Wild deer as a source of infection for livestock and humans in the UK

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 174, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 260-276

  Böhm, Monika ^a   White, Piran C L ^a   Chambers, Julia ^b   Smith, Lesley ^b   Hutchings, M R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b SCOTTISH AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Climate change; Deer; Infectious disease; Monitoring; Transmission; Wildlife

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL INFECTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEER; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH HAZARD; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; INFESTATION; LIVESTOCK; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PRION DISEASE; REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; VIRUS INFECTION; WILDLIFE; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ANIMALS, WILD; CATTLE; CLIMATE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DEER; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; ZOONOSES;

CERVIDAE;

EID: 34548720276     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Adam K.M.G., Beasley S.J., and Blewett D.A. The occurrence of antibody to Babesia and to the virus of louping-ill in deer in Scotland. Research in Veterinary Science 23 (1977) 133-138
2. Alberdi M.P., Walker A.R., and Urquhart K.A. Field evidence that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are a natural host for Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Epidemiology and Infection 124 (2000) 315-323
3. Alexander T.L., and Buxton D. Management and Diseases of Deer - A Handbook for the Veterinary Surgeon (1988), Veterinary Deer Society, London
4. Ambrosi M., Manfredi M.T., and Lanfranchi P. Pattern of abomasal helminths in fallow deer farming in Umbria (central Italy). Veterinary Parasitology 47 (1993) 81-86
5. Aschfalk A., Hundertmark K.J., Bendiksen H.R., Arnemo J.M., and Denzin N. Serosurvey for antibodies against Salmonella species in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) from Norway. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 116 (2003) 417-420
6. Barth D., and Matzke P. Gastro-intestinal nematodes of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) in Germany. Veterinary Parasitology 16 (1984) 173-176
7. Belay E.D., Maddox R.A., Williams E.S., Miller M.W., Gambetti P., and Schonberger L.B. Chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 (2004) 977-984
8. Bender L.C., and Hall P.B. Leptospira interrogans exposure in free-ranging elk in Washington. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32 (1996) 121-124
9. Bengis R.G., Leighton F.A., Fischer J.R., Artois M., Mörner T., and Tate C.M. The role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 23 (2004) 497-511
10. Beringer J., Hansen L.P., and Stallknecht D.E. An epizootic of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Missouri. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36 (2000) 588-591
11. Blacksell S.D., Lunt R.A., and White J.R. A rapid indirect ELISA for the serogrouping of Australian orbiviruses. Journal of Virological Methods 49 (1994) 67-78
12. Böhm M., White P.C.L., Daniels M.J., Allcroft D.J., and Hutchings M.R. The health of wild red and sika deer in Scotland: an analysis of key endoparasites and recommendations for monitoring disease. The Veterinary Journal 171 (2006) 287-294
13. Borgsteede F.H. The infectivity of some nematode parasites of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) and elk (Alces alces L.) for cattle and sheep. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 67 (1982) 211-215
14. Bowers R.G., and Turner J. Community structure and the interplay between interspecific infection and competition. Journal of Theoretical Biology 187 (1997) 95-109
15. Brown R.N., and Burgess E.C. Lyme borreliosis. In: Williams E.S., and Barker I.K. (Eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals (2001), Manson Publishing, London 435-454
16. Bruner J.A., Griffith R.W., Greve J.H., and Wood R.L. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serotype 5 isolated from a white-tailed deer in Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 20 (1984) 235-236
