Treatment of paediatric non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 5, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1471-1484

  Edwards, Elizabeth Anne ^a   Twiss, Jacob ^b   Byrnes, Catherine Ann ^b  

^a STARSHIP CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory; Antibiotics; Anticholinergics; Antileukotrienes; Bronchiectasis; Bronchodilators; Chest physiotherapy; Children; Macrolides; Management; Methyl xanthines; Mucolytics; Steroids; Surgery

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; BCG VACCINE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BROMHEXINE; CEFTAZIDIME; COLISTIN; CORTICOSTEROID; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INDOMETACIN; INFLUENZA VACCINE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MACROLIDE; MEASLES VACCINE; METHACHOLINE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PENICILLIN G; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; ROXITHROMYCIN; STEROID; THEOPHYLLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHODILATATION; CATARACT; CHILD; CILIARY DYSKINESIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIET THERAPY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; HOSPITAL COST; HUMAN; HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; INCIDENCE; KINESIOTHERAPY; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG DISEASE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT EDUCATION; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW;

BRONCHIECTASIS; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL; EXPERT TESTIMONY; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS;

EID: 3543146749     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.5.7.1471     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. COLE P: Recent Advances In Infection 3. In: Host-microbial interactions in chronic respiratory disease. Reeves DS, Geddes AM (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK (1989):141.
2. BARKER AF, BARDANA EJ Jr: Bronchiectasis: update of an orphan disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1988) 137(4):969-978.
3. FERKOL TW, DAVIS BD: Bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis obliterans. In: Pediatric respiratory medicine. Landau T (Ed.), Mosby, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA (1999):784-792.
4. PASTEUR MC, HELLIWELL SM, HOUGHTON SJ et al.: An investigation into causative factors in patients with bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2000) 162(4 Pt 1):1277-1284.
5. ANGRILL J, AGUSTI C, DE CELIS R et al.: Bacterial colonisation in patients with bronchiectasis: microbiological pattern and risk factors. Thorax (2002) 57(1):15-19.
6. BARKER AF: Bronchiectasis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 346(18):1383-1393.
7. SCALA R, ARONNE D, PALUMBO U et al.: Prevalence, age distribution and aetiology of bronchiectasis: a retrospective study on 144 symptomatic patients. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. (2000) 55(2):101-105.
8. EDWARDS EA, BYRNES CA: Paediatric bronchiectasis in the 21st century: Experience of a tertiary children's hospital in New Zealand. J. Paediatr. Child Health (2003) 39(2):111-117.
9. KARAKOC GB, YILMAZ M, ALTINTAS DU, KENDIRLI SG: Bronchiectasis: still a problem. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (2001) 32(2):175-178.
10. SINGLETON R, MORRIS A, REDDING G et al.: Bronchiectasis in Alaska Native children: causes and clinical courses. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (2000) 29(3):182-187.
11. CALLAHAN CW, REDDING GJ: Bronchiectasis in children: orphan disease or persistent problem? Pediatr. Pulmonol. (2002) 33(6):492-496.
12. CHANG AB, GRIMWOOD, K, MULHOLLAND EK, TORZILLO PJ: Bronchiectasis in indigenous children in remote Australian communities. Med. J. Aust. (2002) 177:200-204.
13. WYNN-WILLIAMS M: Observations on the treatment of bronchiectasis and its relation to prognosis. Tubercle (1957) 38:133-145.
14. KEARNEY PJ, KERSHAW CR, STEVENSON PA: Bronchiectasis in acute leukaemia. Br. Med. J. (1977) 2:857.
15. KNOWLES GK, STANHOPE R, GREEN M: Bronchiectasis complicating chronic lymphatic leukaemia with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Thorax (1980) 32:217.
16. EIJKOUT HW, VAN DER MEER JW, KALLENBERG CG et al., Inter-University Working Party for the Study of Immune Deficiencies: The effect of two different dosages of intravenous immunoglobulin on the incidence of recurrent infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter crossover trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (2001) 135(3):165-174.
17. LIESE JG, WINTERGERST U, TYMPNER KD, BELOHRADSKY BH: High versus low dose immunoglobulin therapy in the long-term treatment of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Am. J. Dis. Child. (1992) 146:335-339.
18. ROIFMAN CM, LEVISON H, GELFAND EW: High-dose versus low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in hypogammaglobulinaemia and chronic lung disease. Lancet (1987) 1:1075-1077.
