Sources and petrogenesis of late triassic dolerite dikes in the Liaodong Peninsula: Implications for post-collisional lithosphere thinning of the eastern North China Craton

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 48, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1973-1997

  Yang, Jin Hui ^a   Sun, Jin Feng ^a   Chen, Fukun ^a   Wilde, Simon A ^b   Wu, Fu Yuan ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Asthenospheric mantle; Delamination; Lithospheric mantle; Mafic dike; North China Craton

Indexed keywords

DELAMINATION; DIABASE; DIKE; EMPLACEMENT; LITHOSPHERE; MAGMATISM; MANTLE SOURCE; PARTIAL MELTING; PETROGENESIS; TECTONIC SETTING; TRIASSIC;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; LIAODONG PENINSULA; LIAONING; NORTH CHINA BLOCK;

EID: 34948838392     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egm046     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. BGMRLNP (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Liaoning Province) (1989). Regional Geology of Liaoning Province. Beijing: Publishing House, 856 pp.
2. Bird, P. (1979). Continental delamination and the Colorado Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 84, 7561-7571.
3. Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (1997). The Lu-Hf geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 148, 243-258.
4. Bohrson, W. A. & Spera, F. J. (2001). Energy-constrained open-system magmatic processes II: Application of energy-constrained assimilation-fractional crystallization (EC-AFC) model to magmatic system. Journal of Petrology 42, 1019-1041.
5. Bonin, B., Azzouni-Sekkal, A., Bussy, F. & Ferrag, S. (1998). Alkali-calcic and alkaline post-orogenic (PO) granite magmatism: petrologic constraints and geodynamic settings. Lithos 45, 45-70.
6. Chavagnac, V. & Jahn, B.-M. (1996). Coesite-bearing eclogites from Bixiling complex, Dabie Mountains, China: Sm-Nd ages, geochemical characteristics and tectonics implications. Chemical Geology 133, 29-51.
7. Chen, J.-F., Xie, Z., Li, H.-M., Zhang, X.-D., Zhou, T.-X., Park, Y. S., Ahn, K. S., Chen, D.-G. & Zhang, X. (2003). U-Pb zircon ages for a collision-related K-rich complex at Shidao in the Sulu ultrahigh pressure terrane, China. Geochemical Journal 37, 35-46.
8. 39Ar analysis. In: Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V., Aubrey, M.-P. & Hardenbol, J. (eds Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. SEPM Special Publications 54, 3-21.
9. Compston, W., Williams, I. S., Kirschvink, J. L., Zhang, Z. & Ma, G. (1992). Zircon U-Pb ages for the Early Cambrian time-scale. Journal of the Geological Sociey, London 149, 171-184.
10. Cong, B. L. (1996). Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphic Rocks in the Dabie-Sulu Region of China. Beijing, Science Press; London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 224 pp.
11. Davies, G.R., Stolz, A. J., Mahotkin, I. L., Nowell, G. M. & Pearson, D. G. (2006). Trace element and Sr-Pb-Nd-Hf isotope evidence for ancient, fluid-dominated enrichment of the source of Aldan Shield lamproites. Journal of Petrology 47, 1119-1146.
12. Davies, J. H. & von Blanckenburg, F. (1995). Slab breakoff: A model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 129 85-102.
13. Defant, M. J. & Drummond, M. S. (1990). Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347 662-665.
14. DePaolo, D. J. (1981). Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractionation crystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 53, 189-202.
15. Dewey, J. F. (1988). Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 7, 1123-1139.
16. England, P. & Houseman, G. (1989). Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 17561-17579.
17. Ernst, W. G. & Liou, J. G. (1995). Contrasting plate-tectonic styles of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu and Franciscan metamorphic belts. Geology 23, 353-356.
18. Falloon, T. J., Green, D. H., Hatton, C. J. & Harris, K.L. (1988). Anhydrous partial melting of a fertile and depleted peridotite from 2 to 30 kbar and application to basalt petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 29, 1257-1282.
19. Foley, S. F. (1992). Vein-plus-wall-rock melting mechanisms in the lithosphere and the origin of potassic alkaline magmas. Lithos 28, 435-453.
20. Furman, T. & Graham, D. (1999). Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: Geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province. Lithos 48, 237-262.
