The status of Mycobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: A review

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 164, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 90-105

  Delahay, Richard J ^a,c   De Leeuw, A N S ^a   Barlow, A M ^b   Clifton Hadley, R S ^b   Cheeseman, C L ^a  

^a CENTRAL SCIENCE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY   (United Kingdom)

^c Research Unit   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bovine tuberculosis; M. bovis; Mammals; United Kingdom; Wildlife

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CATTLE DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; MAMMAL; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITE INCIDENCE; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; UNITED KINGDOM; WILDLIFE; ZOONOSIS; ANIMAL; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; HETEROZYGOTE; INCIDENCE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; WILD ANIMAL;

BOS TAURUS; BOVINAE; MAMMALIA; MELES MELES; MYCOBACTERIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; TAXIDEA TAXUS;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ANIMALS, WILD; CARRIER STATE; GREAT BRITAIN; INCIDENCE; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS;

EID: 0036719624     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0667     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Adams J. Dannatt N. The Culling and Processing of Wild Deer 1989 Arun District Council & Forestry Commission Arun
2. Allen G. M. Other animals as sources of TB infection Jackson R. Symposium on Tuberculosis 1991 132-201 Foundation for Continuing Education of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Palmerston North
3. Anon (1980). Tuberculosis in rabbits. Surveillance 15 7 8
4. Anon (1984) TB Eradication Report. Irish Veterinary News October p 2
5. Aranaz A. Liebana E. Mateos A. Dominguez L. Vidal D. Domingo M. Gonzolez O. Rodriguez-Ferri E. F. Bunschoten A. E. Van Embden J. D.A. Cousins D. Spacer oligonucleotide typing of Mycobacterium bovis strains from cattle and other animals: a tool for studying epidemiology of tuberculosis Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34 1996 2734-2740
6. Armitage P. Berry G. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1994 Blackwell Science Ltd. London
7. Barrow P. A. Gallagher J. Aspects of the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in badgers and cattle. I. The prevalence of infection in two wild animal populations in South-West England Journal of Hygiene 86 1981 237-245
8. Beatson N. S. Biology of Deer Production Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22 1985 147-150
9. Bischofberger A. Nabholz A. Tuberkuloses Wild als Urasche von Neuiunfektionen in Rindviehbestanden Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 106 1964 759-777
10. Bishop C. P. Barnes M. F. Reidy J. B. Tuberculosis in a goat Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1934 457-458
11. Bosworth T. J. Further observations on the wild rat as a carrier of Brucella abortus Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapy 53 1940 42-49
12. Bourne J. Donnelly C. Cox D. Gettinby G. Morrison I. Woodroffe R. McInerney J. Towards a sustainable policy to control TB in cattle. Report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB 1998 London: MAFF Publications
13. Bouvier G. Transmission possible de la Tuberculose et de la Brucellose du gibier a l'homme et aux animaux domestiques et sauvages Bulletin de L'Office International des Epizooties 59 1963 433-436
14. Bouvier G. Burgisser H. Schneider P. A. Observations sur les maladies du gibier, des oiseaux et des poissons faites en 1955 en 1956 Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 99 1969 461-477
15. Brandt H. Generalisierte Tuberculose bei einem Rehbok Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 46 1938 481-482
16. Bullock D. J. Feral Goat (Capra hircus) Corbet G. B. Harris S. The Handbook of British Mammals 1991 541-547 Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Oxford
17. Caley P. Morley C. Thomas M. Effects of ferret control on cattle reactor incidence, ferret TB prevalence, and rabbit numbers - The North Canterbury ferret control trials. Final Report 1998 Landcare Research Contract Report LC9899/044. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Landcare Research.