19. ROIFMAN CM, SCHROEDER H, BERGER M et al.: Comparison of the efficacy of IGIV-C, 10% (caprylate/chromatography) and IGIV-SD, 10% as replacement therapy in primary immune deficiency. A randomized double-blind trial. Int. Immunopharmacol. (2003) 3(9):1325-1333.
20. ELLERMAN A, BISGAARD H: Longitudinal study of lung function in a cohort of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur. Respir. J. (1997) 10(10):2376-2379.
21. HADFIELD PJ, ROWE-JONES JM, BUSH A, MACKAY IS: Treatment of otitis media with effusion in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Clin. Otolaryngol. (1997) 22(4):302-306.
22. BUSH A, COLE P, HARIRI M et al.: Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnosis and standards of care. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12(4):982-988.
23. SHALE DJ, FAUX JA, LANE DJ: Trial of Ketoconazole in non-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Thorax (1987) 42:26-31.
24. WARK PA, HENSLEY MJ, SALTOS N, BOYLE MJ, TONEGUZZI RC, EPID GD: Anti-inflammatory effect of itraconazole in stable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a randomised controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2003) 111(5):952-957.
25. STEVENS DA, SCHWARTZ HJ, LEE JY et al.: A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342(11):756-762.
26. WARK PAB, GIBSON PG, WILSON AJ: Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
27. SKOV M, MAIN KM, SILLESEN IB, MULLER J, KOCH C, LANNG S: Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency as a side-effect of combined treatment of itraconazole and budesonide. Eur. Resp. J. (2002) 20(1):127-133.
28. ELPHICK H, SOUTHERN K: Antifungal therapies for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
29. STEVENS DA, MOSS RB, KURUP VP et al.: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37(Suppl. 3):S225-S264.
30. SHEIKH S, MADIRAJU K, STEINER P, RAO M: Bronchiectasis in pediatric AIDS. Chest (1997) 112(5):1202-1207.
31. COHEN M, SAHN SA: Bronchiectasis in systemic disease. Chest (1999) 116:1063-1074.
32. KONSTAN MW, STERN RC, DOERSHUK CF: Efficacy of the flutter device for airway mucus clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr. (1994) 124:689-693.
33. JONES AP, ROWE BH: Bronchopulmonary hygiene physical therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
34. PRYOR JA: Physiotherapy for airway clearance in adults. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14(6):1418-1424.
35. BATEMAN JR, NEWMAN SP, DAUNT KM, SHEAHAN NF, PAVIA D, CLARKE SW: Is cough as effective as chest physiotherapy in the removal of excessive tracheobronchial secretions? Thorax (1981) 36(9):683-687.
36. SUTTON PP, PAVIA D, BATEMEN JR, CLARKE SW: Chest physiotherapy. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. (1982) 63(3):188-201.
37. GONDOR M, NIXON PA, MUTICH R: Comparison of Flutter device and chest physical therapy in the treatment of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1999) 28:255-260.
38. HOMNICK DN, ANDERSON K, MARKS JH: Comparison of the Flutter device to standard chest physiotherapy in hospitalized patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest (1998) 114:993-997.
39. MCILWAINE PM, WONG LTK, PEACOCK D: Long-term comparative trial of positive expiratory pressure versus positive expiratory pressure (flutter) physiotherapy in the treatent of cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr. (2001) 138:845-850.
40. CHRISTENSEN EF, NEDERGAARD T, DAHL R: Long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis with positive expiratory pressure mask and chest physiotherapy. Chest (1990) 97(3):645-650.
41. THOMPSON CS, HARRISON S, ASHLEY J, DAY K, SMITH DL: Randomised crossover study of the Flutter device and the active cycle of breathing technique in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Thorax (2002) 57(5):446-448.
42. O'NEILL B, BRADLEY JM, MCARDLE N, MACMAHON J: The current physiotherapy management of patients with bronchiectasis: a UK survey. Int. J. Clin. Pract. (2002) 56(1):34-35.
43. WARWICK WJ, HANSEN LG: The long-term effect of high-frequency chest compression therapy on pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis. Paed. Pulmonol. (1991) 11(3):265-271.
44. ARENS R, GOZAL D, OMLIN KJ et al.: Comparison of high frequency chest compression and conventional chest physiotherapy in hospitalized patients with cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (1994) 150(4):1154-1157.
45. KLUFT J, BEKER L, CASTAGNINO M, GAISER J, CHANEY H, FINK RJ: A comparison of bronchial drainage treatments in cystic fibrosis. Paed. Pulmonol. (1996) 22(4):271-274.
