The effects of aerobic exercise on childhood PTSD, anxiety, and depression

International Journal of Emergency Mental Health

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 133-158

  Newman, Caren L ^a,c   Motta, Robert W ^a,b  

^a HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b School Community Psychology

^c School Community Psychology ^*

Author keywords

Adolescents; Aerobic exercise; Anxiety; Childhood; Depression; PTSD

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EVALUATION; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; NEW YORK; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 34548634603     PISSN: 15224821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (89)

1. Altchiler, L.S. & Motta, R.W. (1994). Effects of aerobic and nonaerobic exercise on anxiety, absenteeism, and job satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 829-840.
2. American College of Sports Medicine (1992). ACSMfitness book: The most practical fitness book, written by the most respected fitness organization in the world. Illinois: Leisure Press.
3. American College of Sports Medicine (1995). Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger.
4. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
6. Basile, V. C., Motta, R. W., & Allison, D. B. (1995). Antecedent exercise as a treatment for disruptive behavior: Testing hypothesized mechanisms of action. Behavioral Interventions, 10, 119-140.
7. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). The Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace.
8. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1997). National center for PTSD clinician- administered PTSD scale for DSM-IV: CAPS-DX, current and lifetime version. Boston: National Center for PTSD.
9. Bray, M., & Kehle, T. (1996). Self-modeling as an intervention for stuttering. School Psychology Review, 25, 358-369.
10. Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H.D., Kessler, R.C., & Davis, G.C. (1999). Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the Detroit area survey of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 902-907.
11. Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H.D., Kessler, R.C., Peterson, E.L., & Lucia, V.C. (1999). Vulnerability to assaultive violence: Further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychology Medicine, 29, 813-821.
12. Breslau, N., Kessler, R.C., Chilcoat, H.D., Schultz, L.R., Davis, G.C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma. Archive of General Psychiatry, 55, 626-632.
13. Brown, S.W., Welsh, M. C., Labbe, E.E., Vitulli, W.F., & Kulkami, P. (1992). Aerobic exercise in the psychological treatment of adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 555-560.
14. Bryant, R.A. (1999). Cognitive behavior therapy of violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 79-97.
15. Busk, P.L., & Serlin, R.C. (1992). Meta-analyses for single-case research. In T.R. Kratochwill & J.R. Levin (Eds.), Single-case research design and analysis: New directions for psychology and education (pp. 187-212). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Caifas, K.J., & Taylor, W.C. (1994). Effects of physical activity on psychological variables in adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 6, 406-423.
17. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis in the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Cohen, J.A., Berliner, L., & March, J.S. (2000). In E. Foa, T. Keane, & M. Friedman (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD (pp. 106-138). New York: The Guilford Press.
19. Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In T. H. Ollendick (Ed.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 405-432). London: Oxford University Press.
20. Conte, J.R., & Schuerman, J.R. (1987). The effects of sexual abuse on children: A multidimensional view. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 115-131.
21. Davis, L., & Siegel, L.J. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children andadolescents: A review and analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 135-154.
22. Doyne, E. J., Ossip-Klein, D. J., Bowman, E. D., Osborn, K. M., McDougall-Wilson, I. B., & Weimeyer, R. A. (1987). Running verses weight-lifting in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 748-754.
23. Dubner, A. E., & Motta, R. W. (1999). Sexually and physically abused foster care children and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 367-373.
24. Faulstich, M. E., Carey, M. P., Ruggiero, L., Enyart, P., & Gresham, F. (1986). Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: An evaluation of the center for epidemiological studies depression scale for children (CES-DC). American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1024-1027.
25. Finch, A. J., Saylor, C. F., Edwards, G. L., & McIntosh, J. A. (1987). Children's Depression Inventory: Reliability over repeated administrations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 16, 339-341.
26. First, M., Gibbon, M., Williams, J. B., & Spitzer, R. L. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID). Biometric Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
27. Foa, E. B. (1995). PDS: Posttraumatic Stress diagnostic scale manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Assessments.
