External action of the European Union after the constitutional setback

European Constitutional Law Review

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 358-374

  Martin, Magdalena ^a,b   Lirola, Isabel ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÁLAGA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Constitutional setback; Defence; Democracy; European Union; External action; Foreign policy; Leadership; Legal personality; Minister of foreign affairs; Security policy

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348987647     PISSN: 15740196     EISSN: 17445515     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1574019606003580     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. 'What now? Editorial Comments', 42 CML Rev (2005) p. 905-911 at p. 909.
2. See M. Cremona, 'The Draft Constitutional Treaty: External Relations and External Action' 40 CML Rev (2003) p. 1347-1366 at p. 1366.
3. I. Pawel Karolewski, 'Constitutionalization of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union: Implications of the Constitutional Treaty', 6 German Law Journal (2005) p. 1649-1666 at p. 1650.
4. See M. Cremona, 'The Union as a Global Actor: Roles, Models and Identity', 41 CML Rev (2004) p. 553-573 at p. 570.
5. Ibid., p. 568.
6. See I. Govaere et al., 'In-Between Seats: The Participation of the European Union in International Organizations', 9 European Foreign Affairs Review (2004) p. 161-162.
7. In spite of these being mentioned in the Final Report of Working Group III on Legal Personality, CONV 305/02, p. 6.
8. See Govaere et al., supra n. 6, p. 183-184.
9. B. Crum, 'Tailoring Representative Democracy to the European Union: Does the European Constitution Reduce the Democratic Deficit', 11 European Law Journal (2005) p. 452-467.
10. B. Crum, 'Legislative-Executive Relations in the EU', 41 Journal of Common Market Studies (2003), p. 375-395;
11. G. Bermann, 'Executive power in the new European Constitution', 3 International Journal of Constitutional Law (2005) p. 440-447.
12. I. Pernice and D. Thym, 'A new Institutional Balance for European Foreign Policy', 7 European Foreign Affairs Review (2002) p. 369-400;
13. D. Thym, 'The Institutional Balance of European Foreign Policy in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe' (Berlin, Walter Hallstein Institut 2004) document 13/04.
14. G. Gourlay, 'Parliamentary oversight of ESDP: The role of the Parliaments and of the EP', Conference Paper, 4th Workshop on Strengthening Parliamentary oversight of international military co-operation and institutions, Brussels, 12-14 July 2002.
15. 'European Parliament Resolution on the Annual Report on Human Rights in the World 2004 and the European Union's policy on the matter (2004/2151 (INI))', A6-0086/2005, 28 April 2005.
16. E. Barbé and E. Zapater, 'External Action and the Role of the European Parliament: Still Pending', 1 CTSP Forum (2003), p. 3-4;
17. E. Barbé, 'The Evolution of the CFSP Institutions; Where does Democratic Accountability Stand?', 39 The International Spectator (2004) p. 47-60;
18. S. Stavridis, 'The CFSP/ESDP, Parliamentary Accountability and the 'Future of Europe' Convention Debate', Working Paper n. 42 (Barcelona, Institut Universitari D'Estudis Europeus 2003).
19. J.W. Sap, 'The European President', 1 EuConst (2005) p. 47-51.
20. B. Crowe, 'The Foreign Minister of Europe' (The Foreign Policy Centre, 2005),
21. C. Hill, 'A Foreign Minister without a Foreign Ministry -or with too many?', 1 CSFP Forum (2003), p. 1-2.
22. S. Duke, 'Preparing for European Diplomacy', 40 Journal of Common Market Studies (2002) p. 849-870;
23. S. Griller, 'External Relations', in B. De Witte (ed.), Ten Reflections on the Constitutional Treaty for Europe (Florence, EUI-Robert Schuman Center 2003) p. 153.
24. E. Barbé and L. Mestres, 'The new EUs External Action: A significant step forward towards the EU's single voice', Working Paper n. 56 (Barcelona, Institut Universitari D'Estudis Europeus 2004).