46. GRANT C, PATI A, TAN D, VOGEL S, AICKIN R, SCRAGG R: Ethnic comparisons of disease severity in children hospitalized with pneumonia in New Zealand. J. Paediatr. Child Health (2001) 37(1):32-37.
47. AKALIN F, KOROGLU TF, BAKAC S, DAGLI E: Effects of childhood bronchiectasis on cardiac functions. Pediatr. Int. (2003) 45(2):169-174.
48. SWAMINATHAN S, KUPPURAO KV, SOMU N, VIJAYAN VK: Reduced exercise capacity in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Indian J. Pediatr. (2003) 70(7553-6).
49. EDMUNDS J, MOSELEY B, SHARPLES D et al.: Lung function and exercise tolerance in bronchiectasis: is small airways disease an important component in bronchiectasis. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 163(5):A715.
50. KOULOURIS NG, RETSOU S, KOSMAS EN et al.: Tidal expiratory flow limitation, dyspnoea and exercise capacity in patients with bilateral bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. J. (2003) 21(5):743-748.
51. OZEROVITCH LJ, SHOEMARK AN, JONES P, WILSON R: Effects of extent of disease, FEV1 and exercise capacity on quality of life in bronchiectasis. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2003)167(7):A746.
52. ORENSTEIN DM: Exercise testing in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1998) 25(4):223-225.
53. SHAH AR, GOZAL D, KEENS TG: Determinants of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157(4 Pt 1):1145-1150.
54. NIXON PA, ORENSTEIN DM, KELSEY SF, DOERSHUK CF: The prognostic value of exercise testing in patients with cystic fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327(25):1785-1788.
55. EDWARDS EA, NARANG I, LI A, HANSELL DM, ROSENTHAL M, BUSH A: HRCT chest features are not a surrogate for exercise limitation in bronchiectasis. Eur. Resp. J. (2004) (In Press).
56. CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRUST, BRITISH PAEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION, BRITISH THORACIC SOCIETY: Clinical guidelines for cystic fibrosis care. Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (1996).
57. BRADLEY J, MORAN F, GREENSTONE M: Physical training for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
58. MORRIS P, CHANG A, GRIMWOOD K: Antibiotics for chronic suppurative lung disease in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
59. EVANS DJ, BARA AI, GREENSTONE M: Prolonged antibiotics for purulent bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
60. CURRIE DC: Nebulisers for bronchiectasis. Thorax (1997) 52(Suppl. 2):S72-S74.
61. HILL SL, STOCKLEY RA: Effect of short and long term antibiotic response on lung function in bronchiectasis. Thorax (1986) 41(10):798-800.
62. HILL SL, MORRISON HM, BURNETT D, STOCKLEY RA: Short term response of patients with bronchiectasis to treatment with amoxycillin given in standard or high doses orally or by inhalation. Thorax (1986) 41(7):559-565.
63. EVANS DJ, GREENSTONE M: Long-term antibiotics in the management of non-CF bronchiectasis-do they improve outcome? Respir. Med. (2003) 97(7):851-858.
64. FREDERIKSEN B, LANNG S, KOCH C, HOLBY N: Improved survival in the Danish center-treated cystic fibrosis patients: Results of aggressive treatment. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1996) 21(3):153-158.
65. CURRIE DC, GARBETT ND, CHAN KL et al.: Double-blind randomized study of prolonged higher-dose oral amioxycillin in purulent bronchiectasis. Q. J. Med. (1990) 76(280):799-816.
66. RAYNER CF, TILLOTSON G, COLE PJ, WILSON R: Efficacy and safety of long-term ciprofloxacin in the management of severe bronchiectasis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1994) 34(1):149-156.
67. MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL: Prolonged antibiotic treatment of severe bronchiectasis: a report by a subcommittee of the Antibiotics Clinical Trials (Non-Tuberculous) Committee of the Medical Research Council. Br. Med. J. (1957) 2:255-259.
68. EQUI A, BALFOUR-LYNN IM, BUSH A, ROSENTHAL M: Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Lancet (2002) 360(9338):978-984.
69. GAREY KW, ALWANI A, DANZIGER DH, RUBINSTEIN I: Tissue reparative effects of macrolide antibiotics in chronic inflammatory sinopulmonary diseases. Chest (2003) 123:261-265.
70. GORRINI M, LUPI A, VIGLIO S et al.: Inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by erythromycin and flurythromycon, two macrolide antibiotics. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 25(4):492-499.
