Gunpowder empires and the Garrison State: Modernity, hybridity, and the political economy of colonial India, circa 1750-1860

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 245-258

  Peers, Douglas M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIALISM; ECONOMIC HISTORY; MODERNITY; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL HISTORY;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDIA; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 35148822665     PISSN: 1089201X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/1089201X-2007-003     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. "An Essay on the Present State of Things," Mofussilite, 10 March 1848.
2. As I discuss later, what has been termed "military fiscalism" continued to prosper in nineteenth-century India at the same time that, as Philip Harling and Peter Mandler have shown, it was being brought under check in post-Napoleonic War Britain. Philip Harling and Peter Mandler, "From Fiscal-Military State to Laissez Faire State, 1760-1850," Journal of British Studies 32 (1993): 44-70.
3. C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 259.
4. "British India - its State and Prospects," Fraser's Magazine 30 (1844): 744.
5. Bengal to Court of Directors, 31 January 1766, Rt. Hon. Charles F. Greville, British India Analyzed: The Provincial and Revenue Establishments of Tippoo Sultaun and of Mahomedan and British Conquerors in Hindostan, Stated and Considered in Three Parts (London: E. Jeffery, 1793), 694.
6. Douglas M. Peers, Between Mars and Mammon: Colonial Armies and the Garrison State in Early-Nineteenth Century India (London: I. B. Tauris, 1995).
7. Daniel Goffman, The Ottomon Empire and Early Modern Europe, New Approaches to European History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1.
8. John William Kaye, The Administration of the East India Company: A History of Indian Progress (London: Richard Bentley, 1853), 421.
9. "The English in India," Bentley's Miscellany 42 (1857): 343.
10. Frederick Hendriks, "On the Statistics of Indian Revenue and Taxation," Journal of the Statistical Society of London 21 (1858): 223.
11. Innes Munro, Narrative of the Military Operations on the Coromandel Coast against the Combined Forces of the French, Dutch, and Hyder Ally Cawn from the Year 1780 to the Peace of 1784, in a Series of Letters (London, 1789), 160.
12. Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of the Nation States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), 31;
13. William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
14. See the recent review of the idea and its applications in Clifford J. Rogers, ed., The Military Revolution Debate (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995).
15. Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 115.
16. An excellent example of the way in which the historiography of colonial warfare needs to be rethought is offered in James Belich, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict (Montreal: McGill-Queens Press, 1989).
17. Randolf G. S. Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
18. G. V. Scammell, The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion, c. 1400-1715 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
19. John K. Thornton, "The Art of War in Angola, 1575-1680," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (1988): 360-78.
20. George Raudzens, "Military Revolution or Maritime Evolution? Military Superiorities or Transportation Advantages as Main Causes of European Colonial Conquests to 1788," Journal of Military History 63 (1999): 631-41.
21. B. P. Lenman, "The Weapons of War in Eighteenth-Century India," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 46 (1968): 33-43;
22. P. J. Marshall, "Western Arms in Maritime Asia in the Early Phases of Expansion," Modern Asian Studies 14 (1980): 13-28.
23. Peers, Mars and Mammon, 161.
24. Jos Gommans, "Indian Warfare and Afghan Innovation during the Eighteenth Century," Studies in History 11 (1995): 261-80;
25. Gommans, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700 (London: Routledge, 2002).
26. Lawrence Stone, ed., An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689-1815 (London: Routledge, 1994), 9.
27. C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1730-1830 (London: Longman, 1989);
28. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688-1783 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1989);
29. Jos Gommans, "The Silent Frontier of South Asia, A.D. 1100-1800," Journal of World History 9 (1998): 1-23;
30. Harling and Mandler, "From Fiscal-Military State to Laissez Faire State"; Patrick O'Brien and Roland Ouinault, eds., The Industrial Revolution and British Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
31. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 9.
32. Unfortunately there has been little recent work on the logistics of the Indian army. But see Randolf G. S. Cooper, "Beyond Beasts and Bullion: Economic Considerations in Bombay's Military Logistics, 1803," Modern Asian Studies 33 (1999): 159-83;
33. and Lorenzo M. Crowell, "Logistics in the Madras Army circa 1830," War and Society 10 (1992): 1-33.