17. Buckley A., Dawson A., Moss S.R., Hinsley S.A., Bellamy P.E., and Gould E.A. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK. Journal of General Virology 84 (2003) 2819-2828
18. Campbell G.D., Addison E.M., Barker I.K., and Rosendal S. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, serotype 17, septicemia in moose (Alces alces) from Algonquin park, Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30 (1994) 436-438
19. Cancrini G., Persiani A., and Corselli A. Prima segnalazione in Italia di Nematodirus roscidus, Apteragia quadrispiculata e Ostertagia drozdzi, rinvenuti in Dama dama. Parassitologia 25 (1983) 13-15
20. Caprioli A., Donelli G., Falbo V., Passi C., Pagano A., and Mantovani A. Antimicrobial resistance and production of toxins in Escherichia coli strains from wild ruminants and the alpine marmot. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27 (1991) 324-327
21. Cerri D., Ebani V.V., Fratini F., Pinzauti P., and Andreani E. Epidemiology of leptospirosis: observations on serological data obtained by a "diagnostic laboratory for leptospirosis" from 1995 to 2001. Microbiologica 26 (2003) 383-389
22. Cetinkaya B., Erdogan H.M., and Morgan K.L. Relationships between the presence of Johne's disease and farm and management factors in dairy cattle in England. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 32 (1997) 253-266
23. Chan J., Baxter C., and Wenman W.M. Brucellosis in an Inuit child, probably related to caribou meat consumption. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (1989) 337-338
24. Chomel B.B., Carniciu M.L., Kasten R.W., Castelli P.M., Work T.M., and Jessup D.A. Antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in California mule and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30 (1994) 51-59
25. Clark R.G., Fenwick S.G., Nicol C.M., Marchant R.M., Swanney S., Gill J.M., Holmes J.D., Leyland M., and Davies P.R. Salmonella Brandenburg - emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52 (2004) 26-36
26. Cleaveland S., Laurenson M.K., and Taylor L.H. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 356 (2001) 991-999
27. Connan R.M. Observations on the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed red deer in central southern England. Veterinary Record 139 (1996) 228-232
28. Connan R.M. Hypobiosis in the ostertagids of red deer and the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole against them. Veterinary Record 140 (1997) 203-205
29. Cook T.W., Ridgeway B.T., Andrews R., and Hodge J. Gastro-intestinal helminths in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Illinois. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15 (1979) 405-408
30. Cook W.E., Cornish T.E., Shideler S., Lasley B., and Collins M.T. Radiometric culture of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis from the feces of tule elk. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33 (1997) 635-637
31. Cooper J., Gordon I.J., and Pike A.W. Strategies for the avoidance of faeces by grazing sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 69 (2000) 15-33
32. Corbet G.B., and Harris S. The Handbook of British Mammals (1991), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK
33. Cote S.D., Rooney T.P., Tremblay J.P., Dussault C., and Waller D.M. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 35 (2004) 113-147
34. Dallas J.F., Irvine R.J., Halvorsen O., and Albon S.D. Identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of Marshallagia marshalli and Ostertagia gruehneri from Svalbard reindeer. International Journal for Parasitology 30 (2000) 863-866
35. Daszak P., Cunningham A.A., and Hyatt A.D. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287 (2000) 443-449
36. Davidson W.R., Dawson J.E., and Ewing S.A. Ehrlichioses. In: Williams E.S., and Barker I.K. (Eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals (2001), Manson Publishing, London 466-476
37. Davidson W.R., Manning E.J., and Nettles V.F. Culture and serologic survey for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among Southeastern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 301-306
38. DEFRA, 2005. Disease Factsheet: Brucellosis (Brucella abortus). DEFRA, London. http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/disease/brucellosis.htm.