18. Chaddock H. M. Northeast Michigan surveillance activities for bovine tuberculosis in the livestock and free-ranging deer populations Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association 1998
19. Chausse P. Experiences d'inhalation de matiere tuberculeuse humaine chez le chat Comptes Rendus de la Societe de Biologie 72 1912 50-52
20. Cheeseman C. L. Little T. W.A. Mallinson P. J. Rees W. A. Wilesmith J. W. The progression of bovine tuberculosis infection in a population of Melesmeles in South-West England Acta Zoologica Fennica 173 1985 197-199
21. Cheeseman C. L. Wilesmith J. W. Stuart F. A. Mallinson P. J. Dynamics of tuberculosis in a naturally infected badger population Mammal Review 18 1988 61-72
22. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Wilesmith J. W. Tuberculosis in deer: a review Veterinary Record 129 1991 5-12
23. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Wilesmith J. W. Stuart F. A. Mycobacterium bovis in the European badger (Meles meles): epidemiological findings in tuberculous badgers from a naturally infected population Epidemiology and Infection 111 1993 9-19
24. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Inwald J. Archer J. Hughes S. Palmer N. Sayers A. R. Sweeney K. Van Embden J. D.A. Hewinson R. G. Recent advances in DNA fingerprinting using spoligotyping - Epidemiological applications in bovine TB Journal of the British Cattle Veterinary Association 6 1998 79-82
25. Cobbett L. Causes of Tuberculosis 1917 Cambridge Public Health Series Cambridge University Press
26. Collins C. H. Grange J. M. The bovine tubercle bacillus Journal of Applied Bacteriology 55 1983 13-29
27. Collins C. H. Grange J. M. Zoonotic implication of Mycobacterium bovis infection Irish Veterinary Journal 41 1987 363-366
28. Collins D. M. Gabric D. M. De Lisle G. W. Typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle and other animals in the same locality New Zealand Veterinary Journal 36 1988 45-46
29. Cooke M. M. Jackson R. Coleman J. D. Tuberculosis in a free-living brown hare (Lepus europaeus occidentalis) New Zealand Veterinary Journal 41 1993 144-146
30. Cooke M. M. Alley M. R. Duignan P. J. Murray A. Tuberculosis in wild and feral animals in New Zealand Infectious Disease Review 1 1999 241-247
31. Costello E. O'Grady D. Flynn O. O'Brien R Rogers M. Quigley F. Egan J. Griffin J. Study of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and spoligotyping for epidemiological investigation ofMycobacterium bovis infection Clinical Microbiology 37 1999 3217-3222
32. De Lisle G. W. Collins D. M. Loveday A. S. Young W. A. Julian A. F. A Report of tuberculosis in cats in New Zealand, and the examination of strains of Mycobacterium bovis by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis New Zealand Veterinary Journal 38 1990 10-13
33. De Lisle G. W. Crews K. De Zwart J. Jackson R. Knowles G. J.E. Paterson K. D. MacKenzie R. W. Waldrup K. A. Walker R. Mycobacterium bovis infections in wild ferrets New Zealand Veterinary Journal 41 1993 148-149
34. De Lisle G. W. Yates G. F. Collins D. M. MacKenzie R. W. Crews K. B. Walker R. A study of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and wildlife in the MacKenzie Basin and surrounding areas using DNA fingerprinting New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43 1995 266-271
35. Delahay R. J. Langton S. Smith G. C. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Cheeseman C. L. The spatio-temporal distribution of Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine Tuberculosis) infection in a high density badger (Meles meles) population Journal of Animal Ecology 69 2000 1-15
36. Delahay R. J. Langton S. Smith G. C. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Cheeseman C. L. The spatio-temporal distribution of Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine Tuberculosis) infection in a high density badger (Meles meles) population Journal of Animal Ecology 69 2000 1-15
37. Delahay R. J. De Leeuw A. N.S. Claridge M. Harris A. Cheeseman C. L. Barlow A. M. Millar M. F. Clifton-Hadley R. S. First Report of Mycobacterium bovis in a muntjac deer Veterinary Record 149 2001b 95-96
38. Delahay R. J. Wilson G. Rogers L. M. Cheeseman C. L. TB and the badger: Culling as a method to control a wildlife disease reservoir 2002 Farming and Wildlife: Occasional publication of the Linnean Society