71. KUDCOH S, AZUMA A, YAMAMOTO M, IZUMI T, ANDO M: Improvement of survival in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis treated with low-dose erythromycin. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157(6 Pt 1):1829-1832.
72. KHAIR OA, DEVALIA JL, ABDELAZIZ MM, SAPSFORD RJ, DAVIES RJ: Effect of erythromycin on Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin-induced release of IL-6 IL-8 and sICAM-1 by cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Eur. Respir. J. (1995) 8(9):1451-1457.
73. TAKIZAWA H, DESAKI M, OHTOSHI T et al.: Erythromycin modulates IL-8 expression in normal and inflamed human bronchial epithelial cells. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156(1):266-271.
74. PRINCE AS: Biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, and airway infection. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347(14):1110-1111.
75. DOUCET-POPULAIRE F, BURIANKOVA K, WEISER J, PERNODET JL: Natural and acquired macrolide resistance in mycobacteria. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord. (2002) 2(4):355-370.
76. TSANG KW, HO PI, CHAN KN et al.: A pilot study of low-dose erythromycin in bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 13(2):361-364.
77. KOH YY, LEE MH, SUN YH, SUNG KW, CHAE JH: Effect of roxithromycin on airway responsiveness in children with bronchiectasis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. Respir. J. (1997) 10(5):994-999.
78. MUKHOPADHYAY S, SINGH M, CATER JI, OGSTON S, FRANKLIN M, OLVER RE: Nebulised antipseudomonal antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis: a meta-analysis of benefits and risks. Thorax (1996) 51:364-368.
79. LIN HC, CHENG HF, WANG CH, LIU CY, YU CT, KUO HP: Inhaled gentamicin reduces airway neutrophil activity and mucus secretion in bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 155(6):2024-2029.
80. ORRIOLS R, ROIG J, FERRER J et al.: Inhaled antibiotic therapy in non-cystic fibrosis patients with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchial infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respir. Med. (1999) 93(7):476-480.
81. BARKER AF, COUCH L, FIEL SB et al.: Tobramycin solution for inhalation reduces sputum Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on clinical parameters in steady-state bronchiectasis. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2000) 162(2 Pt 1):481-485.
82. RAMSEY BW, PEPE MS, QUAN JM, OTTO KL, MONTGOMERY AB, WILLLAMS-WARREN J et al.: Intermittent administration of inhaled Tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340(1):23-30.
83. RATJEN F, DORING G, NIKOLAIZIK WH: Effect of inhaled tobramycin on early Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet (2001) 358(9286):983-984.
84. STOCKLEY RA, HILL SL, BURNETT D: Nebulized amoxicillin in chronic purulent bronchiectasis. Clin. Ther. (1985) 7(5):593-599.
85. RAM FSF, WELLS A, KOLBE J: Inhaled steroids for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
86. ELBORN JS, JOHNSTON B, ALLEN F, CLARKE J, MCGARRY J, VARGHESE G: Inhaled steroids in patients with bronchiectasis. Respir. Med. (1992) 86(2):121-124.
87. TSANG KW, HO PL, LAM WK et al.: Inhaled fluticasone reduces sputum inflammatory indices in severe bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 158(3):723-727.
88. LASSERSON T, HOLT K, GREENSTONE M: Oral steroids for bronchiectasis (stable and acute exacerbations). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
89. PETERS-GOLDEN M: Pulmonary diseases other than asthma as potential targets for antileukotriene therapy. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. (1999) 17(1-2):247-260.
90. CORLESS JA, WARBURTON CJ: Leukotriene receptor antagonists for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
91. LLELEWELLYN-JONES CG, JOHNSON MM, MITCHELL JL et al: In vivo study of indomethacin in bronchiectasis: effect on neutrophil function and lung secretion. Eur. Respir. J. (1995) 8(9):1479-1487.
92. TAMAOKI J, CHIYOTANI A, KOBAYASHI K, SAKAI N, KANEMURA T, TAKIZAWA T: Effect of indomethacin on bronchorrhea in patients with chronic bronchitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, or bronchiectasis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1992) 145(3):548-552.
93. STEELE K, LASSERSON JA, GREENSTONE M: Oral methyl-xanthines for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
94. FRANCO F, SEIKH A, GREENSTONE M: Short acting beta-2 agonists for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syste. Rev. (2004):1.