39. Delahay R.J., De Leeuw A.N.S., Claridge M., Harris A., Cheeseman C.L., Barlow A.M., Millar M.F., and Clifton-Hadley R.S. First report of Mycobacterium bovis in a muntjac deer. Veterinary Record 149 (2001) 95-96
40. Delahay R.J., De Leeuw A.N.S., Barlow A.M., Clifton-Hadley R.S., and Cheeseman C.L. The status of Mycobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: a review. Veterinary Journal 164 (2002) 90-105
41. Dobson A., and Foufopoulos J. Emerging infectious pathogens of wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences 356 (2001) 1001-1012
42. Dobson A., and Meagher M. The population dynamics of brucellosis in the Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 77 (1996) 1026-1036
43. Dubay S.A., deVos J.C., Noon T.H., and Boe S. Epizootiology of hemorrhagic disease in mule deer in central Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 119-124
44. Ducheyne E., Hendrickx G., and de Deken. Het in kaart brengen van bluetongue: een opkomende ziekte in Europa. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 74 (2005) 117-124
45. Duncan R.B., Fox J.H., Lindsay D.S., Dubey J.P., and Zuccaro M.E. Acute sarcocystis in a captive white-tailed deer in Virginia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36 (2000) 357-361
46. Dunn J.R., Keen J.E., Moreland D., and Alex T. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer from Louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 361-365
47. Edmonds M.D., Ward F.M., O'Hara T.M., and Elzer P.H. Use of western immunoblot analysis for testing moose serum for Brucella suis biovar 4 specific antibodies. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35 (1999) 591-595
48. English A.W., Watt C.F., and Corrigall W. Larvae of Elaphostrongylus cervi in the deer of Scotland. Veterinary Record 116 (1985) 254-256
49. Eskens U., and Zschock M. Rotlaufinfektion beim Reh - ein Fallbericht. Tierärztliche Praxis 19 (1991) 52-53
50. Fairley R.A., Schollum L.M., and Blackmore D.K. Leptospirosis associated with serovars hardjo and pomona in red deer calves (Cervus elaphus). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 32 (1984) 76-78
51. Farajollahi A., Gates R., Crans W., and Komar N. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from New Jersey, 2001. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases 4 (2004) 379-383
52. Fawcett A.R., Goddard P.J., McKelvey W.A., Buxton D., Reid H.W., Greig A., and MacDonald A.J. Johne's disease in a herd of farmed red deer. Veterinary Record 136 (1995) 165-169
53. Ferguson M.A. Rangiferine brucellosis on Baffin Island. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33 (1997) 536-543
54. Ferte H., Cleva D., Depaquit J., Gobert S., and Leger N. Status and origin of Haemonchinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in deer: a survey conducted in France from 1985 to 1998. Parasitology Research 86 (2000) 582-587
55. Forbes T.D.A., and Hodgson J. The reaction of grazing sheep and cattle to the presence of dung from the same or the other species. Grass and Forage Science 40 (1985) 177-182
56. Foreyt W.J., Besser T.E., and Lonning S.M. Mortality in captive elk from salmonellosis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37 (2001) 399-402
57. Foreyt W.J., Hall B., and Bender L. Evaluation of ivermectin for treatment of hair loss syndrome in black-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 434-443
58. Forman A.J., and Gibbs E.P.J. Studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus in British deer (red, fallow and roe). I. Clinical disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 84 (1974) 215-220
59. Forrester D.J., and Rausch R.L. Cysticerci (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in southern Florida. Journal of Parasitology 76 (1990) 583-585
60. Frölich K. Bovine virus diarrhoea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (Cervidae) in Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31 (1995) 247-250
61. Frölich K., Li H., and Müller-Doblies U. Serosurvey for antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever-associated viruses in free-living and captive cervids in Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34 (1998) 777-782
62. Frölich K., Thiede S., Kozikowski T., and Jakob W. A review of mutual transmission of important infectious diseases between livestock and wildlife in Europe. Domestic animal/wildlife interface: issue for disease control, conservation, sustainable food production, and emerging diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969 (2002) 4-13