39. Denny G. O. Wilesmith J. W. Bovine tuberculosis in Northern Ireland: a case-control study of herd risk factors Veterinary Record 144 1999 305-310
40. Dodd K. Tuberculosis in free-living deer Veterinary Record 115 1984 592-593
41. Dolan L. Badgers and bovine tuberculosis in Ireland: a review Hayden T. J. The Badger 1993 108-116 Royal Irish Academy Dublin
42. Dolan L. A. Lynch K. Badgers and bovine tuberculosis Irish Veterinary Journal 45 1992 133-135
43. Dunkin G. W. Laidlaw P. P. Griffith A. S. A note on tuberculosis in the ferret Journal of Comparative Pathology 42 1929 46-49
44. Durr P. A. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Hewinson R. G. Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis II. Applications of genotyping Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 19 2000 689-701
45. Flanagan P. Badgers and bovine tuberculosis: epidemiology and case studies Hayden T. J. The Badger 1993 131-138 Royal Irish Academy Dublin
46. Fleetwood A. J. Stuart F. A. Bode R. Sutton J. P. Tuberculosis in deer Veterinary Record 123 1988 279-280
47. Francis J. Tuberculosis in Animals and Man: A Study in Comparative Pathology 1958 Cassell and Company Ltd. London
48. Gallagher J. The role of other animals in the epidemiology of TB of the badger Zuckermann O. M. Badgers, Cattle and Tuberculosis 1980 86-98 Her Majesty's Stationery Office London
49. Gallagher J. Clifton-Hadley R. S. Tuberculosis in badgers: a review of the disease and its significance for other animals Research in Veterinary Science 69 2000 203-217
50. Gallagher J. Muirhead R. H. Burn K. J. Tuberculosis in wild badgers (Meles meles) in Gloucestershire: Pathology Veterinary Record 98 1976 9-14
51. Gallagher J. Monies R. Gavier-Widen M. Rule B. Role of infected, non-diseased badgers in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in the badger Veterinary Record 142 1998 710-714
52. Gill J. W. Jackson R. Tuberculosis in a rabbit: a case revisited New Zealand Veterinary Journal 41 1993 147
53. Goulding M. J. Smith G. Baker S. J. Current status and potential impact of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the English countryside: A risk assessment. 1998 Unpublished Central Science Laboratory Report to MAFF
54. Grange J. M. Collins C. H. Bovine tubercle bacilli and disease in animals and man Epidemiology and Infection 99 1987 221-234
55. Grange J. M. Yates M. D. Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis infection Veterinary Microbiology 40 1994 137-151
56. Griffin J. F.T. Buchan G. S. Aetiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in deer Veterinary Microbiology 40 1994 193-205
57. Griffin J. F.T. MacKintosh C. G. Tuberculosis in deer: Perceptions, problems and progress Veterinary Journal 160 2000 202-219
58. Griffith A. S. The pathogenic effects of bovine viruses Second Interim Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Relations of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis: Part II, Appendix 1 1907 HMSO London
59. Griffith A. S. An investigation of strains of tubercle bacilli from animal tuberculosis Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 21 1917 329-343
60. Griffith A. S. Tuberculosis of the domesticated species of animals Journal of Comparative Pathology 45 1928 109-122
61. Griffith A. S. Naturally acquired tuberculosis in various animals: some unusual cases Journal of Hygiene 36 1936 156-168
62. Griffith A. S. Experimental tuberculosis in field voles and mice Veterinary Record 49 1937a 982-984
63. Griffith A. S. Types of tubercle bacilli in equine tuberculosis Journal of Comparative Pathology 50 1937b 159-172
64. Griffith A. S. Infections of wild animals with tubercle bacilli and other acid-fast bacilli Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 32 1939a 1405-1412
65. Griffith A. S. The relative susceptibility of the field vole to the bovine, human and avian types of tubercle bacilli and to the vole strain of acid-fast bacillus Journal of Hygiene 39 1939b 244-259
66. Griffith A. S. The cultural characters and pathogenicity for some laboratory animals of the vole strain of acid fast bacillus Journal of Hygiene 42 1942 527-531
67. Gunning R. F. Bovine tuberculosis in roe deer Veterinary Record 116 1985 300-301
68. Hamerton A. E. Report on the deaths occurring in the Society's gardens during the year 1935 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 105 1936 659-686
