메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 841-855

Antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation: An overview of new agents, their mechanisms of action and potential clinical utility

Author keywords

Antiarrhythmic agents; Atrial fibrillation

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; AZIMILIDE; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; ENCAINIDE; ESMOLOL; FLECAINIDE; GALLOPAMIL; IBUTILIDE; LIDOCAINE; METOPROLOL; MEXILETINE; PHENYTOIN; PIBOSEROD; PILSICAINIDE; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; PROPRANOLOL; QUINIDINE; SESAMODIL FUMARATE; SOTALOL; TECADENOSON; TEDISAMIL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

EID: 3543072295     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.7.841     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (15)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 0020074665 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features of chronic atrial fibrillation: The Framingham study
    • KANNEL WB, ABBOTT RD, SAVAGE DD et al.: Epidemiological features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. N. Engl. J. Med. (1982) 306:1018-1022.
    • (1982) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.306 , pp. 1018-1022
    • Kannel, W.B.1    Abbott, R.D.2    Savage, D.D.3
  • 2
    • 0028299731 scopus 로고
    • Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: The Framingham Heart Study
    • BENJAMIN EJ, LEVY D, VAZIRI SM et al.: Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA (1994) 271:840-844.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 840-844
    • Benjamin, E.J.1    Levy, D.2    Vaziri, S.M.3
  • 3
    • 0001512010 scopus 로고
    • Hospitalization from arrhythmias in the United States: Importance of atrial fibrillation
    • BAILY D, LEHMANN MH, SCHUMACJER DN et al.: Hospitalization from arrhythmias in the United States: importance of atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1992) 19:41A.
    • (1992) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.19
    • Baily, D.1    Lehmann, M.H.2    Schumacjer, D.N.3
  • 4
    • 0032497292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: The Framingham Study
    • BENJAMIN EJ, WOLF PA, D'AGOSTINO RB et al.: Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Study. Circulation (1998) 98:946-952.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 946-952
    • Benjamin, E.J.1    Wolf, P.A.2    D'Agostino, R.B.3
  • 6
    • 0034715973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF) - A randomized trial
    • HOHNLOSER SH, KUCH KH, LILENTHAL J: Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF) - a randomized trial. Lancet (2000) 356:1789-1794.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1789-1794
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Kuch, K.H.2    Lilenthal, J.3
  • 7
    • 0037028022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A control of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation
    • Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators
    • WYSE DG, WALDO AL, DIMARCO JP et al.: Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A control of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:1825-1833.
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.347 , pp. 1825-1833
    • Wyse, D.G.1    Waldo, A.L.2    Dimarco, J.P.3
  • 8
    • 0037028033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation
    • Rate control versus electrical cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation study group
    • VAN GELDER IC, HAGENS VE, BOSKER HA et al.: Rate control versus electrical cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation study group. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:1834-1840.
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.347 , pp. 1834-1840
    • Van Gelder, I.C.1    Hagens, V.E.2    Bosker, H.A.3
  • 9
    • 0026996679 scopus 로고
    • Functional capacity of patients with atrial fibrillation and controlled heart rate before and after cardioversion
    • KUBEC G, MALOWANY L: Functional capacity of patients with atrial fibrillation and controlled heart rate before and after cardioversion. Can. J. Cardiol. (1992) 8:941-946.
    • (1992) Can. J. Cardiol. , vol.8 , pp. 941-946
    • Kubec, G.1    Malowany, L.2
  • 10
    • 3543133939 scopus 로고
    • Autocorrelation of AA intervals in artificially induced atrial fibrillation in the porcine heart
    • SB Olsson, MA Allessi, RWF Campbell (Eds). Futura Publising, Co., Armonk, NY
    • DELANGEN CDJ, VAN DEN BERG MP, HAAKSMA J et al.: Autocorrelation of AA intervals in artificially induced atrial fibrillation in the porcine heart. In: Atrial Fibrillation. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. SB Olsson, MA Allessi, RWF Campbell (Eds). Futura Publising, Co., Armonk, NY (1994):51-66.
    • (1994) Atrial Fibrillation. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies , pp. 51-66
    • Delangen, C.D.J.1    Van Den Berg, M.P.2    Haaksma, J.3
  • 11
    • 0029099346 scopus 로고
    • Arrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats
    • WIJFFELS MC, KIRCHHOF CJ, DORLAND R et al.: Arrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation (1995) 92:1954-1968.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 1954-1968
    • Wijffels, M.C.1    Kirchhof, C.J.2    Dorland, R.3
  • 12
    • 0028280031 scopus 로고
    • High density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans
    • KONINGS KT, KIRCHHOF CJ, SMEETS JR et al.: High density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation (1994) 89:1665-1680.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.89 , pp. 1665-1680
    • Konings, K.T.1    Kirchhof, C.J.2    Smeets, J.R.3
  • 13
    • 0018129405 scopus 로고
    • The use of temporarily placed epicardial leads atrial wire lectrodes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias following open heart surgery
    • WALDO AL, MacLEAN WAH, COOPER TB et al.: The use of temporarily placed epicardial leads atrial wire lectrodes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias following open heart surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (1978) 76:500-505.