63. Gall D., Nielsen K., Forbes L., Cook W., Leclair D., Balsevicius S., Kelly L., Smith P., and Mallory M. Evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for detection of brucellosis in cervids. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37 (2001) 110-118
64. Gibbs E.P.J., Herniman K.A.J., and Lawman M.J.P. Studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus in British deer (muntjac and sika): clinical disease, recovery of virus and serological response. Journal of Comparative Pathology 85 (1975) 361-366
65. Gibbs E.P.J., Herniman K.A.J., Lawman M.J.P., and Sellers R.F. Foot-and-mouth disease in British deer: transmission of virus to cattle, sheep and deer. Veterinary Record 96 (1975) 558-563
66. Gilbert M., Mitchell A., Bourn D., Mawdsley J., Clifton-Hadley R., and Wint W. Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Nature 435 (2005) 491-496
67. Gill R.M.R. Monitoring the status of European and North American cervids (1990), Global Environment Monitoring Systems, United Nations
68. Gondim L.F., McAllister M.M., Mateus-Pinilla N.E., Pitt W.C., Mech L.D., and Nelson M.E. Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals. Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 1361-1365
69. Gortazar C., Vicente J., Samper S., Garrido J.M., Fernandez-De-Mera I.G., Gavin P., Juste R.A., Martin C., Acevedo P., De La Puente M., and Hofle U. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from wild ungulates in south-central Spain. Veterinary Research 36 (2005) 43-52
70. Grant I.R. Zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98 (2005) 1282-1293
71. Griffin J.F., Chinn D.N., and Rodgers C.R. Diagnostic strategies and outcomes on three New Zealand deer farms with severe outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 84 (2004) 293-302
72. Haigh J.C., Mackintosh C., and Griffin F. Viral, parasitic and prion diseases of farmed deer and bison. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 21 (2002) 219-248
73. Harvell C.D., Mitchell C.E., Ward J.R., Altizer S., Dobson A.P., Ostfeld R.S., and Samuel M.D. Ecology - climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296 (2002) 2158-2162
74. Hernandez-Rodriguez S., Acosta I., and Navarrete I. Sarcocystis jorrini sp. from the fallow deer Cervus dama. Parasitology Research 78 (1992) 557-562
75. Holt R.D., Dobson A.P., Begon M., Bowers R.G., and Schauber E.M. Parasite establishment in host communities. Ecology Letters 6 (2003) 837-842
76. Hudson P.J., Rizzoli A.P., Rosa R., Chemini C., Jones L.D., and Gould E.A. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in northern Italy: molecular analysis, relationships with density and seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 15 (2001) 304-313
77. Hutchings M.R., Kyriazakis I., Anderson D.H., Gordon I.J., and Coop R.L. Behavioural strategies used by parasitized and non-parasitized sheep to avoid ingestion of gastro-intestinal nematodes associated with faeces. Animal Science 67 (1998) 97-106
78. Imai K., Nishimori T., Horino R., Kawashima K., Murata H., Tsunemitsu H., Saito T., Katsuragi K., and Yaegashi G. Experimental transmission of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever from sheep to Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) and cattle. Veterinary Microbiology 79 (2001) 83-90
79. Johnson M., Mackintosh C.G., Labes R.E., Taylor M.J., and Wharton D.A. Dictyocaulus species: cross infection between cattle and red deer. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 51 (2003) 93-98
80. Kemper N., Aschfalk A., and Höller C. The occurrence and prevalence of potentially zoonotic enteropathogens in semi-domesticated reindeer. Rangifer 24 (2004) 15-20
81. Kennedy M.J., Acorn R.C., and Moraiko D.T. Survey of Fascioloides magna in farmed wapiti in Alberta. Canadian Veterinary Journal 40 (1999) 252-254
82. Khan R.A., and Fong D. Sarcocystis in caribou (Rangifer tarandus terraenorae) in Newfoundland. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 22 Suppl. (1991) 142-143
83. Kimura K., Isogai E., Isogai H., Kamewaka Y., Nishikawa T., Ishii N., and Fujii N. Detection of Lyme disease spirochetes in the skin of naturally infected wild sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) by PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (1995) 1641-1642
84. Kingscote B.F., Yates W.D., and Tiffin G.B. Disease of wapiti utilizing cattle range in southwestern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23 (1987) 86-91