69. Hamerton A. E. Distribution and comparative morbid anatomy of tuberculosis in captive animals British Journal of Tuberculosis 29 1985 145-151
70. Hardie R. M. Watson J. M. Mycobacterium bovis in England and Wales: past, present and future Epidemiology and Infection 109 1992 23-33
71. Harris S. Morris P. Wray S. Yalden D. A Review of British Mammals: Population estimates and Conservation Status of British Mammals other than Cetaceans 1995 Joint Nature Conservancy Council Peterborough
72. Head K. W. Diseases of mink Veterinary Record 71 1959 1025-1032
73. Hime J. M. Keymer I. F. Boughton E. Birn K. J. Tuberculosis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus) due to an atypical mycobacterium Veterinary Record 88 1971 616
74. Hopkinson F. McDiarmid A. Tuberculosis in free-living red deer, Cervus elaphus in Scotland Veterinary Record 76 1964 1521-1522
75. Huitema H. Tuberculosis in animals other than cattle domesticated and wild: its relation to bovine tuberculosis eradication and its public health significance First International Seminar on Bovine TB for the Americas 258 1972 79-88
76. Jennings A. R. The distribution of tuberculous lesions in the dog and cat, with reference to the pathogenesis Veterinary Record 27 1949 380-385
77. Keymer I. F. Gibson E. A. Reynolds D. J. Zoonoses and other findings in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus): a survey of mortality and review of the literature Veterinary Record 128 1991 245-249
78. Kitchener A. C. Birks J. D.S. Davison A. Interactions between polecats and ferrets in Britain Birks J. D.S. Kitchener A. C. The Distribution and Status of the Polecat Mustela putorius in Britain in the 1990s 1999 84-110 The Vincent Wildlife Trust London
79. Krebs J. R. Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers. Report to the Rt Hon Dr Jack Cunningham MP. 1997 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food London
80. Lepper, A. W.D. Corner, L. A. 1983, Naturally occurring mycobacterioses of animals, The Biology of the Mycobacteria, 2, Immunological and Environmental Aspects, C. RatledgeJ. Stanford, London, Academic Press
81. Little T. W.A. Swan C. Thompson H. V. Wilesmith J. W. Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. III. The prevalence of tuberculosis in mammals other than badgers and cattle Journal of Hygiene 89 1982 225-234
82. Lovell R. White E. G. Naturally occurring tuberculosis in dogs and some other species of animals British Journal of Diseases of the Chest 35 1941 28-40
83. Lugton I. W. Johnstone A. C. Morris R. S. Mycobacterium bovis infection in New Zealand hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43 1995 342-345
84. Lugton I. W. Wobeser G. Morris R. S. Caley P. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in feral ferrets (Mustela furo) in New Zealand: I. Pathology and diagnosis New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45 1997a 140-150
85. Lugton I. W. Wobeser G. Morris R. S. Caley P. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in feral ferrets (Mustela furo) in New Zealand: I. I. Routes of infection and excretion New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45 1997b 151-157
86. Lugton I. W. Wilson P. R. Morris R. S. Nugent G. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46 1998 147-156
87. Luke D. Tuberculosis in the horse, pig, sheep and goat Veterinary Record 70 1958 529-536
88. Lurie M. B. Heredity, constitution and tuberculosis: An experimental study American Review of Tuberculosis (Supplement) 44 1941 1-125
89. Lurie M. B. An evaluation of the method of quantitative airborne infection and its use in the study of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis American Review of Tuberculosis 61 1950 765-797
90. MacKintosh C. G. Waldrup K. Labes R. Griffin F. Buchan G. Cross J. De Lisle G. Experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection in red deer weaners: Preliminary findings Proceedings of the Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association 10 1993 297-304
91. MAFF (1976-97). Bovine Tuberculosis in Badgers. Annual Reports by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food. London: HMSO.
92. MAFF (1990-2000). Animal Health. Annual Reports of the Chief Veterinary Officer. Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, London: HMSO.