    • (1978) J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. , vol.76 , pp. 500-505
    • Waldo, A.L.1    MacLean, W.A.H.2    Cooper, T.B.3
  • 14
    • 0018217289 scopus 로고
    • Catheterization of atrial fibrillation in man: Studies following open heart surgery
    • WELLS LJ JR, KARP RB, KOUCHOUKOS NT et al.: Catheterization of atrial fibrillation in man: studies following open heart surgery. PACE (1978) 1:426-438.
    • (1978) PACE , vol.1 , pp. 426-438
    • Wells Jr., L.J.1    Karp, R.B.2    Kouchoukos, N.T.3
  • 15
    • 0034941909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on atrial remodeling owing to rate; does atrial fibrillation always beget atrial fibrillation?
    • PANDOZI C, SANTINI M: Update on atrial remodeling owing to rate; does atrial fibrillation always beget atrial fibrillation? Eur. Heart J. (2001) 22:541-553.
    • (2001) Eur. Heart J. , vol.22 , pp. 541-553
    • Pandozi, C.1    Santini, M.2
  • 16
    • 0033117013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+-ATPase mRNA of ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phosphorylation: An insight into the mechanism of atrial remodelling
    • 2+-ATPase mRNA of ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phosphorylation: an insight into the mechanism of atrial remodelling. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1999) 33:1231-1237.
    • (1999) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.33 , pp. 1231-1237
    • Lai, L.P.1    Su, M.J.2    Lin, J.L.3
  • 17
    • 0028900208 scopus 로고
    • Chronic rapid atrial pacing: Structural, functional and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation
    • MORILLO CA, KLEIN GJ, JONES DL et al.: Chronic rapid atrial pacing: structural, functional and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation (1995) 91:1588-1595.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 1588-1595
    • Morillo, C.A.1    Klein, G.J.2    Jones, D.L.3
  • 18
    • 0025046294 scopus 로고
    • Arrial enlargement as a consequence of atrial fibrillation. A prospective echocardiographic study
    • SANFILIPPO AJ, ABASCAL VM, SHEHAN M et al.: Arrial enlargement as a consequence of atrial fibrillation. A prospective echocardiographic study. Circulation (1990) 82:792-797.
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 792-797
    • Sanfilippo, A.J.1    Abascal, V.M.2    Shehan, M.3
  • 19
    • 0035814750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology and prevention of atrial fibrillation
    • ALLESSIE MA BOYDEN PA, CAMM AJ et al.: Pathophysiology and prevention of atrial fibrillation. Circulation (2001) 103:769-777.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 769-777
    • Allessie, M.A.1    Boyden, P.A.2    Camm, A.J.3
  • 20
    • 0032526032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective comparison of flecainide versus sotalol for immediate cardioversion of AF
    • REISINGER J, GATTERER E, HEINZE G et al.: Prospective comparison of flecainide versus sotalol for immediate cardioversion of AF. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 81:1450-1454.
    • (1998) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.81 , pp. 1450-1454
    • Reisinger, J.1    Gatterer, E.2    Heinze, G.3
  • 21
    • 0032702423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: Role of paddle position on technical efficiency and energy requirements
    • BOTTO GL, POLITI A, BONINI W et al.: External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficiency and energy requirements. Heart (1999) 82:726-730.
    • (1999) Heart , vol.82 , pp. 726-730
    • Botto, G.L.1    Politi, A.2    Bonini, W.3
  • 22
    • 0031932414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion: A result of atrial fibrillation-induced electrical remodeling of the atria?
    • TIELMAN RG, VAN GELDER IC, CRIJNS HJ et al.: Early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion: a result of atrial fibrillation-induced electrical remodeling of the atria? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1998) 31:167-173.
    • (1998) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.31 , pp. 167-173
    • Tielman, R.G.1    Van Gelder, I.C.2    Crijns, H.J.3
  • 23
    • 3543079022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verapamil pretreatment before electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: The VERAF Study
    • BOTTO GL, BELOTTI G, CIRO A et al.: Verapamil pretreatment before electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: the VERAF Study. Eur. Heart J. (2001) 22:239.