85. Kolivras K.N., and Comrie A.C. Climate and infectious disease in the southwestern United States. Progress in Physical Geography 28 (2004) 387-398
86. Koslowsky S., Staubach C., Kramer M., and Wieler L.H. Risikoabschätzung zur Einschleppung der Bluetongue Disease nach Deutschland mit Hilfe eines Geographischen Informationssystems (GIS). Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 117 (2004) 214-225
87. Krebs J., Anderson R., Clutton-Brock T., Morrison I., Young D., and Donnelly C. Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers (1997), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London
88. Kutz S.J., Elkin B.T., Panayi D., and Dubey J.P. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) from the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Parasitology 87 (2001) 439-442
89. Ladd-Wilson S., Buck S., and Botzler R.G. Abomasal parasites in southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) from coastal San Diego County, California, USA. Comparative Parasitology 67 (2000) 135-137
90. Lees V.W. Learning from outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis near Riding Mountain National Park: applications to a foreign animal disease outbreak. Canadian Veterinary Journal 45 (2004) 28-34
91. Lindgren E., and Gustafson R. Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet 358 (2001) 16-18
92. LoGuidice K., Ostfeld R.S., Schmidt K.A., and Keesing F. The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 (2003) 567-571
93. López C., Panadero R., Bravo A., Paz A., Sánchez-Andrade R., Díez-Banos P., and Morrondo P. Sarcocystis spp. infection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from the north-west of Spain. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 49 (2003) 211-218
94. Luzón-Peña M., Rojo-Vazquez F.A., and Gómez-Bautista M. Seasonal availability of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae in a temperate Mediterranean area (Madrid, Spain). Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 42 (1995) 577-585
95. Machackova M., Svastova P., Lamka J., Parmova I., Liska V., Smolik J., Fischer O.A., and Pavlik I. Paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the Czech Republic (1999-2001). Veterinary Microbiology 101 (2004) 225-234
96. Mackintosh C., Haigh J.C., and Griffin F. Bacterial diseases of farmed deer and bison. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 21 (2002) 249-263
97. Mackintosh C.G., de Lisle G.W., Collins D.M., and Griffin J.F. Mycobacterial diseases of deer. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52 (2004) 163-174
98. Magnarelli L.A., IJdo J.W., Ramakrishnan U., Henderson D.W., Stafford K.C., and Fikrig E. Use of recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 249-258
99. Martinez A., Salinas A., Martinez F., Cantu A., and Miller D.K. Serosurvey for selected disease agents in white-tailed deer from Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35 (1999) 799-803
100. McGhee M.B., Nettles V.F., Rollor E.A., Prestwood A.K., and Davidson W.R. Studies on cross-transmission and pathogenicity of Haemonchus contortus in white-tailed deer, domestic cattle and sheep. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 17 (1981) 353-364
101. Meagher M., and Meyer M.E. On the origin of Brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park: a review. Conservation Biology 8 (1994) 645-653
102. Mellor P.S., and Wittmann E.J. Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Veterinary Journal 164 (2002) 20-37
103. Meyling A., Houe H., and Jensen A.M. Epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 9 (1990) 75-93
104. Miller M.W., and Williams E.S. Horizontal prion transmission in mule deer. Nature 425 (2003) 35-36
105. Miller D.L., Radi Z.A., Baldwin C., and Ingram D. Fatal West Nile virus infection in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41 (2005) 246-249
106. Murray C.J. Salmonellae in the environment. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 10 (1991) 765-785
107. Nation P.N., Fanning E.A., Hopf H.B., and Church T.L. Observations on animal and human health during the outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis in game farm wapiti in Alberta. Canadian Veterinary Journal 40 (1999) 113-117
108. Nettles V.F., Hylton S.A., Stallknecht D.E., and Davidson W.R. Epidemiology of epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in wildlife in the USA. In: Walton T.E., and Osburn B.I. (Eds). Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses (1992), CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA 238-248