93. Mathews P. R.J. McDiarmid A. Mycobacterium avium infection in freeliving hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L) Research in Veterinary Science 22 1977 388
94. Mathews P. R.J. Sargent A. The isolation of mycobacteria from the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) British Veterinary Journal 133 1977 399-404
95. Mathews P. R.J. McDiarmid A. Collins P. Mycobacterial infections in various species of deer in the United Kingdom British Veterinary Journal 137 1981 60-66
96. McInerney J. Small K. J. Caley P. Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in feral pigs in the Northern Territory Australian Veterinary Journal 72 1995 448-451
97. Milbradt H. Roemmele O. Tuberkulose katze infiziert rinderbestand Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 67 1960 17-18
98. Monies R. J. Cranwell M. P. Palmer N. Inwald J. Hewinson R. G. Rule B. Bovine tuberculosis in domestic cats Veterinary Record 146 2000 407-408
99. Morris R. S. Pfeiffer R. Directions and issues in bovine tuberculosis epidemiology and control in New Zealand New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43 1995 256-265
100. Morris R. S. Pfeiffer R. Jackson R. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections Veterinary Microbiology 40 1994 153-177
101. Muirhead R. H. Gallagher J. Burn K. J. Tuberculosis in wild badgers in Gloucestershire: Epidemiology Veterinary Record 95 1974 552-555
102. Noonan N. L. Sheane W. D. Harper L. R. Ryan P. J. Wildlife as a possible reservoir of bovine tuberculosis Irish Veterinary Journal 29 1975 1
103. O'Reilly, L. M. 1987, Tuberculosis and deer, Unpublished transcript of a paper given at: Symposium on Capture, Handling and Management of Deer, Avondale, Co, Wicklow, July 16th 1987
104. O'Reilly L. M. Daborn C. J. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review Tubercle and Lung Disease 76 1995 1-46
105. Orr C. M. Kelly D. F. Lucke V. M. Tuberculosis in cats: A report of two cases Journal of Small Animal Practice 21 1980 247-253
106. Pastoret P. P. Thiry E. Brochier B. Schwers A. Thomas I. Dubuisson J. Diseases of wild animals transmissible to domestic animals Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 7 1988 705-736
107. Phillips C. J.C. Foster C. Morris P. Teverson R. The role of cattle husbandry in the development of a sustainable policy to control M. bovis infection in cattle 2000 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food London
108. Proud A. J. Davis R. Tuberculosis in roe deer, cattle and badgers Deer 10 1998 417-419
109. Putman R. J. Horse Corbet G. B. Harris S. The Handbook of British Mammals 1991 541-547 Blackwell Scientific Ltd Oxford
110. Quigley F. C. Costello E. Flynn O. Gogarty A McGuick J. Murphy A. Egan J. Isolation of mycobacteria from lymph node lesions in deer Veterinary Record 141 1997 516-518
111. Qureshi T. Labes R. E. Lambeth M. Montgomery H. Griffin J. F.T. MacKintosh C. G. Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from experimentally infected ferrets to non-infected ferrets (Mustela furo) New Zealand Veterinary Journal 48 2000 99-104
112. Ragg J. R. Moller H. Waldrup K. A. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) infections in feral populations of cats (Felis catus), ferrets (Mustela furo) and stoats (Mustela erminea) in Otago and Southland, New Zealand New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43 1995a 333-337
113. Ragg J. R. Waldrup K. A. Moller H. The distribution of gross lesions of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in feral ferrets (Mustela furo) from Otago, New Zealand New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43 1995b 338-341
114. Rankin J. D. McDiarmid A. Mycobacterial infections in free-living wild animals. In Diseases in free-living wild animals, ed. A. McDiarmid, Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 24 1969 pp. 119 31. London: Academic Press
115. Reed G. B. Mycobacterium microti Breed R. S. Murray E. G.D. Smith N. R. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 1957 703-704 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore
116. Report, 1911, Royal Commission on Tuberculosis. Final Report, London, HMSO
117. Report (2000). Animal Health 1999, The report of the Chief Veterinary Officer Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Scottish Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department and Welsh Office Agriculture Department p. 118