    • (2001) Eur. Heart J. , vol.22 , pp. 239
    • Botto, G.L.1    Belotti, G.2    Ciro, A.3
  • 24
    • 0033609470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trandalapril reduces the incidence of strial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
    • PERDERSEN OD, BAQQER H, KOBER L et al.: Trandalapril reduces the incidence of strial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation (1999) 100:376-380.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 376-380
    • Perdersen, O.D.1    Baqqer, H.2    Kober, L.3
  • 25
    • 0034612362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation
    • NAKASHIMA H, KUMAQAI K, URATA H et al.: Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation (2000) 101:2612-2617.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 2612-2617
    • Nakashima, H.1    Kumaqai, K.2    Urata, H.3
  • 26
    • 0037118662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus thythin in patients with longstanding atrial fibrillation
    • MADRID AH, BUENO MG, REBOLLO JMG et al.: Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus thythin in patients with longstanding atrial fibrillation. Circulation (2002) 106:331-336.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.26 , pp. 331-336
    • Madrid, A.H.1    Bueno, M.G.2    Rebollo, J.M.G.3
  • 27
    • 0030864918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of single oral loading dose propafenone in converting recent onset atrial fibrillation. Results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study
    • AZPITARTE J, ALVARES M, BAUN O et al.: Value of single oral loading dose propafenone in converting recent onset atrial fibrillation. Results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Eur. Heart. J. (1997)18:1649-1654.
    • (1997) Eur. Heart J. , vol.18 , pp. 1649-1654
    • Azpitarte, J.1    Alvares, M.2    Baun, O.3
  • 28
    • 0033611744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of oral propafenone in the conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: A prospective parallel placebo-controlled multi-center study
    • CAPUCCI A, VILLANI GO, ASCHIERI D et al.: Safety of oral propafenone in the conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: a prospective parallel placebo-controlled multi-center study. Int. J. Cardiol. (1999) 68:187-196.
    • (1999) Int. J. Cardiol. , vol.68 , pp. 187-196
    • Capucci, A.1    Villani, G.O.2    Aschieri, D.3
  • 29
    • 0025604808 scopus 로고
    • The value of class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter to sinus rhythm
    • SUTTORP MJ, KINGMA JH, JESSURUN ER et al.: The value of class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter to sinus rhythm. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1990)16:1722-1727.
    • (1990) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.16 , pp. 1722-1727
    • Suttorp, M.J.1    Kingma, J.H.2    Jessurun, E.R.3
  • 30
    • 0024511793 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous flecainide versus verapamil for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter to sinus rhythm
    • SUTTORP MJ, KINGMA JH, JESSURUN ER et al.: Intravenous flecainide versus verapamil for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter to sinus rhythm. Am. J. Cardiol. (1989) 63:693-696.
    • (1989) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.63 , pp. 693-696
    • Suttorp, M.J.1    Kingma, J.H.2    Jessurun, E.R.3
  • 31
    • 0024321898 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction
    • THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA SUPPRESSION TRIAL INVESTIGATORS:
    • THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA SUPPRESSION TRIAL INVESTIGATORS: Preliminary report: effict of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. (1989) 321:406-412.
    • (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.321 , pp. 406-412
  • 32
    • 17744403850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation. Superior effects of biphasic transthoracic method when compared with the conventional monophasic method
    • LINDELL P, SVENARUD P, ALBAGE A et al.: Electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation. Superior effects of biphasic transthoracic method when compared with the conventional monophasic method. Lakartidningen (2001) 98:3319-3321.
    • (2001) Lakartidningen , vol.98 , pp. 3319-3321
    • Lindell, P.1    Svenarud, P.2    Albage, A.3
  • 33
    • 0022408735 scopus 로고
    • Use of amiodarone in the treatment of persistent and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation resistant to quinidine therapy
    • HOROWITZ LN, SPELMAN SR, GREENSPAN AM et al.: Use of amiodarone in the treatment of persistent and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation resistant to quinidine therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1985) 6:1402-1407.
    • (1985) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.6 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Horowitz, L.N.1    Spelman, S.R.2    Greenspan, A.M.3
  • 34
    • 0024919785 scopus 로고
    • The usefulness of amiodarone in management of refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
    • TUZCU EM, GILBO J, MASTERSON M et al.: The usefulness of amiodarone in management of refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. (1989) 56:238-242.
    • (1989) Cleve. Clin. J. Med. , vol.56 , pp. 238-242
    • Tuzcu, E.M.1    Gilbo, J.2    Masterson, M.3
  • 35
    • 0033823283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low dose amiodarone and sotalol in the treatment of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: A comparative, placebo controlled study
    • KOCHIADAKIS GE, IGOUMENDIS NE, MARKETOU ME et al.: Low dose amiodarone and sotalol in the treatment of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a comparative, placebo controlled study. Heart (2000) 84:251-257.
    • (2000) Heart , vol.84 , pp. 251-257
    • Kochiadakis, G.E.1    Igoumendis, N.E.2    Marketou, M.E.3
  • 36
    • 0007356262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation
    • Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators
    • ROY D, TALAJIC M, DORIAN P et al.: Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:913-920.