109. Nettles V.F., Quist C.F., Lopez R.R., Wilmers T.J., Frank P., Roberts W., Chitwood S., and Davidson W.R. Morbidity and mortality factors in key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38 (2002) 685-692
110. New J.C.J., Wathen W.G., and Dlutkowski S. Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in white-tailed deer, Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29 (1993) 561-567
111. O'Brien D.J., Schmitt S.M., Berry D.E., Fitzgerald S.D., Vanneste J.R., Lyon T.J., Magsig D., Fierke J.S., Cooley T.M., Zwick L.S., and Thomsen B.V. Estimating the true prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer in Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 42-52
112. Ostfeld R.S., and Keesing F. The function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78 (2000) 2061-2078
113. Palmer M.V., Stoffregen W.C., Rogers D.G., Hamir A.N., Richt J.A., Pedersen D.D., and Waters W.R. West Nile virus infection in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16 (2004) 219-222
114. Pastoret P.-P., Thiry E., Brochier B., Schwers A., Thomas I., and Dubuisson J. Diseases of wild animals transmissible to domestic animals. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 7 (1988) 705-736
115. Pavlik I., Bartl J., Dvorska L., Svastova P., du Maine R., Machackova M., Ayele W.Y., and Horvathova A. Epidemiology of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the Czech Republic during the period 1995-1998. Veterinary Microbiology 77 (2000) 231-251
116. Perz J.F., and Le Blancq S.M. Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (2001) 1154-1162
117. Petersen L.R., and Roehrig J.T. West Nile Virus: a reemerging global pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7 (2001) 611-614
118. Pichon B., Mousson L., Figureau C., Rodhain F., and Perez-Eid C. Density of deer in relation to the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Ixodes ricinus nymphs in Rambouillet forest, France. Experimental and Applied Acarology 23 (1999) 267-275
119. Ploeger H.W. Dictyocaulus viviparus: re-emerging or never been away?. Trends in Parasitology 18 (2002) 329-332
120. Plowright W., Parker J., and Pierce M.A. Epizootiology of African swine fever in Africa. Veterinary Record 85 (1969) 668-674
121. Power A.G., and Mitchell C.E. Pathogen spillover in disease epidemics. American Naturalist 164 (2004) S79-S89
122. Prestwood A.K., Kellogg F.E., Pursglove S.R., and Hayes F.A. Helminth parasitisms among intermingling insular populations of white-tailed deer, feral cattle, and feral swine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 166 (1975) 787-789
123. Proud A.J., and Davis R. Tuberculosis in roe deer, cattle and badgers. A study of the infection in populations on an estate in South-West England. Deer 10 (1998) 417-419
124. Purse B.V., Mellor P.S., Rogers D.J., Samuel A.R., Mertens P.P.C., and Baylis M. Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (2005) 171-181
125. Pybus M.J. Survey of hepatic and pulmonary helminths of wild cervids in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26 (1990) 453-459
126. Pybus M.J. Liver flukes. In: Samuel W.M., Pybus M.J., and Kocan A.A. (Eds). Parasitic diseases of wild mammals (2001), Iowa State University Press, Ames 121-136
127. Quist C.F., Nettles V.F., Manning E.J.B., Hall D.G., Gaydos J.K., Wilmers T.J., and Lopez R.R. Paratuberculosis in key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38 (2002) 729-737
128. Rajsky D., Corba J., Varady M., Spakulova M., and Cabadaj R. Control of fascioloidosis (Fascioloides magna Bassi, 1875) in red deer and roe deer. Helminthologia 39 (2002) 67-70
129. Randolph S.E. The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 356 (2001) 1045-1056
130. Randolph S.E. Evidence that climate change has caused 'emergence' of tick-borne diseases in Europe?. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 293 (2004) 5-15
131. Randolph S.E., Chemini C., Furlanello C., Genchi C., Hails R.S., Hudson P.J., Jones L.D., Medley G., Norman R.A., Rizzoli A.P., Smith G., and Woolhouse M.E.J. The ecology of tick-borne infections in wildlife reservoirs. In: Hudson P.J., Rizzoli A.P., Grenfell B.T., Heesterbeek H., and Dobson A.P. (Eds). The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford 119-138
132. Ratcliffe P.R. Distribution and current status of sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Great Britain. Mammal Review 17 (1987) 39-58
133. Rausch R.L. Cystic echinococcosis in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic. Parasitology 127 Suppl. (2003) S73-S85
