Cultural obstacles to equal representation

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 126-140

  Norris, Pippa ^a   Inglehart, Ronald ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035645325     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2001.0054     Document Type: Review

References (22)

1. Inter-Parliamentary Union, "Women in National Parliaments," www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.
2. Andrew Reynolds, "Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling," World Politics 51 (July 1999): 547-72.
3. For a more detailed discussion, see Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
4. Inter-Parliamentary Union, "Women in National Parliaments.quot;
5. United States Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1999, available at www.census.gov.
6. See, for example, the discussion in Azza Karam, ed., Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998), www.int-idea.se/women.
7. Andrew Reynolds, "Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World."
8. There is no evidence that closed-list proportional systems outperform open-list ones in terms of female representation.
9. See Pippa Norris, ed., Passages to Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
10. See Pippa Norris, ed., Passages to Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
11. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Politics: Women's Insight, IPU Reports and Documents No. 36 (Geneva: IPU, 2000).
12. Lauri Karvonen and Per Selle, eds., Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995).
13. Gehan Abu-Zayd, "In Search of Political Power: Women in Parliament in Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon," in Azza Karam, ed., Women in Parliament.
14. Margaret Inglehart, "Political Interest in West European Women," West European Politics (1979).
15. Andrew Reynolds, "Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World."
16. Lawrence Mayer and Roland E. Smith, "Feminism and Religiosity: Female Electoral Behavior in Western Europe," in Sylia Bashevkin, ed., Women and Politics in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 1985); Clyde Wilcox, "The Causes and Consequences of Feminist Consciousness among Western European Women," Comparative Political Studies 23 (1991): 519-45.
17. Lawrence Mayer and Roland E. Smith, "Feminism and Religiosity: Female Electoral Behavior in Western Europe," in Sylia Bashevkin, ed., Women and Politics in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 1985); Clyde Wilcox, "The Causes and Consequences of Feminist Consciousness among Western European Women," Comparative Political Studies 23 (1991): 519-45.
18. Data are drawn from the third wave of the World Values Survey, conducted in 1995-99 and covering 55 societies worldwide, including 11 postindustrial, 23 postcommunist, and 21 developing societies. Full information about the nations, fieldwork, methodology, and questionnaire for the survey is available online at http://wvs.isr.umich.edu.
19. Socioeconomic development is measured here by logged per-capita income in terms of purchasing power parity. R can vary from - 1 (a perfect inverse association) to 0 (no relationship at all) to 1, meaning a perfect association between the two variables. A significance level of .01 means that the statistical finding would happen by chance only one time in a hundred.
20. Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, "Modernization, Cultural Change and the Persistence of Traditional Values," American Sociological Review 65 (February 2000): 19-51.
21. Drude Dahlerup, "Using Quotas to Increase Women's Political Representation," in Azza Karam, ed., Women in Parliament.
22. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Participation of Women in Political Life, IPU Reports and Documents No. 35 (Geneva: IPU, 1999).