    • (2000) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.342 , pp. 913-920
    • Roy, D.1    Talajic, M.2    Dorian, P.3
  • 37
    • 0033081953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventricular rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation during daily activity and programmed exercise. A crossover open-label study of five drug regimens
    • FARSHI R, KISTNER D, SARMA JSH et al.: Ventricular rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation during daily activity and programmed exercise. A crossover open-label study of five drug regimens. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1999) 33:304-310.
    • (1999) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.33 , pp. 304-310
    • Farshi, R.1    Kistner, D.2    Sarma, J.S.H.3
  • 38
    • 0031865154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uniqueness of pilsicainide in class Ic antiarrythmics
    • YAMASHITA T, MURAKAWA Y, SEZAKI K et al.: Uniqueness of pilsicainide in class Ic antiarrythmics. Jpn Heart J. (1998) 39:389-397.
    • (1998) Jpn. Heart J. , vol.39 , pp. 389-397
    • Yamashita, T.1    Murakawa, Y.2    Sezaki, K.3
  • 39
    • 13144257713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of a single oral dose of pilsicainide in supraventricular arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting
    • KOHNO K, TAKEUCHI Y, GOMI A et al.: Efficacy and safety of a single oral dose of pilsicainide in supraventricular arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting. Jpn J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (1998) 46(4):361-367.
    • (1998) Jpn. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 361-367
    • Kohno, K.1    Takeuchi, Y.2    Gomi, A.3
  • 40
    • 0030587230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation by a single oral dose of pilsicainide (Pilsicainide Supression Trial on Atrial Fibrillation)
    • The PSTAF Investigators
    • ATARSHI H, INOQUE H, HIEJIMA K et al.: Conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation by a single oral dose of pilsicainide (Pilsicainide Supression Trial on Atrial Fibrillation). The PSTAF Investigators. Am. J. Cardiol. (1996) 78:694-697.
    • (1996) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.78 , pp. 694-697
    • Atarshi, H.1    Inoque, H.2    Hiejima, K.3
  • 41
    • 0033670889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single oral administration of pilsicainide versus infusion of disopyramide for termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A multicenter trial
    • KUMAGAI K, ABE H, HIRAKI T et al.: Single oral administration of pilsicainide versus infusion of disopyramide for termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a multicenter trial. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. (2000) 23:1880-1882.
    • (2000) Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. , vol.23 , pp. 1880-1882
    • Kumagai, K.1    Abe, H.2    Hiraki, T.3
  • 42
    • 0034762826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of pilsicainide for the long-term prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Analysis based on the time of onset
    • KOMATSU T, NAKAMURA S, KIMURA M et al.: Efficacy of pilsicainide for the long-term prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: analysis based on the time of onset J. Cardiol. (2001) 38:211-217.
    • (2001) J. Cardiol. , vol.38 , pp. 211-217
    • Komatsu, T.1    Nakamura, S.2    Kimura, M.3
  • 43
    • 0001018525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilsicainide for conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm in chronic atrial fibrillation: A placebo-controlled multicenter study
    • OKISHIGE K, NISHIKAZI M, AZEGAMI K et al.: Pilsicainide for conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm in chronic atrial fibrillation: a placebo-controlled multicenter study. Am. Heart J. (2000) 140:437-444.
    • (2000) Am. Heart J. , vol.140 , pp. 437-444
    • Okishige, K.1    Nishikazi, M.2    Azegami, K.3
  • 44
    • 0033772681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a single oral dose of pilsicainide on pacing thresholds in pacemaker patients with and without paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
    • NUMATA T, ABE H, NAGATOMO T, KOHSHI K et al.: Effect of a single oral dose of pilsicainide on pacing thresholds in pacemaker patients with and without paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Jpn Circ. J. (2000) 64:750-754.
    • (2000) Jpn. Circ. J. , vol.64 , pp. 750-754
    • Numata, T.1    Abe, H.2    Nagatomo, T.3    Kohshi, K.4
  • 45
    • 0141652819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors for successful conversion of atrial fibrillation using intravenous injection of pilsicainide hydrochloride
    • MATSUSHITA K, ISHIKAWA T, SUMITA S et al.: Factors for successful conversion of atrial fibrillation using intravenous injection of pilsicainide hydrochloride. J. Cardiol. (2003) 42:81-86.
    • (2003) J. Cardiol. , vol.42 , pp. 81-86
    • Matsushita, K.1    Ishikawa, T.2    Sumita, S.3
  • 46
    • 0028214329 scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of increased intracellular potassium and pacing frequency on the class III activities of methanesulfonanilide Ikr blockers dofetilide, D-sotalol, E4031 and MK499
    • BASKIN EP, LYNCH JJ Jr: Comparative effects of increased intracellular potassium and pacing frequency on the class III activities of methanesulfonanilide Ikr blockers dofetilide, D-sotalol, E4031 and MK499. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1994) 24:199-208.