34. Chapman, "India and Its Finances," Westminster Review 4 (1853): 192.
35. Henry Lawrence, "The Indian Army," Calcutta Review 26 (1856): 185.
36. Appendix to Report from the Select Committee on Indian Territories, Parliamentary Papers 10 (1852): 276-79.
37. Hendriks, "Indian Revenue and Taxation," 243.
38. Chapman, "India and Its Finances," 180.
39. Radhika Singha, A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), ix.
40. Henry Lawrence, "Military Defence of Our Empire in the East," Calcutta Review 2 (1844): 35.
41. A. White, Considerations on the State of British India (Edinburgh: Bell and Bradfute, 1822), 128.
42. Robert Clive to Court of Directors, April 1765, Greville, British India Analyzed, 812.
43. Chapman, "India and Its Finances," 180.
44. John Lawrence to Dalhousie, 20 September 1850, MSS Eur F90/3, Oriental India Office Collections.
45. John William Kaye, "Society in India," Bentley's Miscellany 31 (1852): 242.
46. Robert Needham Cust, "Collector of Revenues in the North West Provinces," Calcutta Review 23 (1854): 138-39.
47. Meredith Townsend, Annals of Indian Administration (Serampore, India: Baptist Mission Press, 1859), 3:253.
48. Ibid., 3:258.
49. James Fitzjames Stephen, "Foundations of the Government of India," Nineteenth Century 80 (1883): 541-68.
50. See also Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
51. David Washbrook, "India, 1818-1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism," in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 395-421.
52. Seema Alavi, The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
53. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Penumbral Visions: Making Politics in Early Modern South India (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002).
54. See also Irfan Habib, ed., Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan (Delhi: Tulika, 1999).
55. C. A. Bayly, "The British Military-Fiscal State and Indigenous Resistance: India, 1750-1820," in Stone, An Imperial State at War, 324.
56. Chapman, "India and Its Finances," 195.
57. Kaye, Administration of the East India Company, 421.
58. Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765-1818," in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century, ed. P. J. Marshall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 517.
59. See, e.g., Sugata Bose, Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770, New Cambridge History of India, vol. 3, no. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993);
60. Rajat Datta, Society, Economy, and the Market: Commercialization in Rural Bengal, c. 1760-1800 (New Delhi: Manohar, 2000);
61. Ranajit Guha, A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of the Permanent Settlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995);
62. P.J. Marshall, Bengal: The British Bridgehead, Eastern India; 1740-1828, New Cambridge History of india, vol. 2, no. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
63. Pramanath Banerjea, Indian Finances in the Days of the Company (London: Macmillan, 1928), 207.
64. Tarasankar Banerjee, Internal Markets of India (Calcutta: Academic Publishers, 1966), 6.
65. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Financial Foundations of the British Raj: Men and Ideas in the Post-mutiny Period of Reconstruction of Indian Public Finances, 1858-1872 (Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1971), 3.
66. Memorandum on the Indian Debt, 1828, Public Record Office (PRO) 30/12/32/ 1 (Law Papers), National Archive, London.
67. Statistics compiled from Select Committee on the East India Company, Parliamentary Papers, 1831-32, 10, pt. 1, app. 4, and Memorandum on Indian Finances, n.d., PRO 30/12/32/1 (Law Papers), National Archive, London.
68. Hendriks, "Indian Revenue and Taxation," 255.
69. Chapman, "India and Its Finances," 179.
70. Hendriks, "Indian Revenue and Taxation," 249.
71. Ibid., 253.
72. P. H. H. Vries, "Governing Growth: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of the State in the Rise of the West," Journal of World History 13 (2002): 67-138.
73. Select Committee on the East India Company, Parliamentary Papers 10 (1831-32), pt. 1, XX.
74. George Campbell, Modern India (London: John Murray, 1852).
75. Shubhra Chakrabarti, "Collaboration and Resistance: Bengal Merchants and the English East India Company, 1757-1833," Studies in History 10 (1994): 105-29.
76. Lakshmi Subramanian, "Arms and the Merchant: The Making of the Bania Raj in Late Eighteenth-Century India," South Asia 24 (2001):18.
77. Select Committee on the East India Company, Parliamentary Papers 10 (1832): 211-12.
78. John Clunes, Historical Sketch of the Princes of India: Stipendiary, Subsidiary, Protected, Tributary, and Feudatory (London: Smith, Elder and CO., 1833), 50-51.
79. John William Kaye, "The War on the Sutlej," North British Review 5 (1846): 259.
80. "The East India Company," Bentley's Miscellany 42 (1857): 419.
81. The classic midcentury statement remains Richard Cobden, How Wars Are Got Up in India: The Origin of the Burmese War (London: William and Frederick G. Cash, 1853).
82. R. D. Mangles, "Present State and Prospects of British India," Edinburgh Review 71(1840): 368.
83. C. A. Bayly, "'Archaic' and 'Modern' Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850," in Globalization in World History, ed. A. G. Hopkins (London: Pimlico, 2002), 45-72.
84. Ravi Ahuja, "Labour Relations in an Early Colonial Context: Madras, c 1750-1800," Modern Asian Studies 36 (2002): 793-826.