134. Rehbein S., and Bienoschek S. Dynamics of endoparasites in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) from birth to puberty. Applied Parasitology 36 (1995) 212-219
135. Rehbein S., and Haupt W. Ansteckungsmöglichkeiten mit Magen-Darm- und Lungen-Nematoden von Damwild für Rind, Schaf und Ziege bei gemeinsamer Haltung mit Damwild in einem Wildgehege. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 101 (1994) 456-460
136. Rehbein S., Lutz W., Visser M., and Winter R. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasitenfauna des Wildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. 1. Der Endoparasitenbefall des Rehwildes. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 46 (2000) 248-269
137. Rehbein S., Lutz W., Visser M., and Winter R. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasitenfauna des Wildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. 2. Der Endoparasitenbefall des Damwildes. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 47 (2001) 1-16
138. Rehbein S., Lutz W., Visser M., and Winter R. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasitenfauna des Wildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. 3. Der Endoparasitenbefall von Rotwild. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 48 (2002) 69-93
139. Reid H.W. Louping ill. In: Monath T.P. (Ed). The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology (1988), CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA 117-135
140. Reid H.W. The biology of a fatal herpesvirus infection of deer (malignant catarrhal fever). In: Brown R.D. (Ed). Biology of Deer (1992), Springer Verlag, Berlin 93-100
141. Renter D.G., Sargeant J.M., Hygnstorm S.E., Hoffman J.D., and Gillespie J.R. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging deer in Nebraska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37 (2001) 755-760
142. Renwick, A.R., White, P.C.L., Bengis, R.G., 2006. Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host-pathogen system. Epidemiology and Infection, in press, doi:10.1017/S0950268806007205.
143. Rhyan J., Aune K., Hood B., Clarke R., Payeur J., Jarnagin J., and Stackhouse L. Bovine tuberculosis in a free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Montana. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31 (1995) 432-435
144. Rhyan J.C., and Saari D.A. A comparative study of the histopathologic features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and red deer and elk (Cervus elaphus). Veterinary Pathology 32 (1995) 215-220
145. Sainsbury A.W., Kirkwood J.K., Bennett P.M., and Cunningham A.A. Status of wildlife health monitoring in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record 148 (2001) 558-563
146. Santin-Duran M., Alunda J.M., and Hoberg E.P. Abomasal parasites in wild sympatric cervids, red deer, Cervus elaphus, and fallow deer, Dama dama, from three localities across central and western Spain: relationship to host density and park management. Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 1378-1386
147. Sato Y., Kobayash C., Ichikawa K., Kuwamoto R., Matsuura S., and Koyama T. An occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium infection in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62 (2000) 313-315
148. Scantlebury M., Hutchings M.R., Allcroft D.J., and Harris S. Risk of disease from wildlife reservoirs: badgers, cattle and bovine tuberculosis. Journal of Dairy Science 87 (2004) 330-339
149. Shimalov V.V., and Shimalov V.T. Helminth fauna of cervids in Belorussian Polesie. Parasitology Research 89 (2003) 75-76
150. Simpson V.R. Wild animals as reservoirs of infectious diseases in the UK. Veterinary Journal 163 (2002) 128-146
151. Skarphedinsson S., Jensen P.M., and Kristiansen K. Survey of tick-borne infections in Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (2005) 1055-1061
152. Smart J.C.R., Ward A.I., and White P.C.L. Monitoring woodland deer populations in the UK: an imprecise science. Mammal Review 34 (2004) 99-114
153. Smith R., O'Connell S., and Palmer S. Lyme disease surveillance in England and Wales, 1986-1998. Emerging Infectious Diseases 6 (2000) 404-407
154. Suarez V.H., Busetti M.R., Fort M.C., and Bedotti D.O. Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, S. asymmetrica and Ostertagia leptospicularis from Cervus elaphus in La Pampa, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology 40 (1991) 165-168