    • (1994) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.24 , pp. 199-208
    • Baskin, E.P.1    Lynch Jr., J.J.2
  • 47
    • 0031029739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous dofetilide, a class III antiarrhythmic agent, for the termination of sustained atrial fibrillation or flutter
    • Intravenous Dofetilide Investigators
    • FALK RH, POLLAKA, SINGH SN et al.: Intravenous dofetilide, a class III antiarrhythmic agent, for the termination of sustained atrial fibrillation or flutter. Intravenous Dofetilide Investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1997) 29:857-865.
    • (1997) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.29 , pp. 857-865
    • Falk, R.H.1    Pollaka, A.2    Singh, S.N.3
  • 48
    • 0033404112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of intravenously administered dofetilide in acute termination of atrialfibrillation and flutter: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trail
    • Danish Dofetilide in Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter Study Group
    • NOGAARD BL, WACHTELL K, CHRISTENSEN et al.: Efficacy and safety of intravenously administered dofetilide in acute termination of atrialfibrillation and flutter: a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trail. Danish Dofetilide in Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter Study Group. Am. Heart J. (1999) 137:1062-1069.
    • (1999) Am. Heart J. , vol.137 , pp. 1062-1069
    • Nogaard, B.L.1    Wachtell, K.2    Christensen, A.3
  • 49
    • 0000875777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm by dofetilide. The EMERALD study
    • GREENBAUM RA, CAMPBELL TJ, CHANNER KS et al.: Conversion of atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm by dofetilide. The EMERALD study. Circulation (1998) 98:1633.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 1633
    • Greenbaum, R.A.1    Campbell, T.J.2    Channer, K.S.3
  • 50
    • 0034619437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter: The symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study
    • SINGH S, ZOBLE RG, YELLEN L et al.: Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter: the symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation (2000) 102:2385-2390.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 2385-2390
    • Singh, S.1    Zoble, R.G.2    Yellen, L.3
  • 51
    • 0033931511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • BIANCOLI L, CASTRO A, DINELLI M et al.: Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Rur. Heart J. (2000) 21:1265-1273.
    • (2000) Rur. Heart J. , vol.21 , pp. 1265-1273
    • Biancoli, L.1    Castro, A.2    Dinelli, M.3
  • 52
    • 0033575989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction
    • Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Study Group
    • TROP-PEDERSEN C, MOLLER M, BLOCH-THOMSEN et al.: Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 34:857-865.
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.34 , pp. 857-865
    • Trop-Pedersen, C.1    Moller, M.2    Bloch-Thomsen, A.3
  • 53
    • 9444256916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of intravenous ibutilide for rapid termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter: A dose-response study
    • ELLENBOGEN KA, STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA et al.: Efficacy of intravenous ibutilide for rapid termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter: a dose-response study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1996) 28:130-136.
    • (1996) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.28 , pp. 130-136
    • Ellenbogen, K.A.1    Stambler, B.S.2    Wood, M.A.3
  • 54
    • 0029778315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation
    • STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA, ELLENBOGEN KA et al.: Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation. Circulation (1996) 94:1613-1621.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 1613-1621
    • Stambler, B.S.1    Wood, M.A.2    Ellenbogen, K.A.3
  • 55
    • 0031283294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiarrhythmic actions of intravenous ibutilide compared with procainamide during human atrial flutter and fibrillation: Electrophysiological determinants of enhanced conversion efficacy
    • STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA, ELLENBOGEN KA et al.: Antiarrhythmic actions of intravenous ibutilide compared with procainamide during human atrial flutter and fibrillation: Electrophysiological determinants of enhanced conversion efficacy. Circulation (1997) 96:4298-4306.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 4298-4306
    • Stambler, B.S.1    Wood, M.A.2    Ellenbogen, K.A.3
  • 56
    • 0037387485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibutilide versus amiodarone in atrial fibrillation: A double-blinded, randomized study
    • BERNARD E O, SCHMID ER, SCHMIDLIN D et al.: Ibutilide versus amiodarone in atrial fibrillation: A double-blinded, randomized study. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 31:1031-1034.
    • (2003) Crit. Care Med. , vol.31 , pp. 1031-1034
    • Bernard, E.O.1    Schmid, E.R.2    Schmidlin, D.3
  • 57
    • 0033578077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment
    • ORAL H, SOUZA J, MICHAUD GF et al.: Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. NEJM (1999) 340:1849-1854.
    • (1999) NEJM , vol.340 , pp. 1849-1854
    • Oral, H.1    Souza, J.2    Michaud, G.F.3
  • 58
    • 0036664756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of verapamil and ibutilide for the suppression of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic cardioversion
    • STICHERLING C, OZAVDIN M, TADA H et al.: Comparison of verapamil and ibutilide for the suppression of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic cardioversion. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 7:155-160.
