Paediatric diabetes: Achieving practical, effective insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics

Volumn 96, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1560-1570

  Danne, T ^a   Becker, D ^b  

^a KINDERKRANKENHAUS AUF DER BULT   (Germany)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Glycaemic control; Hypoglycaemia; Insulin analogues; Paediatric

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; INSULIN; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN DERIVATIVE; INSULIN DETEMIR; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN GLULISINE; INSULIN LISPRO; INSULIN ZINC SUSPENSION; ISOPHANE INSULIN; METFORMIN;

DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEFICIENCY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN TREATMENT; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SELF MONITORING;

EID: 35349028343     PISSN: 08035253     EISSN: 16512227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00494.x     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. White NH, Cleary PA, Dahms W, Goldstein D, Malone J, Tamborlane WV, et al. Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). J Pediatr 2001 139 : 804 12.
2. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, et al. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005 353 : 2643 53.
3. Danne T, Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Lynggaard H, Aanstoot HJ, Chiarelli F, et al. Persistent differences among centers over 3 years in glycemic control and hypoglycemia in a study of 3,805 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from the Hvidore Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001 24 : 1342 47.
4. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. 3rd ed. 2006. IDF Publications, Brussels.
5. Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Arslanian S, Laporte RE, Becker DJ. Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 2871 5.
6. Bloomgarden ZT. Type 2 diabetes in the young: the evolving epidemic. Diabetes Care 2004 27 : 998 1010.
7. Malecka-Tendera E, Erhardt E, Molnar D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in European children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2005 94 : 543 46.
8. Kaufman FR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth: a new epidemic. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002 15 Suppl 2 : 737 44.
9. Cockram CS. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong Med J 2000 6 : 43 52.
10. Hypponen E, Virtanen S, Kenward M, Knip M, Akerblom H, for the Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Obesity, increased linear growth and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care 2000 23 : 1755 60.
11. Songer TJ, LaPorte RE, Tajima N, Orchard T, Rabin B, Eberhardt M, et al. Height at the diagnosis of insulin dependent diabetes in patients and their non-diabetic family members. Br Med J 1986 292 : 1419.
12. Wilkin TJ. The accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between type I and type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2001 44 : 914 22.
13. Kibirige M, Metcalf B, Renuka R, Wilkin TJ. Testing the accelerator hypothesis: the relationship between body mass and age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 2954 6
14. International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD). 2000 consensus guidelines for the management of insulin-dependent diabetes in childhood and adolescence. Available at : http://www.diabetesguidelines.com/ health/dwk/pro/guidelines/ISPAD/ispad.asp. Accessed March 17, 2007.
15. Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnick L, Kaufman K, Laffel L, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005 28 : 186 212.
16. Hanas R, Donaghue K, Klingensmith G, Swift PG, for the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006-2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2006 7 : 341 2.
17. Alberti G, Zimmet P, Shaw J, Bloomgarden Z, Kaufman F, Silink M, for the Consensus Workshop. Type 2 diabetes in the young: the evolving epidemic: the International Diabetes Federation Consensus Workshop. Diabetes Care 2004 27 : 1798 811.
18. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2000 23 : 381 89.
19. Danne T, Weber B, Hartmann R, Enders I, Burger W, Hovener G. Long-term glycemic control has a nonlinear association to the frequency of background retinopathy in adolescents with diabetes. Follow-up of the Berlin Retinopathy Study. Diabetes Care 1994 17 : 1390 6.
20. The DCCT Study Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1995 44 : 968 83.
21. Fonseca V. Clinical significance of targeting postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin 2003 19 : 635 41.
22. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, Moyé LA, Howard BV, Howard WJ, et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial. Circulation 1998 98 : 2513 9.
23. Soonthornpun S, Rattarasarn C, Leelawattana R, Setasuban W. Postprandial plasma glucose: a good index of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients having near-normal fasting glucose levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999 46 : 23 7.
24. Daneman D, Luley N, Becker DJ, Diurnal glucose-dependent fluctuations in glycosylated hemoglobin levels in insulin-dependent diabetes. Metabolism 1982 31 : 989 93.
25. Danne T, Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Lynggaard H, Aanstoot HJ, Chiarelli F, et al. Persistent differences among centers over 3 years in glycemic control and hypoglycemia in a study of 3,805 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from the Hvidore Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001 24 : 1342 7.
