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4
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34548819921
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Lessons from the Korean Crisis: Policy and Managerial Implications
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Euh Y.D., and Rhee J.H. Lessons from the Korean Crisis: Policy and Managerial Implications. Long Range Planning 40 (2007) 431-445
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(2007)
Long Range Planning
, vol.40
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Euh, Y.D.1
Rhee, J.H.2
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5
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34548855071
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Understanding Samsung's diversification strategy: The case of Samsung Motors Inc
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Lee W., and Lee N.S. Understanding Samsung's diversification strategy: The case of Samsung Motors Inc. Long Range Planning 40 (2007) 488-504
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(2007)
Long Range Planning
, vol.40
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Lee, W.1
Lee, N.S.2
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7
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34548852662
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note
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Unexpectedly, the Korean economy achieved an early and strong recovery from the severe recession in 1999. Thus, it could virtually overcome the Asian crisis in the end of the year (Korea Times, Korea 'virtually' graduated from rescue program: IMF (December 30, 1999)).
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8
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34548848069
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note
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The divestment of a business unit can be achieved in two different ways: liquidation or sale of the unit.
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9
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0000359701
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Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientations
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Tushman M.L., and Romanelli E. Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientations. Research in Organizational Behavior 7 (1985) 171-222
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Tushman, M.L.1
Romanelli, E.2
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Challenges in researching corporate restructuring
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Singh H. Challenges in researching corporate restructuring. Journal of Management Studies 30 (1993) 147-172
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(1993)
Journal of Management Studies
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, pp. 147-172
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Singh, H.1
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11
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79953409450
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Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems
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Weick K.E. Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1976) 1-19
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(1976)
Administrative Science Quarterly
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Weick, K.E.1
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0001773490
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The organisation of complex systems
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Patee H. (Ed), Braziller, NY
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Simon H.A. The organisation of complex systems. In: Patee H. (Ed). Hierarchy Theory (1973), Braziller, NY 1-27
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(1973)
Hierarchy Theory
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Simon, H.A.1
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15
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0003192881
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Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm
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Gersick C.J.G. Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of Management Review 16 (1991) 10-36
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(1991)
Academy of Management Review
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Gersick, C.J.G.1
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34548836388
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note
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We interviewed managers of Hansol and Hanwha groups to understand the strategic rationale behind the deals. They thought in retrospect that if the core units had been kept, the group would have had little chance to survive the crisis.
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34548830223
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note
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Before the Asian crisis, layoffs were extremely difficult in Korea, due to the rigid labor law. In February 1998, therefore, the Korean government amended the law to open a way to lay off excess employees. More specifically, a new article in the Labor Standard Act stipulates that 'If an employer wants to dismiss a worker for managerial reasons, there shall be urgent managerial needs. In such cases as transfer, acquisition and merger of business which are aimed to avoid financial difficulties, it shall be deemed that there is an urgent managerial need' (Article 31(1)). But, the law did not clarify any other possible urgent managerial needs, and thus consolidations were a certain way for the firms to legally remove their surplus employees.
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19
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0003106484
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The core competencies of the corporation
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Prahalad C.K., and Hamel G. The core competencies of the corporation. Harvard Business Review 30 May-June (1990) 79-91
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(1990)
Harvard Business Review
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Prahalad, C.K.1
Hamel, G.2
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21
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84989051609
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Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives
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Kogut B. Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Strategic Management Journal 9 (1988) 319-332
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(1988)
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Kogut, B.1
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84977712240
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The success of acquisitions: Evidence from divestitures
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Kaplan S.N., and Weisbach M.S. The success of acquisitions: Evidence from divestitures. Journal of Finance 57 (1992) 107-138
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(1992)
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Kaplan, S.N.1
Weisbach, M.S.2
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23
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0026249332
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The way to win in the cross-border alliances
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The foreign partner can be an informed buyer, and thus more likely to buy the venture ( )
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The foreign partner can be an informed buyer, and thus more likely to buy the venture (. Bleeke J., and Ernst D. The way to win in the cross-border alliances. Harvard Business Review November-December (1991) 127-135 )
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(1991)
Harvard Business Review
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Bleeke, J.1
Ernst, D.2
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Manufacturer-supplier relationships in Japan and the concept of relation-specific skills
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Asanuma B. Manufacturer-supplier relationships in Japan and the concept of relation-specific skills. Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 1 (1989) 1-30
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(1989)
Journal of the Japanese and International Economics
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Asanuma, B.1
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25
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84936824352
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Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness
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Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91 3 (1985) 481-510
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(1985)
American Journal of Sociology
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Granovetter, M.1
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Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations
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Williamson O.E. Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations. Journal of Law and Economics 22 (1979) 233-261
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Journal of Law and Economics
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Williamson, O.E.1
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27
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34548851222
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note
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Among the twenty-six chaebol groups chosen for this study, nine groups (Daewoo, Ssangyong, Halla, Dongah, Gohap, Jinro, Haitai, Anam, Sinho) went bankrupt, and were required to implement such workout programs during the observation period. Except Daewoo, these groups all became insolvent early, and thus had little time to cope with the crisis on their own. But, Daewoo was placed under a workout program in late 1999. Since this group remained as a viable business system for the most of the period, we took it as a surviving group in the empirical analysis. We checked the validity of this assumption by comparing the results of two alternative multinomial logistic regressions in which Daewoo was a classified as a bankrupt group or as a surviving group. This supplementary analysis indicates that Daewoo's restructuring program had more commonality with those of surviving groups.