    • (2002) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.7 , pp. 155-160
    • Sticherling, C.1    Ozavdin, M.2    Tada, H.3
  • 59
    • 0035895318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter with ibutilide in patients receiving amiodarone therapy
    • KATHY GLATTER, YANFEI YANG, KANU CHATTERJEE et al.: Chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter with ibutilide in patients receiving amiodarone therapy. Circulation (2001) 103:253257.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 253257
    • Glatter, K.1    Yang, Y.2    Chatterjee, K.3
  • 60
    • 19244381060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia by ibutilide in patients with coronary artery disease
    • WOOD MA, STAMBLER BS, ELLENBOGEN KA et al.: Suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia by ibutilide in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J. (1998) 135:1048-1054.
    • (1998) Am. Heart J. , vol.135 , pp. 1048-1054
    • Wood, M.A.1    Stambler, B.S.2    Ellenbogen, K.A.3
  • 61
    • 0030823741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous ibutilide in patients with or without reduced left ventricular function
    • STAMBLER BS, BECKMAN KJ, KADISH AH et al.: Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous ibutilide in patients with or without reduced left ventricular function. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80:458-463.
    • (1997) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.80 , pp. 458-463
    • Stambler, B.S.1    Beckman, K.J.2    Kadish, A.H.3
  • 62
    • 0031913846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different inhibition patterns of tedisamil for fast and slowly activation transient outward current in rat ventricular myocytes
    • BERGER F, BORCHARD U, HAFNER D et al.: Different inhibition patterns of tedisamil for fast and slowly activation transient outward current in rat ventricular myocytes. Naunyn-schiedeberg's Arch. Pharm. (1998) 357:291-298.
    • (1998) Naunyn-schiedeberg's Arch. Pharm. , vol.357 , pp. 291-298
    • Berger, F.1    Borchard, U.2    Hafner, D.3
  • 65
    • 0002682078 scopus 로고
    • KC8857, a new compound with combined bradycardic and positive inotropic effects
    • (Abstract 19)
    • DUCHOSAL F, OPIE H: KC8857, a new compound with combined bradycardic and positive inotropic effects. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. (1987) 19(Suppl. III) (Abstract 19).
    • (1987) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. III
    • Duchosal, F.1    Opie, H.2
  • 66
    • 0003190715 scopus 로고
    • Tedisamil: Cardiac electrophysuiologic and functional effects in guinea pigs
    • FUCHS A. BUSCHMANN G, ZEIGLER D et at: Tedisamil: cardiac electrophysuiologic and functional effects in guinea pigs. Aaunyn-schiedebergs Arch. Pharm. (1989) 340:R72.
    • (1989) Aaunyn-schiedebergs Arch. Pharm. , vol.340
    • Fuchs, A.1    Buschmann, G.2    Zeigler, D.3
  • 67
    • 0034124311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antianginal and anti-ischaemic efficacy of tedisamil, a potassium channel blocker
    • FOX KM, HENDERSON JR. KASKI JC et al.: Antianginal and anti-ischaemic efficacy of tedisamil, a potassium channel blocker. Heart (2000) 83:167-171.
    • (2000) Heart , vol.83 , pp. 167-171
    • Fox, K.M.1    Henderson, J.R.2    Kaski, J.C.3
  • 68
    • 0031964282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antifibrillatory efficacy of long-term tedisamil administration in a postinfarcted canine model of ischemic ventricular fibrillation
    • FRIEDRICHS GS, ABREU JN, DRISCOLL EM et al.: Antifibrillatory efficacy of long-term tedisamil administration in a postinfarcted canine model of ischemic ventricular fibrillation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol, (1998) 31:56-66.
    • (1998) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.31 , pp. 56-66
    • Friedrichs, G.S.1    Abreu, J.N.2    Driscoll, E.M.3
  • 70
    • 0034771076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of atrial fibrillation by the experimental antiarrhythruic drug tedisamil in two canine models
    • FISCHBACH PS, BARRETT TD, GOYAL R et al: Conversion of atrial fibrillation by the experimental antiarrhythruic drug tedisamil in two canine models. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol (2001) 12:1138-1144.
    • (2001) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. , vol.12 , pp. 1138-1144
    • Fischbach, P.S.1    Barrett, T.D.2    Goyal, R.3
  • 71
    • 3543133938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tedisamil for rapid conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation and flutter to normal sinus rhythm
    • The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) Washington, USA (Abstract 417)
    • KOWEY PR, DORIAN P, BECKMANN K et al: Tedisamil for rapid conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation and flutter to normal sinus rhythm. The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) Washington, USA (2003) (Abstract 417).
    • (2003)
    • Kowey, P.R.1    Dorian, P.2    Beckmann, K.3
  • 73
    • 0032029143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of novel antiarrhythmic agent azimilide on experimental attial fibrillation and electrophysiologic properties
    • NATTEL S, LIU L, ST GEORGES D: Effects of novel antiarrhythmic agent azimilide on experimental attial fibrillation and electrophysiologic properties. Cardiovasc. Res. (1998) 37:627-635.