26. Holl RW, Swift PG, Mortensen HB, Lynggaard H, Hougaard P, Aanstoot HJ, et al. Insulin injection regimens and metabolic control in an international survey of adolescents with type 1 diabetes over 3 years: results from the Hvidore Study Group. Eur J Pediatr 2003 162 : 22 9.
27. Swift P, de Beaufort C, Skinner C, on behalf of the Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Services provided by the diabetes team: do they affect glycaemic outcome (abstract). Pediatr Diabetes 2006 7 Suppl 5 : 19.
28. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001 344 : 1343 50.
29. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002 393 : 393 403.
30. Waldron S, Hanas R, Palmvig B. How do we educate young people to balance carbohydrate intake with adjustments of insulin? Horm Res 2002 57 Suppl 1 : 62 5.
31. Gungor N, Hannon T, Libman, Bacha F, Arslanian S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the complete picture to date. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005 52 : 1579 609.
32. Glaser B, Cerasi E. Early intensive insulin treatment for induction of long-term glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999 1 : 67 74.
33. Dahl-Jorgensen K, Larsen JR, Hanssen KF. Atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes: early disease, early treatment? Diabetologia 2005 48 : 1445 53.
34. Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Julius U, Schulze J, Swanebeck U, Schmechel H, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: The Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia 1996 39 : 1577 83.
35. Mortensen HB, Lindholm A, Olsen BS, Hylleberg B. Rapid appearance and onset of action of insulin aspart in paediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes. Eur J Pediatr 2000 159 : 483 8.
36. Howey DC, Bowsher RR, Brunelle RL, Woodworth JR. [Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-human insulin: a rapidly absorbed analogue of human insulin. Diabetes 1994 43 : 396 402.
37. Danne T, Becker RH, Heise T, Bittner C, Frick AD, Rave K. Pharmacokinetics, prandial glucose control, and safety of insulin glulisine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005 28 : 2100 5.
38. Home PD, Lindholm A, Riis A, for the European Insulin Aspart Study Group. Insulin aspart vs. human insulin in the management of long-term blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Med 2000 17 : 762 70.
39. Danne T, Rastam J, Odendahl R, Näke A, Schimmel U, Szczepanski R, et al. Parental preference of prandial insulin aspart compared to preprandial human insulin in a basal-bolus scheme with NPH insulin in a twelve week crossover-study of preschool children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007 8 278 285.
40. Danne T, Aman J, Schober E, Deiss D, Jacobsen JL, Friberg HH, et al. A comparison of postprandial and pre-prandial administration of insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 2359 84.
41. Fairchild JM, Ambler GR, Genoud-Lawton CH, Westman EA, Chan A, Howard NJ, et al. Insulin lispro versus regular insulin in children with type 1 diabetes on twice daily insulin. Pediatr Diabetes 2000 1 : 135 41.
42. Rutledge KS, Chase HP, Klingersmith GJ, Walravens PA, Slover RH, Garg SK. Effectiveness of postprandial Humalog in toddlers with diabetes. Pediatrics 1997 100 : 968 72.
43. Heinemann L. Variability of insulin absorption and insulin action. Diabetes Technol Ther 2002 4 : 673 82.
44. Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, Porcellati F, Bartocci L, Di Vincenzo A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and Ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes 2000 49 : 2142 8.
45. Bolli GB, Owens DR. Insulin glargine. Lancet 2000 356 : 443 5.
46. Danne T, Lupke K, Walte K, von Schuetz W, Gall MA. Insulin detemir is characterized by a consistent pharmacokinetic profile across age-groups in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 3087 92.
47. Home P, Bartley P, Russell-Jones D, Hanaire-Broutin H, Heeg JE, Abrams P, et al. Insulin detemir offers improved glycemic control compared with NPH insulin in people with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2004 27 : 1081 7.
48. Heise T, Nosek L, Ronn BB, Endahl L, Heinemann L, Kapitza C, et al. Lower within-subject variability of insulin detemir in comparison to NPH insulin and insulin glargine in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004 53 : 1614 20.
49. Cryer PE. Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of type I and type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2002 45 : 937 48.
50. Rovet JF, Ehrlich RM. The effect of hypoglycemic seizures on cognitive function in children with diabetes: a 7-year prospective study. J Pediatr 1999 134 : 503 6.
51. Bjorgaas M, Gimse R, Vik T, Sand T. Cognitive function in type 1 diabetic children with and without episodes of severe hypoglycaemia. Acta Paediatr 1997 86 : 148 53.
52. Wysocki T, Harris M, Mauras N, Fox L, Taylor A, Jackson S, et al. Absence of adverse effects of severe hypoglycemia on cognitive function in school-aged children with diabetes over 18 months. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 1100 5.
53. Ryan CM. Why is cognitive dysfunction associated with the development of diabetes early in life? The diathesis hypothesis. Pediatr Diabetes 2006 7 : 289 97.
54. Davis EA, Keating B, Byrne GC, Russell M, Jones TW. Hypoglycemia: incidence and clinical predictors in a large population-based sample of children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1997 20 : 22 5.
55. Matyka KA, Crowne EC, Havel PJ, Macdonald IA, Matthews D, Dunger DB. Counterregulation during spontaneous nocturnal hypoglycemia in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999 22 : 1144 50.
56. Dagogo-Jack SE, Rattarasarn C, Cryer PE. Reversal of hypoglycemia unawareness, but not defective glucose-counter-regulation in IDDM. Diabetes 1994 43 : 1426 34.