21. Gao, S., Liu, X.-M., Yuan, H.-L., Hattendorf, B., Gunther, D., Chen, L. & Hu, S. H. (2002). Determination of forty two major and trace elements in USGS and NIST SRM glasses by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geostandards Newsletter 26, 191-196.
22. Gorring, M. L. & Kay, S. M. (2001). Mantle sources and processes of Neogene slab window magmas from southern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Petrology 42, 1067-1094.
23. Gorring, M., Singer, B., Gowers, J. & Kay, S. M. (2003). Plio-Pleistocene basalts from the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires, Argentina: Evidence for asthenosphere-lithosphere interactions during slab window magmatism. Chemical Geology 193, 215-235.
24. Griffin, W. L., Zhang, A., O'Reilly, S. Y. & Ryan, C. G. (1998). Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S. L., Lo, C. H. & Lee, T. Y. (eds) Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interaction in East Asia. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 27, 107-126.
25. Griffin, W. L., Pearson, N. J., Belousova, E., Jackson, S. E., van Achterbergh, E., O'Reilly, S. Y. & Shee, S. R. (2000). The Hf isotope composition of cratonic mantle: LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of zircon megacrysts in kimberlites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 133-147.
26. Guo, J. H., Chen, F. K., Zhang, X. M., Siebel, W. & Zhai, M. G. (2005). Evolution of syn- to post-collisional magmatism from north Sulu UHP belt, eastern China: Zircon U-Pb geochronology (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrologica Sinica 21, 1281-1302.
27. Hacker, B., Ratschbacher, L., Webb, L., Ireland, T., Walker, D. & Dong, S. (1998). U/Pb zircon ages constrain the architecture of the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie orogen, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 161, 215-230.
28. Harris, N. B. W., Pearce, J. A. & Tindle, A. G. (1986). Geochemical characteristics of collision zone magmatism. In: Coward, M. P. & Ries, A. C. (eds) Collision Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 19, 67-82.
29. Hirose, K. (1997). Melting experiments on lherzolite KLB-1 under hydrous conditions and generation of high-magnesian andesitic melts. Geology 25, 42-44.
30. Hirose, K. & Kushiro, I. (1993). Partial melting of dry peridotites at high pressures: Determination of compositions using aggregates of diamond. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114, 477-489.
31. Hirschmann, M. M. & Stolper, E. M. (1996). A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the 'garnet signature' in MORB. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 124, 185-208.
32. Houseman, G. & England, P. (1993). Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the India-Asian continental collision. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 12233-12249.
33. Houseman, G. A., McKenzie, D. P. & Molnar, P. (1981). Convective instability of a thickened boundary layer and its relevance for the thermal evolution of continental convergent belts. Journal of Geophysical Research 86(B7), 6115-6132.
34. Jahn, B.-M., Wu, F.-Y., Lo, C.-H. & Tsai, C.-H. (1999). Crust-mantle interaction induced by deep subduction of the continental crust: geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence from post-collisional mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the northern Dabie complex, central China. Chemical Geology 157, 119-146.
35. Jahn, B.-M., Fan, Q, Yang, J.-J. & Henin, O. (2003). Petrogenesis of the Maowu pyroxenite-eclogite body from the UHP metamorphic terrane of Dabieshan: Chemical and isotopic constraints. Lithos 70, 243-267.
36. Janney, P. E., le Roex, A. P., Carlson, R. W. & Viljoen, K. S. (2002). A chemical and multi-isotope study of the western Cape olivine melilitite province, South Africa: Implications for the sources of kimberlites and the origin of the HIMU signature in Africa. Journal of Petrology 43, 2399-2370.
37. Kay, R. W. & Gast, P. W. (1973). The rare earth content and origin of alkali-rich basalts. Journal of Geology 81, 653-682.
38. Kay, R. W. & Kay, M. S. (1993). Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics 219, 177-189.
39. Kelemen, P. B. (1995). Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 120, 1-19.
40. Kepezhinskas, P., McDermott, F., Defant, M. J., Hochstaedter, A. & Drummond, M. S. (1997). Trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions on a three-component model of Kamchatka Arc petrogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 577-600.
41. Kushiro, I. (1974). Melting of hydrous upper mantle and possible generation of andesitic magma: An approach from synthetic systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 22, 294-299.