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34548863198
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note
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We initially obtained a detailed list of the business groups' major industries from the NICE company database provided by NICE Inc. To check the validity of the list, we calculated the business portfolio of each group by summing up the sales amounts of the affiliates that belonged to the same Korean SIC 3-digit industry in 1997. We found that each of the group's major industries in the list accounted for a significant portion (usually over 30%) of its business portfolio. For several groups, however, the portion of an industry was lower than 10%. In this case (or in the very few cases where an industry that took up more than 10% of a group sales was not included in the list) we counted it as a major industry only if the group was one of the market leaders (usually the top three firms) in the industry as reported by major credit rating agencies and securities analysts.
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29
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34548858237
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note
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Due to incomplete data on establishment modes before 1981, we designated all firms entering the group before the year as newly established. Many large enterprises grew and became chaebols during the 1970s, and thus the establishment mode of a firm that was included in its group prior to 1981 may not have much impact on its exit.
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30
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34548859595
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note
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After the death of the founding chairman in 2000, the Hyundai group spun off its automobile and steel businesses inherited by the founder's first son. Also, an association of lenders accepted its debt-ridden Hynix Electronics that year. Similarly, the Dongyang group spun off its core food and entertainment business as a new group in 2000.
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31
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0001812752
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Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning
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March J.G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science 2 (1991) 71-87
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(1991)
Organization Science
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March, J.G.1
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32
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33846472492
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Organizing to strategize in the face of interactions: Preventing premature lock-in
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Rivkin J.W., and Siggelkow N. Organizing to strategize in the face of interactions: Preventing premature lock-in. Long Range Planning 39 6 (2006) 591-614
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(2006)
Long Range Planning
, vol.39
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, pp. 591-614
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Rivkin, J.W.1
Siggelkow, N.2
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33
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27744608306
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Strategic management as organizational learning: Developing fit and alignment through a disciplined process
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Beer M., Voelpel S.C., Leibold M., and Tekie E.B. Strategic management as organizational learning: Developing fit and alignment through a disciplined process. Long Range Planning 38 5 (2005) 445-465
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(2005)
Long Range Planning
, vol.38
, Issue.5
, pp. 445-465
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Beer, M.1
Voelpel, S.C.2
Leibold, M.3
Tekie, E.B.4
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34
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21844461838
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Failing to learn and learning to fail (Intelligently): How great organizations put failure to work to innovate and improve
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Cannon M.D., and Edmondson A.C. Failing to learn and learning to fail (Intelligently): How great organizations put failure to work to innovate and improve. Long Range Planning 38 3 (2005) 299-319
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(2005)
Long Range Planning
, vol.38
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, pp. 299-319
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Cannon, M.D.1
Edmondson, A.C.2
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35
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34548836586
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Falls From Grace and Lessons From Failure: Daewoo and Medison
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Kim D.J. Falls From Grace and Lessons From Failure: Daewoo and Medison. Long Range Planning 40 (2007) 446-464
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(2007)
Long Range Planning
, vol.40
, pp. 446-464
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Kim, D.J.1
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36
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34548839687
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The transformation of Korean business groups after the Asian crisis
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The detailed discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this study. For more information, see
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The detailed discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this study. For more information, see. Choe S., and Pattnaik C. The transformation of Korean business groups after the Asian crisis. Journal of Contemporary Asia 37 2 (2007) 232-255
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(2007)
Journal of Contemporary Asia
, vol.37
, Issue.2
, pp. 232-255
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Choe, S.1
Pattnaik, C.2
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