    • (1998) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 627-635
    • Nattel, S.1    Liu, L.2    St Georges, D.3
  • 74
    • 0035499122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relations of azimilide in the management of symptomatic, recurrent, atrial fibrillation
    • Nov
    • CONNOLLY SJ, SCHNELL DJ, PAGE RL et al: Dose-response relations of azimilide in the management of symptomatic, recurrent, atrial fibrillation. Am. J. Cardiol. Nov (2001) 88/9:974-979.
    • (2001) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.88 , Issue.9 , pp. 974-979
    • Connolly, S.J.1    Schnell, D.J.2    Page, R.L.3
  • 75
    • 0035960747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ALIVE Trial
    • SORELLE R: ALIVE Trial. Circulation (2001) 104:E9053-E9055.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104
    • Sorelle, R.1
  • 76
    • 0347859217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azimilide decreases recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators
    • SINGER I, AL-KHALIDI H, NIAZI I et al.: Azimilide decreases recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2004) 43:39-43,
    • (2004) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.43 , pp. 39-43
    • Singer, I.1    Al-Khalidi, H.2    Niazi, I.3
  • 77
    • 0029118699 scopus 로고
    • The electrophysiologic effects of ersentilide on canine hearts
    • LEE JH, ROSENSHTRAUKH L, BLOSHAPKO G et at: The electrophysiologic effects of ersentilide on canine hearts. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1995) 285:25-35.
    • (1995) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.285 , pp. 25-35
    • Lee, J.H.1    Rosenshtraukh, L.2    Bloshapko, G.3
  • 78
    • 0032189613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kr blocker in conscious dogs with healed myocardial infarction
    • Kr blocker in conscious dogs with healed myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. (1998) 40:56-63.
    • (1998) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.40 , pp. 56-63
    • Adamson, P.B.1    Vandi, E.2    Hull, S.S.3
  • 79
    • 0033459520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SD3212, a new antiarrhythmic drug raises the atrial fibrillation threshold in rabbit hearts
    • MATSUO R, SHIRAYAMA T, INOUE K et at: SD3212, a new antiarrhythmic drug raises the atrial fibrillation threshold in rabbit hearts. Heart Vessels (1999) 14:127-136.
    • (1999) Heart Vessels , vol.14 , pp. 127-136
    • Matsuo, R.1    Shirayama, T.2    Inoue, K.3
  • 80
    • 0028269732 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of SD-3212, a new antiarrhythmic drug, and flecainide in a canine myocardial infarction model
    • HASHIMOTO H, UMEMURA K, ARAKI S et al: Comparison of electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of SD-3212, a new antiarrhythmic drug, and flecainide in a canine myocardial infarction model. Biol. Pharm. Buff (1994) 17:548-550.
    • (1994) Biol. Pharm. Buff , vol.17 , pp. 548-550
    • Hashimoto, H.1    Umemura, K.2    Araki, S.3
  • 81
    • 0037310465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiologic characterization of dronedarone in guinea pig ventricular cells
    • GAUTIER-P, GUILLEMARE E, MARION A et at: Electrophysiologic characterization of dronedarone in guinea pig ventricular cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (2003) 41:191-202.
    • (2003) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.41 , pp. 191-202
    • Gautier, P.1    Guillemare, E.2    Marion, A.3
  • 82
    • 10744229870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of amiodarone and dronedarone on voltage-dependent sodium current in human cardiomyocytes
    • LALEVÉE N, BARRÈRE LEMAIRE S, GAUTIER P et al: Effects of amiodarone and dronedarone on voltage-dependent sodium current in human cardiomyocytes. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (2003) 14:885-890.
    • (2003) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. , vol.14 , pp. 885-890
    • Lalevée, N.1    Barrère Lemaire, S.2    Gautier, P.3
  • 83
    • 0036236544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic and acute effects of dronedarone on the action potential of rabbit atrial muscle preparations: Comparison with amiodarone
    • SUN W, SARMA JSM, SINGH BN: Chronic and acute effects of dronedarone on the action potential of rabbit atrial muscle preparations: Comparison with amiodarone. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2002) 39:677-684.
    • (2002) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.39 , pp. 677-684
    • Sun, W.1    Sarma, J.S.M.2    Singh, B.N.3
  • 84
    • 0037204740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dronedarone and amiodarone on plasma thyroid hormones and on the basal and postischemic performance of the isolated rat heart
    • PANTOS C, MOUROUZIS 1, DELBRUYÈRE M et al. Effects of dronedarone and amiodarone on plasma thyroid hormones and on the basal and postischemic performance of the isolated rat heart. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2002) 444(3):191-196.
    • (2002) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.444 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-196
    • Pantos, C.1    Mourouzis, I.2    Delbruyère, M.3
  • 85
    • 0042469526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dronedarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation: A dose-ranging study
    • TOUBOUL P, BRUGADA J, CAPUCCI A et at: Dronedarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation: A dose-ranging study. Eur. Heart J. (2003) 24:1481-1487.