57. MacDonald MJ. Postexercise late-onset hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1987 10 : 584 8.
58. Soliman AT, Omar M, Rizk MM, Awwa AE, AlGhobashy FM. Glycaemic control with modified intensive insulin injections (MII) using insulin pens and premixed insulin in children with type-1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr 2006 52 : 276 81.
59. Danne T, von Schütz W, Lange K, Nestoris C, Datz N, Kordonouri O. Current practice of insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents - the Hannover recipe. Pediatr Diabetes 2006 7 Suppl 4 : 25 31.
60. Robertson K, Schönle E, Gucev Z, Mordhorst L, Gall M-A, Ludvigsson J. Benefits of insulin detemir over NPH insulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: lower and more predictable fasting plasma glucose and lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Diabetes Med 2007 24 27 34.
61. Chase HP, Dixon B, Pearson J, Fiallo-Scharer R, Walravens P, Klingensmith G, et al. Reduced hypoglycemic episodes and improved glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes using insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin. J Pediatr 2003 143 : 737 40.
62. Weinzimer SA, Ahern JH, Doyle EA, Vincent MR, Dziura J, Steffen AT, et al. Persistence of benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in very young children with type 1 diabetes: a follow-up report. Pediatrics 2004 114 : 1601 5.
63. Danne T, Battelino T, Kordonouri O, Hanas R, Klinkert C, Ludvigsson J, et al. A cross-sectional international survey of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in 377 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus from 10 countries. Pediatr Diabetes 2005 6 : 193 8.
64. Fox LA, Buckloh LM, Smith SD, Wysocki T, Mauras N. A randomized controlled trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005 28 : 1277 81.
65. Boland EA, Grey M, Oesterle A, Fredrickson L, Tamborlane WV. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A new way to lower risk of severe hypoglycemia, improve metabolic control, and enhance coping in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999 22 : 1779 84.
66. Plotnick LP, Clark LM, Brancati FL, Erlinger T. Safety and effectiveness of insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 1142 6.
67. Hanaire H, Bringer J, Lassmann-Vague V, Jeandidier N, Meyer L, Blin P, et al. Improvement of HBA1c without increasing hypoglycaemia risk in diabetic patients treated with insulin Lispro in external pumps. Diabetologia 1997 40 Suppl 1 : A10.
68. Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Garg S, Lane WS, Sussman A, Santiago OM, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of insulin aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII. Diabetes Care 2005 28 : 533 8.
69. Hanas R. Reducing injection pain in children and adolescents with diabetes: a review of indwelling catheters. Pediatr Diabetes 2004 5 : 102 11.
70. Mortensen HB, Robertson KJ, Aanstoot HJ, Danne T, Holl RW, Hougaard P, et al. Insulin management and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence in 18 countries. Hvidore Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Diabetes Med 1998 15 : 752 9.
71. Korytkowski M, Bell D, Jacobsen C, Suwannasari R, for the FlexPen Study Team. A multicenter, randomized, open-label, comparative, two-period crossover trial of preference, efficacy, and safety profiles of a prefilled, disposable pen and conventional vial/syringe for insulin injection in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2003 25 : 2836 48.
72. Jefferson IG, Marteau TM, Smith MA, Baum JD. A multiple injection regimen using an insulin injection pen and prefilled cartridges of soluble human insulin in adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Med 1985 2 : 493 7.
73. Schafer LC, Glasgow RE, McCaul KD. Increasing the adherence of diabetic adolescents. J Behav Med 1982 5 : 353 62.
74. Anderson B, Ho J, Brackett J, Finkelstein D, Laffel L. Parental involvement in diabetes management tasks: relationships to blood glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control in young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1997 130 : 257 65.
75. Svoren BM, Butler D, Levine BS, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Reducing acute adverse outcomes in youths with type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2003 112 : 914 22.
76. Tamborlane WV, Kollman C, Steffes MW, Ruedy KJ, Dongyuan X, Beck RW, et al. The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Comparison of fingerstick hemoglobin A1c levels assayed by DCA 2000 with the DCCT/EDIC central laboratory assay: results of a Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study. Pediatr Diabetes 2005 6 : 13 6.
77. Danne T, Kordonouri O, Hovener G, Weber B. Diabetic angiopathy in children. Diabetes Med 1997 14 : 1012 25
78. Mayou R, Peveler R, Davies B, Mann J, Fairburn C. Psychiatric morbidity in young adults with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Psychol Med 1991 21 : 639 45.
79. Dumont RH, Jacobson AM, Cole C, Hauser ST, Wolfsdorf JI, Willett JB, et al. Psychosocial predictors of acute complications of diabetes in youth. Diabetes Med 1995 12 : 612 8.
80. Hanas R, Ludvigsson J. Experiences of pain from injections and needle phobia in young patients with IDDM. Pract Diabetes 1997 14 : 95 9.
81. Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, Olmsted MP, Rodin G. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000 320 : 1563 6.
82. Rydall AC, Rodin GM, Olmsted MP, Devenyi RG, Daneman D. Disordered eating behavior and microvascular complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1997 26 : 1849 54.