Immunopathogenesis of ocular allergy: A schematic approach to different clinical entities

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 429-435

  Leonardi, Andrea ^a,b   De Dominicis, Chiara ^a   Motterle, Laura ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b Ophthalmology Unit   (Italy)

Author keywords

Allergic conjunctivitis; Immunopathogenesis; T helper type 2 cytokines

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; EOTAXIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 8; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PROTEINASE; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EOSINOPHIL; EYE ALLERGY; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATORY CELL; MAST CELL; NEUTROPHIL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SKIN SENSITIZATION; VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ANIMALS; CONJUNCTIVITIS, ALLERGIC; CYTOKINES; EOSINOPHILS; EYE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; MAST CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS;

EID: 34548662399     PISSN: 15284050     EISSN: 14736322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3282ef8674     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Bonini S. Allergic conjunctivitis: the forgotten disease. Chem Immunol Allergy 2006; 91:110-120.
2. BenEzra D. Classification of conjunctivitis and blepharitis. In: BenEzra D, editor. Blepharitis and conjunctivitis: guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Glosa; 2006. This book reviews the classification, the diagnosis and treatment of all forms of conjunctivitis, including allergic ocular diseases.
3. Leonardi A, Borghesan F, Faggian D. Tear and soluble leukocyte activation markers in conjunctival allergic disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129:151-158.
4. Anderson DF, Zhang S, Bradding P. The relative contribution of mast cell subset to conjunctival Th2 like cytokines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:995-1001.
5. McGill J. Conjunctival cytokines in ocular allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1355-1357.
6. Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 118-122.
7. Miyazaki D, Nakamura T, Toda M, et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 is a costimulatory signal for mast cell-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Clin Invest 2005; 115:434-442.
8. Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, et al. Role of VLA-4 in the development of allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Mol Vision 2006; 12:310-317. Adhesion molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease may be a new therapeutic target.
9. Magone MT, Whitcup SM, Fukushima A. The role of IL12 in the induction of late phase cellular infiltration in a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:299-308.
10. Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, et al. Genetic background determines susceptibility to experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis: comparison of Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82:210-218. The genetic background influences the susceptibility to develop an immune-response through different cytokine production.
11. Stern ME, Siemasko K, Gao J, et al. Role of interferon-gamma in a mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:3239-3246.
12. Fukushima A, Fukata K, Ozaki A, et al. Exertion of the suppressive effects of IFN-gamma on experimental immune mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Brown Norway rats during the induction phase but not the effector phase. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:1166-1171.
13. Stahl JL, Cook EB, Graziano FM, Barney NP. Differential and cooperative effects of TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, and IFN gamma on human cell conjunctival epithelial cell receptor expression and chemokine release. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2003; 44:2010-2015.
14. Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Fukuda K, et al. CD8+ T cells play disparate roles in the induction and the effector phases of murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Microbiol Immunol 2006; 50:719-728.
15. Fukushima F, Sumi T, Fukuda K, et al. Analysis of the interaction between IFNγ and IFNγR in the effector phase of experimental murine allergic conjunctivitis. Immunol Lett 2006; 107:119-124. Highlights the role of IFNγ in the different phases of experimental allergic conjunctivitis.
16. Kuboa M, Ozakib A, Tanaka S, et al. Role of suppressor of cytokine signaling in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 6:361-366. An imbalance in intracellular signals is involved in cytokine expression.
17. Cook EB, Sthal JL, Lowe L. Simultaneous measurement of six cytokines in a single sample of human tears using microparticle based flow cytometry; allergics vs non allergics. J Immunol Methods 2001; 254:109-118.
18. Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Sumi T, et al. Roles of CD4+CD259+ T cells in the development of experimental murine allergic conjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:705-714. Highlights that Treg cells may play a critical role in the development of ocular allergic disease. New studies in this field are needed.
19. Fukushima A, Sumi T, Fukuda K, et al. Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor b contribute to the development of experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis in mice during the effector phase. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:1535-1541. The role of immunosuppressant cytokines in ocular allergy is still not clear.
20. Fukushima A, Sumi T, Fukuda K, et al. Modulation of murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis by treatment with agalactosylceramide. Immunol Lett 2006; 107:32-40.
21. Hughes JL, Lackie PM, Wilson SJ, et al. Reduced structural proteins in the conjunctival epithelium in allergic eye disease. Allergy 2006; 61:1268-1274. The integrity of the conjunctival epithelial barrier needs to be considered in the development of the allergic disease.
22. Leonardi A. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: pathogenesis and treatment. Prog Ret Eye Res 2002; 21:319-339.
23. Abu El Asrar AM. Langerhans' cells in vernal keratoconjunctivitis express the costimulatory molecule B7-2 (CD86) but not B7-1 (CD80). Eye 2001; 15:648-654.
24. Sumi T, Fukushima A, Fukuda K, et al. Differential contributions of B7-1 and B7-2 to the development of murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Immunol Lett 2007; 108:62-67. Understanding the role of costimulatory signals will be helpful to determine the initial mechanism of allergy.