155. Sutherland R.J. Elaphostrongylus cervi in cervids in New Zealand. 1. The gross and histological lesions in red deer (Cervus elaphus). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 24 (1976) 263-266
156. Sutmoller P., Thomson G.R., Hargreaves S.K., Foogin C.M., and Anderson E.C. The foot-and-mouth disease risk posed by African buffalo within wildlife conservancies to the cattle industry of Zimbabwe. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 44 (2000) 43-60
157. Thoen C., LoBue P., and de Kantor I. The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis. Veterinary Microbiology 112 (2006) 339-345
158. Thomson G.R., Bengis R.G., and Brown C.C. Picornavirus Infections. In: Williams E.S., and Barker I.K. (Eds). Infectious diseases of wild mammals (2001), Manson Publishing, London 119-130
159. Thorne T. Brucellosis. In: Williams E.S., and Barker I.K. (Eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals (2001), Manson Publishing, London 372-396
160. Thrusfield M., and Fletcher J. Epidemiological concerns posed by deer during the 2001 British foot and mouth disease outbreak. Deer 12 (2002) 169-171
161. Trávnicek M., Stefancíková A., Nadzamová D., Stanko M., Cisláková L., Pet'ko B., Mardzinová S., and Bhide M. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in game animals and small mammals in eastern Slovakia. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 22 (2003) 1035-1041
162. Tryland M., Josefsen T.D., Oksanen A., and Aschfalk A. Parapoxvirus infection in Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Veterinary Record 149 (2001) 394-395
163. Uhart M.M., Vila A.R., Beade M.S., Balcarce A., and Karesh W.B. Health evaluation of pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) at Campos del Tuyu Wildlife Reserve, Argentina. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39 (2003) 887-893
164. Urquhart G.M., Armour J., Duncan J.L., Dunn A.M., and Jennings F.W. Veterinary Parasitology (1987), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK
165. van Campen H., Frölich K., and Hoffmann M. Pestivirus Infections. In: Williams E.S., and Barker I.K. (Eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals (2001), Manson Publishing, London 232-244
166. van Houten C.K.J., Belden E.L., Kreeger T.J., Williams E.S., Edwards W.H., Thorne E.T., Cook W.E., and Mills K.W. Validation of a Brucella abortus competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for use in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39 (2003) 316-322
167. Vengust G., and Bidovec A. Parasites of fallow deer (Dama dama) in Slovenia. Helminthologia 40 (2003) 161-164
168. Vengust G., Klinkon M., Bidovec A., and Vengust A. Fasciola hepatica: effects on blood constituents and liver minerals in fallow deer (Dama dama). Veterinary Parasitology 112 (2003) 51-61
169. Vikoren T., Tharaldsen J., Fredriksen B., and Handeland K. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from Norway. Veterinary Parasitology 120 (2004) 159-169
170. Waid D.D., Pence D.B., and Warren R.J. Effects of season and physical condition on the gastrointestinal helminth community of white-tailed deer from the Texas Edwards Plateau. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 21 (1985) 264-273
171. Ward A.I. Expanding ranges of wild and feral deer in Great Britain. Mammal Review 35 (2005) 165-173
172. Warsame I.Y., and Steen M. Malignant catarrhal fever in wild Swedish moose (Alces alces L.). Rangifer 9 (1989) 51-57
173. Watson R.T., Patz J., Gubler D.J., Parson E.A., and Vincent J.H. Environmental health implications of global climate change. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 7 (2005) 834-843
174. Whittington R.J., Marshall D.J., Nicholls P.J., Marsh A.B., and Reddacliff L.A. Survival and dormancy of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in the environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 2989-3004
175. Williams E.S. Paratuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases. In: Williams E.S., and Barker I.K. (Eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals (2001), Manson Publishing, London 361-372
176. Wittmann E.J., and Baylis M. Climate change: effects on Culicoides-transmitted viruses and implications for the UK. Veterinary Journal 160 (2000) 107-117
177. Young K.E., Jensen J.M., and Craig T.M. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31 (2000) 348-352
178. Zeman P., and Beneš C. A tick-borne encephalitis ceiling in Central Europe has moved upwards during the last 30 years: possible impact of global warming?. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 293 Suppl. (2004) 48-54