Evaluation and treatment of fever in intensive care unit patients

Critical Care Nursing Quarterly

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 347-363

  Ferguson, Anne ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antipyretics; Blood culture; Febrile patient; Fever; Hyperthermia; Intensive care

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIPYRETIC AGENT; CYTOKINE; IBUPROFEN; PARACETAMOL; PLACEBO;

BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLOOD CULTURE; BODY TEMPERATURE; BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; BODY TEMPERATURE MONITORING; CHICKENPOX; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; FEVER; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LABORATORY TEST; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEPSIS; SINUSITIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ALGORITHMS; ANALGESICS, NON-NARCOTIC; BENCHMARKING; BODY TEMPERATURE; CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRYOTHERAPY; DECISION TREES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEVER; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; MODELS, NURSING; NURSE CLINICIANS; NURSE'S ROLE; NURSING ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 34548680066     PISSN: 08879303     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.CNQ.0000290368.54998.cd     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Ryan M, Levy MM. Clinical review: fever in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care. 2003;7:221-225.
2. Henker R, Kramer D, Rogers S. Fever. AACN Clin Iss. 1997;8:351-367.
3. Mackowiak PA. Brief history of antipyretic therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(suppl 5):S154-S156.
4. Marik PE. Fever in the ICU. Chest. 2000;117(3):855-869.
5. Mackowiak PA, Bartlett JG, Borden EC, et al. Concepts of fever: recent advances and lingering dogma. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:119-138.
6. Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS. Physicians' perceptions regarding body temperature in health and disease. South Med J. 1995;88:934-938.
7. O'Grady NP, Philip SB, Bartlett JG, et al. Practice guidelines for evaluating new fever in critically ill adult patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1042-1059.
8. Gozzoli V, Schottker P, Suter P, Ricou B. Is it worth treating fever in intensive care unit patients?: Preliminary results from a randomized trial of the effect of external cooling. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:121-123.
9. Plaisance KI. Toxicities of drugs used in the management of fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:S219-S223.
10. Plaisance KI, Mackowiak PA. Antipyretic therapy: physiologic rationale, diagnostic implications, and clinical consequences. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(4):449-456.
11. Farnell S, Maxwell L, Tan S, Rhodes A, Philips B. Temperature measurement: comparison of non-invasive methods used in adult critical care. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14:632-639.
12. Moran JL, Peter JV, Solomon PJ, et al. Tympanic temperature measurements: are they reliable in the critically ill? A clinical study of measures of agreement. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:155-164.
13. Nierman DM. Tools that we use: if you can't measure it, you can't manage it. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:312-313.
14. Bentley DW, Bradley S, High K, Schoenbaum S, Taler G, Yoshikawa TT. Practice guidelines for evaluation of fever and infection in long-termcare facilities. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:640-653.
15. Hunsicker K, Fuss MA, Shollenberger D, Pasquale MD. A fever workup guideline. Int J Trauma Nurs. 1998;4:85-93.
16. Freischlag B, Busuttil RW. The value of postoperative fever evaluations. Surgery. 1983;94:358-363.
17. Fanning J, Neuhoff RA, Brewer JE, Castaneda T, Marcotte MP, Jacobson RL. Frequency and yield of postoperative fever evaluation. Infect Dis Obstetr Gynecol. 1998;6:252-255.
18. Badillo AT, Sarani B, Evans SRT. Optimizing the use of blood cultures in the febrile postoperative patient. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;194:477-487.
19. McGowan JE, Rose RC, Jacobs NF, Schaberg DR, Haley RW. Fever in hospitalized patients: with special reference to the medical service. Am J Med. 1987;82:580-586.
20. Bor DH, Makadon HJ, Friedland F, Dasse P, Kormaroff AL, Aranon MD. Fever in hospitalized medical patients: characteristics and significance. Am J Med. 1988;3:119-125.
21. Bota DP, Ferreira FL, Melot C, Vincent JL. Body temperature alterations in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:811-816.
22. Circiumaru B, Baldock G, Cohen J. A prospective study of fever in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25:668-673.
23. Barie PS, Hydo LJ, Eachempati SR. Causes and consequences of fever complicating critical surgical illness. Surg Infect. 2004;5:145-159.
24. Cunha BA. Fever in the critical care unit. Crit Care Clin. 1998;14:1-15.
25. Cunha BA, Shea KW. Fever in the intensive care unit. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1996;10:185-209.
26. Rizoli SB, Marshall JC. Saturday night fever: finding and controlling the source of sepsis in critical illness. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:137-144.