25. Abu El Asrar AM. Expression of CD23/CD21 and CD40/CD40 ligand in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye 2001; 15:217-224.
26. Leonardi A, Busca F, Motterle L, et al. Case series of 406 vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients: a demographic and epidemiological study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006; 84:406-410. Prevalence and incidence of VKC were calculated, indicating that the disease is relatively rare in children but is extremely rare as a new disease in adults.
27. Leonardi A, Curnow SJ, Zhan H, Calder VL. Multiple cytokines in human tear specimens in seasonal and chronic allergic eye disease and in conjunctival fibroblast cultures. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:777-784. Several cytokines can be measured in small tear samples with a prevalent, but not univocal, Th2-type profile. Conjunctival fibroblasts contribute to cytokine and chemokine production.
28. Leonardi A, Fregona IA, Plebani M, et al. Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in chronic ocular allergy. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:1240-1245. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles are expressed in active chronic ocular allergies.
29. Miyoshi T. Interleukin-8 concentration in conjunctival epithelium brush cytology samples correlate with neutrophils, eosinophils infiltration and corneal damage. Cornea 2001; 20:743-747.
30. Fukuda K, Kumagai N, Fujitsu Y, Nishida T. Fibroblasts as local immune modulators in ocular allergic disease. Allergol Int 2006; 55:121-129. Fibroblasts are involved in several mechanisms of conjunctival inflammation, including chemokine expression and tissue remodelling.
31. El-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Al-Kharashi SA, Missotten L. Chemokine receptors in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85:1360-1366.
32. Kumagai N, Fukuda K, Fujitsu Y, et al. Role of structural cells of the cornea and conjunctiva in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006; 25:165-187.
33. Leonardi A, Tavolato M, et al. Growth factors and collagen distribution in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:4175-4181.
34. Abu El-Asrar AM, Al-Mansouri S, Tabbara KF, et al. Immunopathogenesis of conjunctival remodelling in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye 2006; 20:71-79.
35. Asano-Kato N, Fukagawa K, Okada N, et al. TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and Th2 cytokines stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor production from conjunctival fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:555-560.
36. Abu El Asrar AM, Van Aelst I, Al-Mansouri S, et al. Gelatinase B in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119:1505-1511.
37. Leonardi A, Brun P, Abatangelo G, et al. Tear levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:3052-3058.
38. Leonardi A, Brun P, Sartori MT, et al. Urokinase plasminogen activator, uPA receptor and its inhibitor in veronal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:1364-1370.
39. Gravami S, Hashemi M, de Serres FJ, et al. Trypsin inhibitory capacity in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:264-269. Inhibitory mechanism of inflammation may be downregulated in severe allergic conjunctivitis.
40. Micera A, Bonini S, Lambiase A, et al. Conjunctival expression of thymosin β4 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Mol Vision 2006; 12:1594-1600. Expression of different proteins highlights that multiple and unknown mechanisms are involved in the development of VKC.
41. Motterle L, Diebold Y, Enriquez de Salamanca A, et al. Altered expression of neurotransmitter receptors and neuromediators in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124:462-468. The neurogenic inflammation is involved in nonspecific activation of VKC through altered expression of neuromediators and their receptors.
42. Bonini S. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Allergy 2004; 59 (Suppl 78):71-73.
43. Stern ME, Siemaskoa KF, Niederkorn JY. The Th1/Th2 paradigm in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 5:446-450.
44. Nivenius E, Montan PG, Chryssanthouw E, et al. No apparent association between periocular and ocular microcolonization and the degree of inflammation in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:725-730.
45. Leonardi A, Jose P, Zhan, Calder V. Tear and mucus eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 in allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:487-492.
46. Yamagami S, Ebihara N, Yokoo S, Amano S. Chemokine receptor gene expression in giant papillae of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Mol Vision 2005; 11:192-200.
47. Kitaichi N, Shimizu T, Honda A, et al. Increase in macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in lacrimal fluid of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:825-828.
48. Dogru M, Okada N, Asano-Kato N, et al. Alterations of the ocular surface epithelial mucins 1, 2, 4 and the tear functions in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:1556-1565. The tear film disfunction in chronic allergic patients is related to different compositions in tear mucins, which may contribute to the development of corneal complications.
49. Dogru M, Asano-Kato N, Tanaka M, et al. Ocular surface and MUC5AC alterations in atopic patients with corneal shield ulcers. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30:897-908.
50. Cook EB, Stahl JL, Esnault S, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 expression on human conjunctival epithelial cells: a pathway for Staphylococcus aureus involvement in chronic ocular proinflammatory responses. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94:486-497.
51. Bonini S, Micera A, Iovino A, et al. Expression of toll-like receptors in healthy and allergic conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:1528-1534.
52. Stapleton F, Stretton S, Sankaridurg PR, et al. Hypersensitivity responses and contact lens wear. Contact Lens Anterior Eye 2003; 26:57-69.
53. Thakur A, Willcox MDP. Contact lens wear alters the production of certain inflammatory mediators in tears. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:255-259.
54. Chang SW. Delayed tear clearance in contact lens associated papillary conjunctivitis. Curr Eye Res 2001; 22:253-257.
55. Shoji J, Inada N, Sawa M. Antibody array-generated cytokine profiles of tears of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis or giant papillary conjunctivitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006; 50:195-204.
56. Sarac O, Erdener U, Irkec M, et al. Tear eotaxin levels in giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with ocular prosthesis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2003; 11:223-230.