42. Le Maitre, R. W. (2002). Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 236 pp.
43. Li, S., Jagoutz, E., Chen, Y. & Li, Q. (2000). Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic chronology and cooling history of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks and their country rocks at Shuanghe in the Dabie Mountains, central China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 1077-1093.
44. Liu, J., Xu, Z., Liou, J. G. & Song, B. (2004). SHRIMP U-Pb ages of ultrahigh-pressure and retrograde metamorphism of gneisses, south-western Sulu terrane, eastern China. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 22, 315-326.
45. Lu, X.-P., Wu, F.-Y., Lin, J.-Q., Sun, D.-Y., Zhang, Y.-B. & Guo, C.-L. (2004). Geochronological successions of the early Precambrian granitic magmatism in southern Liaodong Peninsula and its constraints on tectonic evolution of the North China Craton (in Chinese with English abstract). Chinese Journal of Geology 39, 123-138.
46. Ludwig, K. R. (2003). ISOPLOT 3.0: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publications 4.
47. Luo, Y., Sun, M., Zhao, G. C., Li, S. Z., Ye, K. & Xia, X. P. (2004). LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of the Liaohe Group in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton: Constraints on the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Precambrian Research 134, 349-371.
48. Lustrino, M. (2005). How the delamination and detachment of lower crust can influence basaltic magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews 72, 21-38.
49. Menzies, M. A., Fan, W. M. & Zhang, M. (1993). Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobes and the loss of>120 km of Archean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China. In: Prichard, H. M. (ed.) Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics. Geological Sociey, London,Special Publications 76, 71-81.
50. Nelson, D. R. (1997). Compilation of SHRIMP U Pb Zircon Data, 1996. Geological Survey of Western Australia Record 1997/2.
51. Nowell, G. M., Pearson, D. G., Bell, D., Carlson, R., Smith, C., Kempton, P. & Noble, S. (2004). Hf isotope systematics of kimberlites and their megacrysts: New constraints on their source regions. Journal of Petrology 45, 1583-1612.
52. Rapp, R. P. & Watson, E. B. (1995). Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8-32 kbar: Implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. Journal of Petrology 36, 891-931.
53. Rapp, R. P., Shimizu, N., Norman, M. D. & Applegate, G. S. (1999). Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chemical Geology 160, 335-356.
54. Ringwood, P. C. (1989). Boundary lines within petrologic diagrams which use oxides of major and minor elements. Lithos 22, 247-263.
55. Rock, N. M. S. (1991). Lamprophyres. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 285 pp.
56. Rudnick, R. L. & Gao, S. (2003). The composition of the continental crust. In: Rudnick, R. L. (ed.) The Crust. Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon, pp. 1-64.
57. Salters, V. J. M. & Hart, S. R. (1989). The hafnium paradox and the role of garnet in the source of mid-oceanic-ridge basalts. Nature 342, 420-422.
58. Salters, V. J. M. & White, W. M. (1998). Hf isotope constraints on mantle evolution. Chemical Geology 145, 447-460.
59. Shinjo, R. (1999). Geochemistry of high Mg andesites and the tectonic evolution of the Okinawa Trough-Ryukyu arc system. Chemical Geology 157, 69-88.
60. 176Lu decay constant determined by Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 219, 311-324.
61. Spera, F. J. & Bohrson, W. A. (2001). Energy-constrained open-system magmatic processes I: General model and energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization (EC-AFC) formulation. Journal of Petrology 42, 999-1018.
62. Stern, C. R. & Kilian, R. (1996). Role of subducted slab, mantle wedge and continental crust in the generation of adakites from the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 123, 263-281.
63. Sun, S. S. & McDonough, W. F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A. D. & Norry, M. J. (eds) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 313-345.
64. Tatsumi, Y. (1982). Origin of high-magnesian andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwest Japan: II. Melting phase relations at high pressures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60, 305-317.
65. Tatsumi, Y. (2006). High-Mg andesites in the Setouchi volcanic belt, southwestern Japan: Analogy to Archean magmatism and continental crust formation? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 34, 467-499.
66. Tatsumi, Y. & Maruyama, S. (1989). Boninites and high-Mg andesites: Tectonics and petrogenesis. In: Crawford, A. J. (ed.) Boninites. London: Unwin Hyman, pp. 50-71.