25. On the difficulties arising from the consideration of the CFSP as a shared competence or as an area of co-ordinating action, see Cremona, supra n. 2, p. 1353-1354;
26. A. Hable, 'The European Constitution: Changes in the Reform of Competences with a Particular Focus on the External Dimension', Working Paper (Wien, Europainstitut-WirtschaftsUniversität 2005), , p. 25-26.
27. Nevertheless, the substantial differences between the acts of the CFSP still remain, and it is possible to distinguish between decisions of the Council 'where the international situation requires operational action' (II-297) from those 'which shall define the approach of the Union to a particular matter' (III-298). On the problems to which this situation may give rise, see Cremona, supra n. 2, p. 1357-1358.
28. A. Dashwood, 'The Relationship Between the Member States and the European Union/European Community, 41 CML Rev (2004) p. 376-380.
29. An interesting debate on these matters appears in the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the European Union, 'The Future Role of the European Court of Justice', 6th Report, 14 March 2004, .
30. As suggested by J.H. Reestman, 'Primacy of Union Law', 1 EuConst (2005) p. 105-106.
31. See 'Editorial Comments. The CFSP under the EU Constitutional Treaty - Issues of depillarization', 42 CML Rev (2005) p. 326-328.
32. A number of actions for annulment have been decided and are currently pending in the European Court of Justice against restrictive measures aimed at legal or natural persons in the matter of terrorism. These cases can be monitored at . Nevertheless, neither is the application of Article III-376 free of doubt, insofar as it is not clear how the European Court of Justice will interpret the criteria for individuals bringing the action for annulment that are established in Article III-365(4), see T. Corthaut, 'An Effective Remedy for All? Paradoxes and Controversies in Respect of Judicial Protection in the Field of the CFSP under the European Constitution?', 12 Tilburg Foreign Law Review (2004) p. 110-144;
33. A. Hinarejos-Parga, 'Judicial Review and Common Foreign and Security Policy under the Constitution', 1 July 2005, .
34. See Case T-338/02, SEGI Association, Araitz Zubimendi Izaga and Aritza Galarraga v. Council, Order of the Second Chamber of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 7 June 2004, (under appeal, Case C-355-04 P).
35. 'European Union Security and Defence', Chaillot Paper n. 75 (Institute for Security Studies, 2005), , 7 June 2005.
36. A secure Europe in a better world. European Security Strategy', 12 Dec. 2003, .
37. M. Ortega, 'Petersberg Taks and Missions for the EU Military Forces', Working Paper (Institute for Security Studies, Paris 2005), , May 2005.
38. W.F. Van Eekelen, 'The Parliamentary Dimension of Defence Procurement', Occasional Paper no. 5 (DCAF, Geneva 2005), .
39. A. Biava, 'L'Union européenne, acteur global? Potentialités et limites de la PESC et de la PESD', (Institut européen de l'Université de Geneve, 2005), , p. 129.
40. A. Missiroli, 'Avanzar con cuidado: El Tratado Constitucional y más allá', in N. Gnesotto (ed.), EU Security and Defence Policy. The first five years (1999-2004) (Paris, Institute for Security Studies 2004), .
41. See Reestman, supra n. 23, p. 106;
42. M. Kumm and V. Ferrelles, 'The primacy clause of the constitutional treaty and the future of constitutional conflict in the European Union', 3 International Journal of Constitutional Law (2005) p. 473-492.
43. Common Action 2004/551/CFSP, of the Council, 12 July 2004, regarding the establishment of the European Defence Agency, OJ [2004] L 245/17. The activities and progress noted since its creation can be monitored via its official website , June 2005.
44. B. Schmitt, 'The European Union and Armaments. Getting a Bigger Bang for the Euro' (Paris, Institute for Security Studies 2003), Chaillot Paper no. 63 , June 2005
45. 'Defence Procurement in the European Union. The current debate', Report of an EUISS Task Force (Paris, Institute for Security Studies 2005), .