95. SHEIKH A, NOLAN D, GREENSTONE M: Long-acting beta-2-agonists for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
96. LASSERSON T, HOLT K, EVANS DJ, GREENSTONE M: Anticholinergic therapy for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
97. CROCKETT AJ, CRANSTON JM, LATIMER KM, ALPERS JH: Mucolytics for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
98. OLIVIERI D, CIACCIA A, MARANGIO E, MARISCO S, TODISCO T, DEL VITA M: Role of bromhexine in exacerbations of bronchiectasis. Respiration (1991) 58:117-121.
99. DUIJVESTIJN YC, BRAND PL: Systematic review of N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr. (1999) 88(1):38-41.
100. O'DONNELL AE, BARKER AF, ILOWITE JS, FICK RB: Treatment of idiopathic bronchiectasis with aerosolized recombinant human DNase I. rhDNase Study Group. Chest (1998) 113(5):1329-1334.
101. DAVIAKAS E, ANDERSON SD, EBERL S, CHAN HK, BAUTOVICH G: The 24-h effect of mannitol on the clearance of mucus in patients with bronchiectasis. Chest (2001) 119:414-421.
102. DAVISKAS E, ANDERSON SD, EBERL S, CHAN HK, BAUTOVICH G: Inhalation of dry powder mannitol improves clearance of mucus in patients with bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 159(6):1843-1848.
103. WILLS P, GREENSTONE M: Inhaled hyperosmolar agents for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
104. CAMPBELL DN, LILLY JR: The changing spectrum of pulmonary operations in infants and children. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (1982) 83(5):680-685.
105. ADEBONOJO SA, GRILLO IA, OSINOWO O, ADEBO OA: Suppurative diseases of the lung and pleura: a continuing challenge in developing countries. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (1982) 33(1):40-47.
106. CORLESS JA, WARBURTON CJ: Surgery versus non-surgical treatment for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
107. AGASTHIAN T, DESCHAMPS C, TRASTEK VF, ALLEN MS, PAIROLERO PC: Surgical management of bronchiectasis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (1996) 62(4):976-978.
108. KUTLAY H, CANGIR AK, ENON S et al.: Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: analysis of 166 patients. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. (2002) 21(4):634-637.
109. SMIT HJ, SCHREURS AJ, VAN DEN BOSCH JM, WESTERMANN CJ: Is resection of bronchiectasis beneficial in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia? Chest (1996) 109(6):1541-1544.
110. MAZIERES J, MURRIS M, DIDIER A et al.: Limited operation for severe multisegmental bilateral bronchiectasis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2003) 75(2):382-387.
111. EDMUNDS J, PASTEUR M, TAYLOR A: Investigation and management of bronchiectasis at a specialist clinic improves pulmonary function. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 10(Suppl.):D92.
112. FRENCH J, BILTON D, CAMPBELL F: Nurse specialist care for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2004):1.
113. SHARPLES LD, EDMUNDS J, BILTON D et al.: A randomised controlled trial of nurse practitioner versus doctor led outpatient care in a bronchiectasis clinic. Thorax (2002) 57(8):661-666.
114. KELLY MG, MURPHY S, ELBORN JS: Bronchiectasis in secondary care: a comprehensive profile of a neglected disease. Eur. J. Intern. Med. (2003) 14:488-492.
115. SAYNAJAKANGAS O, KEISTINEN T, TUUPONEN T, KIVELA SL: The course of childhood bronchiectasis: a case report and considerations of hospital use. Int. J. Circumpolar Health (1998) 57(4):276-279.
116. FIELD CE: Bronchiectasis in childhood. Pediatrics (1949) 4(Part I):21-46; Part II: 231-248; Part III: 355-372.
117. STRANG C: The fate of children with bronchiectasis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1956) 44:630-656.
118. AVERY ME, RILEY MC, WEISS A: The course of childhood bronchiectasis. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. (1961) 109:20-34.
119. CLARK S: Bronchiectasis in childhood. Br. Med. J. (1963) 1:80-88.
120. GLAUSER EM, COOK CD, HARRIS GB: Bronchiectasis: a review of 187 cases in children with follow-up pulmonary function studies in 58. Acta Paediatr. Scand. (1966) 165(Suppl.):1-16.
121. FLESHMAN JK, WILSON JF, COHEN JJ: Bronchiectasis in Alaska Native children. (1968):517-523.
122. CHANG AB, MASEL JP, BOYCE NC, WHEATON G, TORZILLO PJ: Non-CF bronchiectasis: Clinical and HRCT evaluation. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (2003) 35(6):477-483.