    • (2003) Eur. Heart J. , vol.24 , pp. 1481-1487
    • Touboul, P.1    Brugada, J.2    Capucci, A.3
  • 86
    • 0026486555 scopus 로고
    • Positive inotropic response to 5-HT in human atrial but not ventricular heart muscle
    • JAHNEL U, RUPP J, ERTL R et al.: Positive inotropic response to 5-HT in human atrial but not ventricular heart muscle. Naunyn Schmiedbergs Arch. Pharm. (1992) 346:482-485.
    • (1992) Naunyn Schmiedbergs Arch. Pharm. , vol.346 , pp. 482-485
    • Jahnel, U.1    Rupp, J.2    Ertl, R.3
  • 87
    • 0028034907 scopus 로고
    • 4 receptors mediate arrhythmias?
    • 4 receptors mediate arrhythmias? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1994) 15:451-455.
    • (1994) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 451-455
    • Kaumann, A.J.1
  • 88
    • 0008754467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RSD123 5: A novel antiarrhythmic agent with a unique electrophysiological profile that terminates AF in dogs
    • NATTEL S, BLASIO E, BEATCH GN et at: RSD123 5: A novel antiarrhythmic agent with a unique electrophysiological profile that terminates AF in dogs. Eur. Heart J. (2001) 22(Suppl. 448).
    • (2001) Eur. Heart J. , vol.22 , Issue.SUPPL. 448
    • Nattel, S.1    Blasio, E.2    Beatch, G.N.3
  • 90
    • 3543075478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RSDI 235 selectively prolonis atrial refractoriness and terminates AF in dogs with electrically remodeled atria
    • (Abstract 21.11)
    • BEATCH GN, SHINAGAWA K, JOHNSON BD et al.: RSDI 235 selectively prolonis atrial refractoriness and terminates AF in dogs with electrically remodeled atria. S. World Congn Pharmacol (2002) 24:(Abstract 21.11).
    • (2002) S. World Congn. Pharmacol. , vol.24
    • Beatch, G.N.1    Shinagawa, K.2    Johnson, B.D.3
  • 91
    • 3543109383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and pharmacokinetics of RSD1235, a novel atrial fibrillation converting drug, in healthy volunteers
    • BEATCH GN, SHINAGAWA K, JOHNSON BD et al: Safety and pharmacokinetics of RSD1235, a novel atrial fibrillation converting drug, in healthy volunteers. Cardiovasc. Drugs Then (2002) 16:(Suppl. 149).
    • (2002) Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL. 149
    • Beatch, G.N.1    Shinagawa, K.2    Johnson, B.D.3
  • 92
    • 3543055536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiome drug effective for heart patients
    • Cardiome Pharma Corp. Press Release 2002 September
    • Cardiome drug effective for heart patients. Cardiome Pharma Corp. Press Release 2002 September 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 94
    • 0033922247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2A-adenosine receptor activation for ATP-mediated coronary vasodilation in guinea-pig isolated heart
    • 2A-adenosine receptor activation for ATP-mediated coronary vasodilation in guinea-pig isolated heart. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 130:1065-1075.
    • (2000) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.130 , pp. 1065-1075
    • Erga, K.S.1    Seubert, C.N.2    Liang, H.X.3
  • 95
    • 0032589142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • l adenosine receptor agonist (CVT-5 10) with diltiazem fbr slowing of AV nodal conduction in guinea-pig
    • l adenosine receptor agonist (CVT-5 10) with diltiazem fbr slowing of AV nodal conduction in guinea-pig. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1999) 126:137-146.
    • (1999) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.126 , pp. 137-146
    • Snowdy, S.1    Liang, H.2    Blackburn, B.3
  • 96
    • 0025542167 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • COPLEN SE, ANTMAN EM, BERLIN JA et al: Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation (1990) 82:1106-1116.
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 1106-1116
    • Coplen, S.E.1    Antman, E.M.2    Berlin, J.A.3
  • 97
    • 0019859190 scopus 로고
    • Digitalis associated mortality after myocardial infarction
    • MOSS AJ, DAVIS HT, CONARD DL et al.: Digitalis associated mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation (1981) 64:1150-1156.
    • (1981) Circulation , vol.64 , pp. 1150-1156
    • Moss, A.J.1    Davis, H.T.2    Conard, D.L.3
  • 98
    • 0031820803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the potassium channel blocker tedisamil with the beta-adrenoceptor blocker esmolol and the calcium antagonist gallopamil in patients with coronary artery disease
    • MITROVIC V, OEHM E, THORMANN J et al.: Comparison of the potassium channel blocker tedisamil with the beta-adrenoceptor blocker esmolol and the calcium antagonist gallopamil in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin. Cardiol (1998) 21:492-502.
    • (1998) Clin. Cardiol. , vol.21 , pp. 492-502
    • Mitrovic, V.1    Oehm, E.2    Thormann, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.