27. Schermer CR, Sanchez DP, Qualls CR, Demarest GB, Albrecht RM, Fry DE. Blood culturing practices in a trauma intensive care unit: does concurrent antibiotic use make a difference? J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2002;52:463-468.
28. Kortbus MJ, Lee KC. Sinusitis and fever of unknown origin. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004;37:339-346
29. Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, et al. The adaptive value of fever. In: Mackowiak PA, ed. Fever: Basic Mechanisms and Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997:255-266.
30. Mackowiak PA. Fever: blessing or curse? A unifying hypothesis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:1037-1040.
31. Mackowiak PA, Bartlett JG, Borden EC. Concepts of fever: recent advances and lingering dogma. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:119-138.
32. Greisman LA, Mackowiak PA. Fever: beneficial and detrimental effects of antipyretics. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2002;15:241-245.
33. Doran TF, De Angelis C, Baumgardner RA, Mellits ED. Acetaminophen: more harm than good for children with chickenpox? J Pediatr. 1989;114:1045-1048.
34. Hasday JD, Fairchild KD, Shanholtz C. The role of fever in the infected host. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:1891-1904.
35. *Graham NMH, Burrell CJ, Douglas RM, Debelle P, Davies L. Adverse effects of aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen on immune function, viral shedding, and clinical status in rhinovirus-infected volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1277-1282.
36. *Stanley ED, Jackson GG, Panusarn C, Rubenis M, Dirda V. Increased viral shedding with aspirin treatment of rhinovirus infection, JAMA. 1975;231:1247-1251.
37. *Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM. An analysis of the quantitative relationship between oral temperature and severity of illness in experimental shigellosis. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:1181-1184.
38. *Bryant RE, Hood AF, Hood CE, Koenig MG. Factors affecting mortality of gram-negative rod bacteremia. Arch Intern Med. 1971;127:120-128.
39. *Weinstien MP, Iannini PB, Stratton CW, Eickhoff TC. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis. Am J Med. 1978;64:592-598.
40. *Hoefs JC, Canawati HM, Sapico FL, Hopkins RR, Weiner J, Montgomerie JZ. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology. 1982;2:399-407.
41. *Dupont HL, Spink WW. Infections due to gramnegative organisms: an analysis of 860 patients with bacteremia at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, 1958-1966. Medicine. 1969;48:307-332.
42. *Ahkee S, Srinathe L, Ramirez J. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: association of mortality with lack of fever and leukocytosis. South Med J. 1997;90:296-298.
43. Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Russell JA, et al. The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:912-918.
44. Arons MM, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. Effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of hypothermic sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:699-707.
45. Schulman CI, Namias N, Doherty J, et al. The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study. Surg Infect. 2005;6:369-375.
46. *Castillo J, Martinez R, Leira R, et al. Mortality and morbidity of acute cerebral infarction related to temperature and basal analytic parameters. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4:66-71.
47. *Castillo J, Davalos A, Marrugat J, Noya M. Timing for fever-related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:2455-2460.
48. *Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P. Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: a meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke. 2000;31:410-414.
49. *Jiang J, Gao G, Li W, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:869-874.
50. *Geffroy A, Bronchard R, Merckx P, et al. Severe traumatic head injury in adults: which patients are at risk of early hyperthermia? Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:785-790.
51. *Diringer M, Reaven N, Funk S, Uman G. Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1489-1495.
52. Albano C, Comandante L, Nolan S. Innovations in the management of cerebral injury. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2005;28:135-148.
53. Hardin S, Kaplow R. Synergy for Clinical Excellence: The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2005.
54. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Scope and Standards of Practice for the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner. Aliso Viejo, CA: American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; 2006.
55. Thompson HJ. Fever: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2005;51(5):484-492.
56. Manthous CA. Toward a more thoughtful approach to fever in critically ill patients. Chest. 2000;117(3):627-628.
57. Poirier MP, Davis PH, Gonzalez-Del Ray JA, Monroe KW. Pediatric emergency department nurses' perspectives on fever in children. Pediatric Emerg Care. 2000;16:9-12.
58. Zwang O, Albert RK. Analysis of strategies to improve cost effectiveness of blood cultures. J Hosp Med. 2006;1:272-276.