Leading by example: female members of parliament as political role models

American Journal of Political Science

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 921-939

  Wolbrecht, Christina ^a   Campbell, David E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34948871425     PISSN: 00925853     EISSN: 15405907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00289.x     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Abney, F. Glenn, and John D. Hutcheson, Jr. 1981 Race, Representation, and Trust: Changes in Attitudes after the Election of a Black Mayor Public Opinion Quarterly 45 : 91 101.
2. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2003 Not All Cues Are Created Equal: The Conditional Impact of Female Candidates on Political Engagement Journal of Politics 65 (November 1040 61.
3. Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Nancy Carrillo. 2007 More Is Better: The Influence of Collective Female Descriptive Representation on External Efficacy Politics & Gender 3 (1 79 101.
4. Beck, Paul Allen. 1974 A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment In The Politics of Future Citizens, ed. Richard Niemi. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass, pp. 199 219.
5. Beck, Paul Allen, and M. Kent Jennings. 1991 Family Traditions, Political Periods, and the Development of Partisan Orientations Journal of Politics 53 (August 742 63.
6. Bobo, Lawrence, and Franklin D. Gilliam. 1990 Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment American Political Science Review 84 (June 377 93.
7. Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
8. Campbell, David E. 2002 The Young and the Realigning: A Test of the Socialization Theory of Realignment Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (Summer 209 34.
9. Campbell, David E. 2006. Why We Vote: How Schools and Communities Shape Our Civic Life. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
10. Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006 See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents Journal of Politics 68 (May 233 47.
11. Carroll, Susan J. 1985. Women as Candidates in American Politics. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
12. Caul, Miki. 1999 Women's Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties Party Politics 5 (1 79 98.
13. Childs, Sarah, and Julie Whithey. 2004 Women Representatives Acting for Women: Sex and the Signing of Early Day Motions in the 1997 British Parliament Political Studies 52 : 552 64.
14. Christensen, Martin K. I. 2006 Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership Accessed 19 June 2006, http://www.guide2womenleaders.com.
15. Christy, Carol A. 1987. Sex Differences in Political Participation: Processes of Change in Fourteen Nations. New York : Praeger.
16. Dolan, Kathleen. 2006 Symbolic Mobilization? The Impact of Candidate Sex in American Elections American Politics Research 34 (6 687 704.
17. Dovi, Suzanne. 2002 Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? American Political Science Review 96 (December 729 43.
18. Duverger, Maurice. 1955. The Political Role of Women. Paris : UNESCO.
19. nd ICPSR version. Cologne, Germany: Zentralarchiv fur Empirische Sozialforschung (ZA)/Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University/Amsterdam/Netherlands: Netherlands Institute for Scientific Information Services (NIWI)/Madrid, Spain: Analisis Sociologicos Economicos y Politicos (ASEP) and JD Systems (JDS)/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producers and distributors].
20. Franklin, Mark. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945. New York : Cambridge University Press.
21. Gay, Claudine. 2001 The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Political Participation American Political Science Review 95 (September 589 602.
22. Gerber, Alan S., Donald P. Green, and Ron Shachar. 2003 Voting May Be Habit-Forming: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment American Journal of Political Science 47 (July 540 50.
23. Gilliam, Frank D. 1996 Exploring Minority Empowerment: Symbolic Politics, Governing Coalitions, and Traces of Political Style in Los Angeles American Journal of Political Science 40 (February 56 81.
24. Gilliam, Frank D., and Karen M. Kaufmann. 1998 Is There an Empowerment Life Cycle? Long Term Black Empowerment and Its Influence on Voter Participation Urban Affairs Review 33 (6 741.
25. Greenstein, Fred I. 1965. Children and Politics. Rev. ed. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
26. Hansen, Susan B. 1997 Talking about Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing Journal of Politics 59 (February 73 103.
27. Hess, Robert D., and Judith V. Torney. 1967. The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Chicago : Aldine Publishing.
28. Inglehart, Ronald. 1981 Post-Materialism in an Environment of Uncertainty American Political Science Review 81 (December 367 82.
29. Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. 2000 The Developmental Theory of the Gender Gap: Women's and Men's Voting Behaviour in Global Perspective International Political Science Review 21 (4 441 62.
30. Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 2005. Women in National Parliaments (Situation as of 25 December 1999). Accessed 25 July 2005, http://www.ipu.org/ wmn-e/arc/classif251299.htm.
31. Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 2006. Women in National Parliaments (Situation as of 31 March 2006). Accessed 13 April 2006, http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e/classif.htm.
32. Jennings, M. Kent, and Laura Stoker. 2004 Social Trust and Civic Engagement across Time and Generations Acta Politica 39 : 342 79.
33. Jowell, Roger, Central Coordinating Team. 2005. European Social Survey 2004/2005: Technical Report. London : Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University.
34. Kenworthy, Lane, and Melissa Malami. 1999 Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis Social Forces 78 (1 235 69.
35. Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2005 In Support of Gender Quotas: Setting New Standards, Bringing Visible Gains Politics & Gender 1 (December 638 44.
