, vol. 26, pp. 105-119.
73. Ybarra, M. L. (2004) 'Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users', CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 247.
74. Ybarra, M. L. & Mitchell, K. J. (2004) 'Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatiy, vol. 45, no. 7, p. 1308.