67. Turner, S., Sandiford, M. & Foden, J. (1992). Some geodynamic and compositional constraints on 'postorogenic' magmatism. Geology 20, 931-934.
68. Turner, S., Arnaud, N., Liu, J., Rogers, N., Hawkesworth, C., Harris, N., Kelly, S., van Calsteren, P. & Deng, W. (1996). Post-collision, shoshonitic volcanism on the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for convective thinning of the lithosphere and the source of ocean island basalts. Journal of Petrology 27, 45-71.
69. Vervoort, J., Patchett, P. J., Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (1999). Relationships between Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in the global sedimentary system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, 79-99.
70. Wan, Y. S., Li, R. W., Wilde, S. A., Liu, D. Y., Chen, Z. Y., Yan, L., Song, T. R. & Yin, X. Y. (2005). UHP metamorphism and exhumation of the Dabie Orogen, China: Evidence from SHRIMP dating of zircon and monazite from a UHP granitic gneiss cobble from the Hefei Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 4333-4348.
71. Wang, H. Z. & Mo, X. X. (1996). An outline of the tectonic evolution of China. Episodes 18, 6-16.
72. Wang, K.-L., Chung, S.-L., Chen, C.-H. & Chen, C.-H. (2002). Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of high-Mg basaltic andesites from the Northern Taiwan Volcanic Zone. Chemical Geology 182, 513-528.
73. Wang, Z. X., Tang, Z. M., Yang, Z. Z. & Yang, X. B. (2000). Ductile tectonic deformation of Mesozoic time in the Dalian area (in Chinese with English abstract). Seismology and Geology 22, 379-386.
74. Weis, D., Kieffer, B., Maerschalk, C., Pretorius, W. & Barling, J. (2005). High-precision Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characterization of USGS BHVO-1 and BHVO-2 reference materials. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6, Q02002, doi:10.1029/2004GC000852.
75. Wolf, M. B. & Wyllie, P. J. (1994). Dehydration-melting of amphibolite at 10 kbar: The effects of temperature and time. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115, 369-383.
76. Wu, F.-Y., Yang, J.-H. & Liu, X.-M. (2005a). Geochronological framework of the Mesozoic granitic magmatism in the Liaodong Peninsula, Northeast China (in Chinese with English abstract). Geological Journal of China Universities 11, 305-317.
77. Wu, F.-Y., Lin, J.-Q., Wilde, S. A., Zhang, X.-O. & Yang, J.-H. (2005b). Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous Giant Igneous Event in Eastern China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, 103-119.
78. Wu, F.-Y., Yang, J.-H., Wilde, S. A. & Zhang, X.-O. (2005c). Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Jurassic granites in the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China. Chemical Geology 221, 127-156.
79. Wu, F.-Y., Walker, R.-J., Yang, Y.-H., Yuan, H.-L. & Yang, J.-H. (2006a). The chemical-temporal evolution of lithospheric mantle underlying the North China Craton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 5013-5034.
80. Wu, F.-Y., Yang, J.-H. & Wilde, S. A. (2006b). Sr-Nd-Hf constraints of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic alkaline syenites on the Phanerozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle evolution of the North China Craton. International Conference on Continental Volcanism, Abstracts and Program, Guangzhou, China, p. 6.
81. Xu, J.-F., Shinjo, R., Defant, M. J., Wang, Q. & Rapp, R. P. (2002). Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of East China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust? Geology 30, 1111-1114.
82. Xu, S., Okay, A. I., Ji, S., Sengör, A. M. C., Su, W., Liu, Y. & Jiang, L. (1992). Diamond from the Dabie Shan metamorphic rocks and its implication for tectonic setting. Science 256, 80-82.
83. Xu, Y.-G., Chung, S.-L., Jahn, B.-M. & Wu, G.-Y. (2001). Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Permian-Triassic Emeishan flood basalts in southwestern China. Lithos 58, 145-168.
84. Yang, J.-H., Wu, F.-Y., Zhang, Y.-B., Zhang, Q. & Wilde, S. A. (2004a. Identification of Mesoproterozoic zircons in a Triassic dolerite from the Liaodong Peninsula, East China. Chinese Science Bulletin 49, 1958-1962.