36. Koch, Jeffrey. 1997 Candidate Gender and Women's Psychological Engagement in Politics American Politics Quarterly 25 (January 118 33.
37. Kunovich, Sheri, and Pamela Paxton. 2005 Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women's National Political Representation American Journal of Sociology 111 (September 505 52.
38. Lawless, Jennifer L. 2004 Politics of Presence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation Political Research Quarterly 57 (March 81 99.
39. Leighley, Jan E. 2001. Strength in Numbers? The Political Mobilization of Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
40. Lijphart, Arend. 1991 Debate - Proportional Representation: III. Double Checking the Evidence Journal of Democracy 2 (Summer 42 48.
41. Mansbridge, Jane. 1999 Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent 'Yes.' Journal of Politics 61 (August 628 57.
42. Moore, Gwen, and Gene Shackman. 1996 Gender and Authority: A Cross-National Study Social Science Quarterly 77 (June 273 88.
43. Norris, Pippa, and Ronal Inglehart. 2001 Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation Journal of Democracy 12 (July 126 40.
44. Norris, Pippa, Joni Lovenduski, and Rosie Campbell. 2004. Research Report: Gender and Political Participation. London : The Electoral Commission (UK).
45. Oakes, Ann, and Elizabeth Almquist. 1993 Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Test of Macrostructural Gender Theories Population Research and Policy Review 12 : 71 81.
46. Pantoja, Adrian D., and Gary M. Segura. 2003 Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation among Latinos Social Science Quarterly 84 (June 441 60.
47. Paxton, Pamela. 1997 Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Analysis Social Science Research 26 : 442 64.
48. Paxton, Pamela, and Sheri Kunovich. 2003 Women's Political Representation: The Importance of Ideology Social Forces 82 (1 87 114.
49. Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. New York : Clarendon Press.
50. Plutzer, Eric. 2002. "Becoming a Habitual Voter: Inertia, Resources and Growth in Young Adulthood American Political Science Review 96 (1 41 56.
51. Powell, G. Bingham, 2004 Political Representation in Comparative Politics Annual Review of Political Science 7 : 273 96.
52. Raudenbush, Stephen W., and Anthony S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
53. Reingold, Beth. n.d Women as Officeholders: Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation In Political Women and American Democracy: Perspectives on Women and Politics Research, ed. Christina Wolbrecht, Karen Beckwith, and Lisa Baldez. New York : Cambridge University Press. Forthcoming.
54. Reynolds, Andrew. 1999 Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling World Politics 51 (July 547 72.
55. Rule, Wilma. 1981 Why Women Don't Run: The Critical Factors in Women's Legislative Recruitment Western Political Quarterly 34 (March 60 77.
56. Rule, Wilma. 1987 Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors, and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies Western Political Quarterly 40 (September 477 98.
57. Sapiro, Virginia. 2004 Not Your Parents' Political Socialization: Introduction for a New Generation Annual Review of Political Science 7 : 1 23.
58. Sapiro, Virginia, with Pamela Johnston Conover. 1997 The Variable Gender Basis of Electoral Politics: Gender and Context in the 1992 U.S. Election British Journal of Political Science 27 : 497 523.
59. Schulz, Wolfram, and Heiko Sibberns, eds. 2004. IEA Civic Education Study Technical Report. Amsterdam : International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
60. Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2005 The Incumbency Disadvantage and Women's Election to Legislative Office Electoral Studies 24 : 227 44.
61. Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and William Mishler. 2005 An Integrated Model of Women's Representation Journal of Politics 67 (May 407 28.
62. Sears, David O. 1975 Political Socialization In The Handbook of Political Science, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson Polsby. Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley, pp. 93 153.
63. Sears, David O., and Nicholas A. Valentino. 1997 Politics Matters: Political Events as Catalysts for Preadult Socialization American Political Science Review 91 (March 45 65.
64. Swers, Michele L. 2002. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
65. Tate, Katherine. 1991 Black Political Participation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections American Political Science Review 85 (December 1159 76.
66. Torney-Purta, Judith, Rainer Lehmann, Hans Oswald, and Wolfram Schulz. 2001. Citizenship and Education in Twenty-Eight Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen. Amsterdam : International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
67. UNDP [United Nations Development Programme]. 1995. Human Development Report 1995. New York : Oxford University Press.
68. UNDP [United Nations Development Programme]. 2003. Human Development Report. New York : Oxford University Press. Accessed 25 August 2006, http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic_196_1_1.html.
69. Verba, Sidney, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
70. Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2002 Enlarging Representation: Women Bringing Marginalized Perspectives to Floor Debate in the House of Representatives In Women Transforming Congress, ed. Cindy Simon Rosenthal. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 370 96.
71. Weissberg, Robert. 1978 Collective vs. Dyadic Representation in Congress American Political Science Review 72 (June 535 47.
72. Wolbrecht, Christina. 2002 Female Legislators and the Women's Rights Agenda: From Feminine Mystique to Feminist Era In Women Transforming Congress, ed. Cindy Simon Rosenthal. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 170 97.
73. Youniss, James, Jeffrey A. McLellan, and Miranda Yates. 1997 What We Know about Engendering Civic Identity American Behavioral Scientist 40 (5 620 31.