Security forces and sexual violence: A cross-national analysis of a principal-agent argument

Journal of Peace Research

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 669-687

  Butler, Christopher K ^a   Gluch, Tali ^a   Mitchell, Neil J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35148887328     PISSN: 00223433     EISSN: 14603578     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022343307082058     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Acemoglu, Daron & Thierry Verdier, 2000. ' The Choice Between Market Failures and Corruption ', American Economic Review 90 (March): 194 - 211.
2. Amnesty International, 2004. ' It's in Our Hands: Stop the Violence Against Women ' ( http://web.amnesty.org/actforwomen/reports-index-eng ).
3. Amnesty International, 2006. ' Russian Federation: Russian Chechen Friendship Society Closed Under New NGO Law ' ( http://news.amnesty.org/index/ ENGEUR460482006, last accessed 23 November 2006 ).
4. Apodaca, Clair, 2000. ' The Effects of Foreign Aid on Women's Economic and Social Human Rights ', Journal of Third World Studies 17 (2). 205 - 219.
5. Arat, Zehra, 2002. ' The Women's Convention and State Reservations: The Lack of Compliance by Muslim States ', paper presented at the 43rd Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA, 24-27 March.
6. Arrow, Kenneth J., 1985. ' The Economics of Agency ', in John W. Pratt & Richard J. Zeckhauser, eds, Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press ( 37 - 51 ).
7. Askin, Kelly D., 1999. ' Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status ', American Journal of International Law 93 (January): 97 - 123.
8. Banks, Jeffrey S. & Barry R. Weingast, 1992. ' The Political Control of Bureaucracies Under Asymmetric Information ', American Journal of Political Science 36 (May): 509 - 524.
9. Bardhan, Pranab, 1997. ' Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues ', Journal of Economic Literature 35 (3). 1320 - 1346.
10. Bawn, Kathleen, 1995. ' Political Control Versus Expertise: Congressional Choices About Administrative Procedures ', American Political Science Review 89 (March): 62 - 73.
11. Beer, Caroline & Neil J. Mitchell, 2004. ' Democracy and Human Rights in the Mexican States: Elections or Social Capital ', International Studies Quarterly 48 (2). 293 - 312.
12. Beevor, Anthony, 2002. Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking.
13. Brehm, John & Scott Gates, 1997. Working, Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
14. Browning, Christopher R., 1998. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins.
15. Brownmiller, Susan, 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. London: Secker and Warburg.
16. Brysk, Alison, 1994. The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democratization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, United States Department of State, 2004. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices ( http://www.state.gov/ g/drl/hr/c1470.htm, last accessed 25 July 2006 ).
18. Burkhart, Ross E., 2002. ' The Capitalist Political Economy and Human Rights: Cross-National Evidence ', Social Science Journal 39 (2). 155 - 170.
19. Chang, Iris, 1997. The Rape of Nanking. London: Penguin.
20. Childress, Sarah & Michael Hirsh, 2006. ' An Itchy Finger ', Newsweek, 7 August. ( http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14097559/site/newsweek/, accessed 19 November 2006.)
21. Cingranelli, David L. & David L. Richards, 1999. ' Respect for Human Rights After the End of the Cold War ', Journal of Peace Research 36 (5). 511 - 534.
22. Davenport, Christian & David A. Armstrong II, 2004. ' Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996 ', American Journal of Political Science 48 (July): 538 - 554.
23. Enloe, Cynthia H., 1983. Does Khaki Become You? The Militarisation of Women's Lives. Boston, MA: South End.
24. Enloe, Cynthia H., 2000. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
25. Fearon, James D., 2003. ' Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country ', Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2). 195 - 222.
26. Gartner, Scott Sigmund & Patrick M. Regan, 1996. ' Threat and Repression: The NonLinear Relationship Between Government and Opposition Violence ', Journal of Peace Research 33 (3). 273 - 287.
27. Gibney, Mark & Matthew Dalton, 1996. ' The Political Terror Scale ', Policy Studies and Developing Nations 4 (1). 73 - 84.
28. Gleditsch, Nils Petter ; Peter, Wallensteen, Mikael, Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & HvardStrand, 2002. ' Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset ', Journal of Peace Research 39 (5). 615 - 637.
29. Goldstein, Joshua S., 2001. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Harrelson-Stephens, Julie & Rhonda Callaway, 2003. ' Does Trade Openness Promote Security Rights in Developing Countries? Examining the Liberal Perspective ', International Interactions 29 (April-June): 143 - 158.
31. Hathaway, Oona, 2002. ' Do Human Rights Treaties Make A Difference? ', Yale Law Journal 111 (June): 1935 - 2042.
32. Henderson, Conway W., 1991. ' Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression ', Journal of Conflict Resolution 35 (March): 120 - 142.