85. 39Ar geochronological constraints (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrologica Sinica 20, 1241-1250.
86. Yang, J.-H., Wu, F.-Y., Chung, S.-L., Wilde, S. A. & Chu, M.-F. (2004 c). Multiple sources for the origin of granites: Geochemical and Nd/Sr isotopic evidence from the Gudaoling granite and its mafic enclaves, NE China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 4469-4483.
87. Yang, J.-H., Chung, S.-L., Zhai, M.-G. & Zhou, X.-H. (2004d). Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of mafic dikes from the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Evidence for vein-plus-peridotite melting in the lithospheric mantle. Lithos 73, 145-160.
88. Yang, J.-H., Chung, S.-L., Wilde, S. A., Wu, F.-Y., Chu, M.-F., Lo, C.-H. & Fan, H.-R. (2005). Petrogenesis of post-orogenic syenites in the Sulu Orogenic Belt, East China: Geochronological, geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic evidence. Chemical Geology 214, 99-125.
89. Yang, J.-H., Wu, F.-Y., Chung, S.-L., Wilde, S. A. & Chu, M.-F., (2006 a). A hybrid origin for the Qianshan A-type granite, northeast China: Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic evidence. Lithos 89, 89-106.
90. Yang, J.-H., Chung, S.-L., Wilde S., A., Wu, F.-Y., Chu, M.-F., Lo, C.-H. & Fan, H.-R. (2006b). Petrogenesis of post-orogenic syenites in the Sulu orogenic belt, east China: Geochronological, geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic evidence: Reply. Chemical Geology 235, 186-190.
91. Yang, J.-H., Wu, F.-Y., Wilde, S. A. & Liu, X.-M. (2007a). Petrogenesis of Late Triassic granitoids and their enclaves with implications for post-collisional lithospheric thinning of the Liaodong Peninsula, North China Craton. Chemical Geology 242, 155-175.
92. 39Ar thermochronology and implications for Late Mesozoic extension in the eastern North China Craton. Geological Society of America Bulletin (in press).
93. Yang, J.-H., Wu, F.-Y., Wilde, S. A., Xie, L.-W., Yang, Y.-H. & Liu, X.-M. (2007c). Trace magma mixing in granite genesis: In-situ U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope analysis of zircons. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 153, 177-190.
94. Ye, K., Cong, B. & Ye, D. (2000). The possible subduction of continental material to depths greater than 200 km. Nature 407, 734-736.
95. Yin, A. & Nie, S. (1996). A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions. In: Yin, A. & Harrison, T. A. (eds) The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 442-485.
96. Yogodzinski, G. M., Volynets, O. N., Koloskov, A. V., Seliverstov, N. J. & Matvenkov, V. V. (1994). Magnesian andsites and the subduction component in a strongly calc-alkaline series at Piip Volcano, far western Aleutians. Journal of Petrology 35, 163-204.
97. Yogodzinski, G. M., Lees, J. M., Churikova, T. G., Dorendorf, F., Woerner, G. & Volynets, O. N. (2001). Geochemical evidence for the melting of subducting oceanic lithosphere at plate edges. Nature 409, 500-504.
98. Zhang, H.-F., Sun, M., Lu, F.-X., Zhou, X.-H., Zhou, M.-F., Liu, Y.-S. & Zhang, G.-H. (2001). Geochemical significance of a garnet lherzolite from the Dahongshan kimberlite, Yangtze Craton, southern China. Geochemical Journal 35, 315-331.
99. Zhang, H.-F., Sun, M., Zhou, X.-H., Zhou, M.-F., Fan, W.-M. & Zheng, J.-P. (2003). Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: Evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 4373-4387.
100. Zhang, H.-F., Sun, M., Zhou, M.-F., Fan, W.-M., Zhou, X.-H. & Zhai, M.-G. (2004). Highly heterogeneous Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton: Evidence from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics of mafic igneous rocks. Geological Magazine 141, 53-62.
101. Zheng, J.-P., Griffin, W. L., O'Reilly, S. Y., Lu, F., Yu, C., Zhang, M. & Li, H. (2004). U-Pb and Hf-isotope analysis of zircons in mafic xenoliths from Fuxian kimberlites: Evolution of the lower crust beneath the North China Craton. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 148, 79-103.