118. Robb-Smith A. H.T. Notes on the morphology of infection by the vole acid-fast bacillus Medical Research Council Special Report Series 259 1946 43-48
119. Rose H. R. Bovine tuberculosis in deer Deer 7 1987 78
120. Sanson R. L. Tuberculosis in goats Surveillance 15 1988 7-8
121. Schalk A. F. Roderick Z. M. Foust H. L. Harshfield G. S. Avian Tuberculosis - collected studies. Bulletin 27 1935 Fargo North Dakota: Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota Agricultural College
122. Schliesser T. Mycobacterium Blobel H. Schliesser T. Handbuch der Bakteriellen Infektionen Bei Tieren 5 1985 155-280 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart
123. Schmidt H. W. Tuberkulose beim Reh Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 46 1938 482-485
124. Schoop G. Todesursachen und gesundheitsstorungen bei nerzen Deutsche Pelztierzuchter 15 1940 203-205
125. Schweizer R. Tuberkulose beim wild Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 106 1964 79-84
126. Serraino A. Marchetti G. Sanguinetti V. Rossi M. C. Zanoni R. G. Catozzi L. Bandera A. Dini W. Mignone W. Franzetti F. Gori A. Monitoring of transmission of tuberculosis between wild boars and cattle: Genotypical analysis of strains by molecular epidemiology techniques Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37 1999 2766-2771
127. Simpson V. Pathological conditions in British bats Proceedings of the First European Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association, Paris, France, 1994 1994 Wildlife Disease Association Paris p. 74
128. Simpson V. R. Veterinary advances in the investigation of wildlife diseases in Britain Research in Veterinary Science 69 2000 11-16
129. Simpson V. R. Diseases of otters in Britain International Otter Conference Proceedings 2001 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Skye
130. Sleeman D. P. Records of otters Lutra lutra (L.) in the vicinity of Irish badger Meles meles (L.) setts Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society 23 1999 92-97
131. Snider W. R. Cohen D. The role of dogs and cats in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis First International Seminar on Bovine TB for the Americas 1972 Pan-American Health Organization p. 1-100
132. Stephens M. N. 1957 The Otter Report
133. Stuart F. A. Manser P. A. McIntosh F. G. Tuberculosis in imported red deer (Cervus elaphus) Veterinary Record 122 1988 508-511
134. Symmers W. St. C. Thomson A. P.D. Iland C. N. Observations on tuberculosis in the ferret (Mustela furo L.) Journal of Comparative Pathology 63 1953 20-30
135. Thomas L. H. McDiarmid A. Bovine TB Veterinary Record 146 2000 508
136. pThorns C. J. Morris J. A. Little T. W.A. A spectrum of immune responses and pathological conditions between certain animal species to experimentalMycobacterium bovis infection British Journal of Experimental Pathology 63 1982 562-570
137. Tweddle N. E. Livingstone P. Bovine tuberculosis control and eradication programs in Australia and New Zealand Veterinary Microbiology 40 1994 23-39
138. Van Soolingen D. Van Der Zanden A. G.M. De Haas P. E.W. Noordhoek G. T. Kiers A. Foudraine N. A. Portaels F. Kolk A. H.J. Kremer K. Van Embden J. D.A. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium microti infections among humans by using novel genetic markers Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36 1998 1840-1845
139. Wells A. Q. Tuberculosis in wild voles The Lancet 1937 p. 1221
140. Wells A. Q. The murine type of tubercle bacillus Medical Research Council Special Report Series 259 1946 1-42
141. Wessels C. C. Tuberculosis in the rat American Review of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Disease 43 1941 637-662
142. Wilesmith J. W. Sayers P. E. Little T. W.A. Brewer J. J. Bode R. Hillman G. D.B. Pritchard D. G. Stuart F. A. Tuberculosis in East Sussex: IV. A systematic examination of wild mammals other than badgers for tuberculosis Journal of Hygiene Cambridge 97 1986 37-48
143. Williams D. Bovine tuberculosis in deer: What to look for and what to do Deer 7 1987 143
144. Wilson P. R. Diseases relevant to deer farming Proceedings of the University of Sydney Postgraduate Committee in Veterinary Science. Deer refresher course, December 1984 1984
145. Wilson P. Harrington R. A case of bovine tuberculosis in fallow deer Veterinary Record 98 1976 74