33. Henderson, Conway W., 2004. ' The Political Repression of Women ', Human Rights Quarterly 26 (4). 1028 - 1049.
34. Huber, John D. & Nolan McCarty, 2004. ' Bureaucratic Capacity, Delegation, and Political Reform ', American Political Science Review 98 (3). 481 - 494.
35. Kalyvas, Stathis, 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Kaufmann, Daniel ; Aart Kraay & Massimo Mastruzzi, 2005. ' Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004 ', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 3630, May ( http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/ govdata/, last accessed 25 July 2006 ).
37. Keck, Margaret & Kathryn Sikkink, 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
38. Keith, Linda Camp, 1999. ' The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does It Make a Difference in Human Rights Behavior ', Journal of Peace Research 36 (1). 95 - 118.
39. Keith, Linda Camp, 2002. ' Constitutional Provisions for Individual Human Rights (1977-1996): Are They More Than Mere "Window Dressing"? ', Political Research Quarterly 55 (1). 111 - 143.
40. Lopez, George A. & Michael Stohl, 1992. ' Problems of Concept and Measurement in the Study of Human Rights ', in T. B. Jabine & R. P. Claude, eds, Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania ( 216 - 234 ).
41. Lynch, Colum, 2004. ' U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo: Peacekeepers Accused in Draft Report ', Washington Post, 16 December: A26.
42. McCormick, James M. & Neil J. Mitchell, 1997. ' Human Rights Violations, Umbrella Concepts, and Empirical Analysis ', World Politics 49 (July): 510 - 525.
43. Marshall, Monty G. & Keith Jaggers, 2002. Polity IV Dataset. [Computer file; version p4v2002] College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.
44. Meier, Kenneth J., 1993. Politics and the Bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks-Cole.
45. Mitchell, Neil, 2004. Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil Wars. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
46. Montinola, Gabriella R. & Robert W. Jackman, 2002. ' Sources of Corruption: A Cross-National Study ', British Journal of Political Science 32 (January): 147 - 170.
47. Moore, Will H., 2000. ' The Repression of Dissent: A Substitution Model of Government Coercion ', Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (1). 107 - 127.
48. Morris, Benny, 1999. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881 - 1999. New York: Knopf.
49. Niarchos, Catherine N., 1995. ' Women, War, and Rape: Challenges Facing The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ', Human Rights Quarterly 17 (4). 649 - 690.
50. Poe, Steven & Neil Tate, 1994. ' Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis ', American Political Science Review 88 (4). 853 - 872.
51. Poe, Steven ; Sabine Carey & Tanya C. Vazquez, 2001. ' How Are These Pictures Different? A Quantitative Comparison of the US State Department and Amnesty International Human Rights Reports, 1976-1995 ', Human Rights Quarterly 23 (3). 650 - 677.
52. Poe, Steven ; Neil Tate & Linda Camp Keith, 1999. ' Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976-1993 ', International Studies Quarterly 43 (2). 291 - 313.
53. Richards, David ; Ronald D. Gelleny & David H. Sacko, 2001. ' Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries ', International Studies Quarterly 45 (June): 219 - 239.
54. Rothman, David J. & Aryeh Neier, 1991. ' India's Awful Prisons ', New York Review of Books, 16 May.
55. Semple, Kirk, 2006. ' Iraq Hearing on Rape and Murder Opens ', New York Times, 7 August: 9.
56. Shanker, Thom, 2004. ' Inquiry Faults Commanders in Assaults on Cadets ', New York Times, 8 December: 18.
57. Silone, Ignazio, 1961. ' Reflections on the Welfare State ', Dissent 8: 189.
58. Singer, J. David ; Stuart Bremer & John Stuckey, 1972. ' Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965 ', in Bruce Russett, ed., Peace, War and Numbers. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage ( 19 - 48 ).
59. Walzer, Michael, 1977. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic.
60. Waterman, Richard W. ; Amelia A. Rouse & Robert L. Wright, 2004. Bureaucrats, Politics and the Environment. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
61. Weldon, S. Laurel, 2002. Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
62. Wood, Elisabeth J., 2004. ' Sexual Violence During War: Explaining Variation ', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 2-5 September.
63. Wood, Elisabeth J., 2006. ' Vanation in Sexual Violence During War ', Politics and Society 34 (3). 307 - 342.
64. World Bank, 2004. World Development Indicators ( http://devdata. worldbank.org/data-query/, last accessed 25 July 2006 ).
65. United Nations, 2006 a. ' In-Depth Study of All Forms of Violence Against Women ', Report of the Secretary General. United Nations General Assembly A/61/122/Add.1 (6 July).
66. United Nations, 2006 b. ' Problem of Sexual Abuse by Peacekeepers ', United Nations Security Council SC/8649.
67. Zakaria, Fareed, 2003. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton.