Reduction of Interindividual-Intergroup Discontinuity: The Role of Leader Accountability and Proneness to Guilt

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 250-265

  Pinter, Brad ^a   Insko, Chester A ^b   Wildschut, Tim ^c   Kirchner, Jeffrey L ^d   Montoya, R Matthew ^b   Wolf, Scott T ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d ALBRIGHT COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

accountability; discontinuity; guilt proneness; leadership; norms

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COOPERATION; FEMALE; GUILT; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LEADERSHIP; MALE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GUILT; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LEADERSHIP; MALE; SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY;

EID: 34548829641     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.250     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adams J.S. The structure and dynamics of behavior in organizational boundary roles. In: Dunnette M.E. (Ed). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (1976), Rand McNally, Chicago 1175-1199
2. Ausubel D.P. Relationships between shame and guilt in the socializing process. Psychological Review 62 (1955) 378-390
3. Bandura A., Barbaranelli C., Caprara G.V., and Pastorelli C. Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (1996) 364-374
4. Batson C.D., Lishner D.A., Carpenter A., Dulin L., Harjusola-Webb S., Stocks E.L., et al. "As you would have them do unto you": Does imagining yourself in the other's place stimulate moral action?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 1190-1201
5. Baumeister R.F. On the interface between personality and social psychology. In: Pervin L.A., and John O.P. (Eds). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 2nd ed. (1999), Guilford Press, New York 367-377
6. Baumeister R.F., Stillwell A.M., and Heatherton T.F. Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994) 243-267
7. Beevor A. Berlin (2002), Penguin, London
8. Ben-Yoav O., and Pruitt D.G. Accountability to constituents: A two-edged sword. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 34 (1984) 283-295
9. Blake R.R., and Mouton J.S. Loyalty of representatives to ingroup positions during intergroup competition. Sociometry 24 (1961) 177-183
10. Bornstein G. Intergroup conflict: Individual, group, and collective interests. Personality and Social Psychology Review 7 (2003) 129-145
11. Boswell J. Life of Johnson (1998), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England (Original work published in 1791)
12. Boyd, N. K. (1972). Negotiation behavior by elected and appointed representatives serving as group leaders or as spokesman under different cooperative group expectations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
13. Campbell D.T. Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science 3 (1958) 14-25
14. Carnevale P.J. Mediation of international disputes. Applied Social Psychology Annual 6 (1985) 87-105
15. Carnevale P.J., Pruitt D.G., and Britton S.D. Looking tough: The negotiator under constituent surveillance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5 (1979) 118-121
16. Carnevale P.J., Pruitt D.G., and Seilheimer S. Looking and competing: Accountability and visual access in integrative bargaining. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981) 111-120
17. Cialdini R.B., and Trost M.R. Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In: Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., and Lindzey G. (Eds). The handbook of social psychology 2 (1998), McGraw-Hill, Boston 151-192
18. Clark R.D., and Sechrest L.B. The mandate phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976) 1057-1061
19. Cohen T.R., Montoya R.M., and Insko C.A. Group morality and intergroup relations: Cross-cultural and experimental evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (2006) 1559-1572
20. Covert M.V., Tangney J.P., Maddux J.E., and Heleno N.M. Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and interpersonal problem solving: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 22 (2003) 1-12
21. De Cremer D., and Alberts H.J.E.M. When procedural fairness does not influence how positive I feel: The effects of voice and leader selection as a function of belongingness need. European Journal of Social Psychology 34 (2004) 333-344
22. Deutsch M., and Gerard H.B. A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51 (1955) 629-636
23. Dustin D.S., and East-Trou H.J. Evaluative bias as a social norm. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1 (1974) 256-258
24. Enzle M.E., Harvey M.D., and Wright E.F. Implicit role obligations versus social responsibility in constituent representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 238-245
25. Ferguson T.J., Stegge H., Miller E.R., and Olsen M.E. Guilt, shame, and symptoms in children. Developmental Psychology 35 (1999) 161-178
26. Foddy M., and Hogg M.A. Impact of leaders on resource consumption in social dilemmas: The intergroup context. In: Foddy M., Smithson M., Schneider S., and Hogg M. (Eds). Resolving social dilemmas: Dynamic, structural, and intergroup aspects (1999), Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI 309-330
27. Gilbert G.M. Nuremberg diary (1947), Farrar, Straus, New York
28. Gouldner A.W. The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review 25 (1960) 161-178
29. Hertel G., and Kerr N.L. Priming in-group favoritism: The impact of normative scripts in the minimal group paradigm. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37 (2001) 316-324
30. Hobbes T. Leviathan (1983), J. M. Dent & Sons, London (Original work published 1660)
31. Hollander E.P. Leadership and power. In: Lindzey G., and Aronson E. (Eds). Handbook of social psychology. 3rd ed. 2 (1985), Random House, New York 485-537
32. Hollander E.P., and Julian J.W. Studies in leader legitimacy, influence, and innovation. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 5 (1970), Academic Press, New York 33-69
33. Hollander E.P., and Julian J.W. A further look at leader legitimacy, influence, and innovation. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Group processes (1978), Academic Press, New York 153-165
34. Horwitz M., and Rabbie J.M. Individuality and membership in the intergroup system. In: Tajfel H. (Ed). Social identity and intergroup relations (1982), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 241-274
35. Insko C.A., Drenan S., Solomon M.R., Smith R., and Wade T.J. Conformity as a function of the consistency of positive self-evaluation with being liked and being right. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19 (1983) 341-358
36. Insko C.A., Kirchner J.L., Pinter B., Efaw J., and Wildschut T. Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity as a function of trust and categorization: The paradox of expected cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 365-385
37. Insko C.A., Pinkley R.L., Hoyle R.H., Dalton B., Hong G., Slim R., et al. Individual versus group discontinuity: The role of intergroup contact. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23 (1987) 250-267
38. Insko C.A., and Schopler J. Differential distrust of groups and individuals. In: Sedikides C., Schopler J., and Insko C.A. (Eds). Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 75-108
39. Insko C.A., Schopler J., Drigotas S.M., Graetz K.A., Kennedy J., Cox C., and Bornstein G. The role of communication in interindividual-intergroup discontinuity. Journal of Conflict Resolution 37 (1993) 108-138
40. Insko C.A., Schopler J., Gaertner L., Wildschut T., Kozar R., Pinter B., et al. Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity reduction through the anticipation of future interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001) 95-111
41. Insko C.A., Schopler J., Hoyle R.H., Dardis G.J., and Graetz K.A. Individual-group discontinuity as a function of fear and greed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1990) 68-79
42. Insko C.A., Schopler J., Pemberton M.B., Wieselquist J., McIlraith S.A., Currey D.P., et al. Future consequences and the reduction of interindividual-intergroup discontinuity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 695-711
43. Insko C.A., Smith R.H., Alicke M.D., Wade J., and Taylor S. Conformity and group size: The concern with being right and the concern with being liked. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 11 (1985) 41-50
44. Johnson R.C., Danko G.P., Huang Y.H., Park J.Y., Johnson S.B., and Nagoshi C.T. Guilt, shame, and adjustment in three cultures. Personality and Individual Differences 8 (1987) 357-364
45. Johnson R.C., Kim R.J., and Danko G.P. Guilt, shame and adjustment: A family study. Personality and Individual Differences 10 (1989) 71-74
46. Keltner D., and Buswell B.N. Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt: A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion 10 (1996) 155-171
47. Ketelaar T., and Au W.T. The effects of feelings of guilt on the behaviour of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games: An affect-as-information interpretation of the role of emotion in social interaction. Cognition and Emotion 17 (2003) 429-453
48. Kurzban R., and Leary M.R. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization. The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001) 187-208
49. LeBon G. The crowd (1896), Unwin, London (Original work published 1895)
50. Levine J.M., and Moreland R.L. Small groups. In: Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., and Lindzey G. (Eds). The handbook of social psychology. 4th ed. 2 (1998), McGraw-Hill, New York 415-469
51. Lind E.A. Social conflict and the fairness heuristic. Representative Research in Social Psychology 21 (1997) 6-22
52. Machiavelli, N. (1952). The prince (L. Ricci & E. R. P. Vincent, Trans.). New York: American Library. (Original work published 1515)
53. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C., Hoffman J., West S.G., and Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods 7 (2002) 83-104
54. McDougall W. The group mind (1920), Cambridge University Press, London
55. Niebuhr R. The nature and destiny of man 1 (1941), Nisbet, London
56. Niebuhr R. Radical religion. In: Robertson D.B. (Ed). Love and justice: Selections from the shorter writings of Reinhold Niebuhr (1957), World Publishing Company, Cleveland, OH (Original work published 1939)
57. Paulhus D.L., Robins R.W., Trzesniewski K.H., and Tracy J.L. Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research 39 (2004) 301-326
58. Plato. (1891). Republic. In B. Jowett (Ed. & Trans.), The dialogues of Plato (Vol. 3, pp. 1-338). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
59. Platow M.J., and Van Knippenberg D. A social identity analysis of leadership endorsement: The effects of leader ingroup prototypicality and distributive intergroup fairness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001) 1508-1519
60. Pruitt D.G., Kimmel M.J., Britton S., Carnevale P.J., Magenau J.M., Peragallo J., and Engram P. The effect of accountability and surveillance on integrative bargaining. In: Sauermann H. (Ed). Contributions to experimental economics (1978), Mohr, Tübingen, Germany 310-343
61. Rapoport A., and Bornstein G. Intergroup competition for the provision of binary public goods. Psychological Review 94 (1987) 291-299
62. Ridley M. The origins of virtue (1996), Penguin, London
63. Rosecrance R.H. Action and reaction in world politics (1963), Little, Brown, Boston
64. Russell B. Why I am not a Christian (1996), Routledge, London (Original work published 1957)
65. Schopler J., and Insko C.A. The discontinuity effect in interpersonal and intergroup relations: Generality and mediation. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European review of social psychology 3 (1992), Wiley, Chichester, England 121-151
66. Schopler J., Insko C.A., Drigotas S.M., Wieselquist J., Pemberton M., and Cox C. The role of identifiability in the reduction of interindividual-intergroup discontinuity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31 (1995) 553-574
67. Schopler J., Insko C.A., Graetz K.A., Drigotas S., Smith V.A., and Dahl K. Individual-group discontinuity: Further evidence for mediation by fear and greed. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993) 419-431
68. Smith R.H., Webster J.M., Parrott W.G., and Eyre H.L. The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 138-159
69. Tajfel H. Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American 223 (1970) 96-102
70. Tangney J.P. Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 598-607
71. Tangney J.P. Situational determinants of shame and guilt in young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (1992) 199-206
72. Tangney J.P. Self-relevant emotions. In: Leary M.R., and Tangney J.P. (Eds). Handbook of self and identity (2003), Guilford Press, New York 384-400
73. Tangney J.P., and Dearing R.L. Shame and guilt (2002), Guilford Press, New York
74. Tangney J.P., Wagner P., and Gramzow R. The Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) (1989), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
75. Tangney J.P., Wagner P., Hill-Barlow D., Marschall D.E., and Gramzow R. Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 797-809
76. Tetlock P.E. The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 25 (1992), Academic Press, New York 331-376
77. Thibaut J., and Walker L. Procedural justice: A psychological analysis (1975), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
78. Tracy J.L., and Robins R.W. Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry 15 (2005) 103-125
79. Wilder D.A. Social categorization: Implication for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 19 (1986), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 293-356
80. Wildschut T., and Insko C.A. A paradox of individual and group morality: Social psychology as empirical philosophy. In: van Lange P.A.M. (Ed). Bridging social psychology: Benefits of transdisciplinary approaches (2006), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 377-384
81. Wildschut T., Insko C.A., and Gaertner L. Intragroup social influence and intergroup competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 975-992
82. Wildschut T., Insko C.A., and Pinter B. The perception of outgroup threat: Content and activation of the outgroup schema. In: Yzerbyt V.Y., Judd C.M., and Corneille O. (Eds). The psychology of group perception: Contributions to the study of homogeneity, entitivity, and essentialism (2004), Psychology Press, Philadelphia 335-359
83. Wildschut T., Insko C.A., and Pinter B. Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity as a joint function of acting as a group and interacting with a group. European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2007) 390-399
84. Wildschut T., Pinter B., Vevea J., Insko C.A., and Schopler J. Beyond the group mind: A quantitative review of interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 698-722
85. Wit A.P., and Kerr N.L. "Me versus just us versus us all" categorization and cooperation in nested social dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 616-637