28. Foa, E.B., & Meadows, E.A. (1997). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 449-80.
29. Foy, D.W., Madvig, B.T., Pynoos, R.S., & Camilleri, A.J. (1996). Etiologic factors in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 133-145.
30. Frederick, C., Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1992). Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (DSM-III-R). Unpublished manuscript.
31. Fremont, J. (1983). The separate and combined effects of cognitively based counseling aerobic exercise for the treatment of mild and moderate depression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. University Park
32. Fremont, J., & Craighead, L. W. (1987). Aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy in the treatment of dysphoric moods. Cognitive Therapy Research, 11, 241-251.
33. Friedrich, W.N., Urquiza, A.J., & Beilke, R. (1986). Behavioral problems in sexually abused young children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11, 47-57.
34. Frust, S. (1967). Psychic trauma. New York: Basic Books.
35. Green, B.L., Korol, M., Grace, M.C., Vary, M.G., Leonard, A.C., Glesser, G.C., et al. (1991). Children and disaster: Age, gender and parental effects on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 945-951.
36. Greene, L., & Adeuanju, M. (1991). Exercise and fitness guidelines for elementary and middle school children. The Elementary School Journal, 91, 437-444.
37. Hinkle, J.S., & Tuckman, B.W. (1987). Children's fitness: Managing a running program. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 58, 58-61.
38. Hodge, T.M. (2003). The effects of exercise on depressed mood in prepubertal children, (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 421.
39. Kazdin, A. E. (2003). Research design in clinical psychology (4th ed). Boston, Allyn & Bacon.
40. Kazdin, A. E., French, N. H., & Unis, A. S. (1983). Child, mother, and father evaluations of depression in psychiatric inpatient children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 167-180.
41. Kovacs, M. (1983). The Children's Depression Inventory: A self-rating depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Unpublished manuscript.
42. Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
43. Kutlac, M., Layne, C. M., Wood, J., Saltzman, W. R., Stuvland, R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2000). Psychological adjustment in war-exposed secondary school students two years after the war. In R. Stuvland & M. Black (Chairs), UNICEF psychosocial projects in Bosnia and Hercegovina 1993-1999. Symposium conducted at the Psychosocial Consequences of War: Results of Empirical Research from the Territory of Former Yogoslavia conference, Sarajevo, Bosnia.
44. Lancer, R., Motta, R. W., & Lancer, D. (in press). The effect of exercise on OCD, anxiety, and depression. The Behavior Therapist.
45. Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R. S., Saltzman, W. R., Arslanagic, B., Black, M., Savjak, N., et al. (2001). Trauma/grief-focused group psychotherapy: School-based postwar intervention with traumatized Bosnian adolescents. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 277-290.
46. Lipsey, M. W. (1998). Design sensitivity: Statistical power for applied experimental research. In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), Handbook of applied social research methods (pp. 39-68). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
47. Lubin, B., Van Whitlock, R., McCollum, K. L., Thummel, H., Denman, N., & Powers, M. (1994). Measuring the shortterm mood of adolescents: Reliability and validity of the state form of the depression adjective checklist. Adolescence, 29, 591-604.
48. Manger, T. A., & Motta, R. W. (2005). The impact of an exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 7, 49-57.
49. Mannarino, A.P., Cohen, J.A., Smith, J.A., & Moore-Motily, S. (1991). Emotional and behavioral difficulties in sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 437-451.
50. Mannuzza, S., Fyer, A. J., Klein, D. F., & Endicott, J. (1986). Schedule for Affective Disorders and SchizophreniaLifetime Version modified for the study of anxiety disorders (SADS-LA): Rationale and conceptual development. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 20, 317-325.
51. March, J.S., Amaya-Jackson, L., Murray, M.C., & Schulte, A. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder after a single incident stressor. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 585-593.
52. McNally, R. J. (1991). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children. Psychological Assessment, 3, 531-537.
53. Morand, M. K. (2004). The effects of mixed martial arts and exercise on behavior of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 2609.
54. Mulcahy, K. (1998). Beck's cognitive therapy and aerobic exercise for the treatment of depression. (Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 0423.
55. Nader, K. O., Kriegler, J. A., Blake, D. D., Pynoos, R. S., Newman, E., & Weather, F. (1996). Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Child and Adolescent Version (CAPS-C). White River Junction, VT: National Center for PTSD.
56. Nader, K., Pynoos, R.S., Fairbanks, L., & Frederick, C. (1990). Children's PTSD reactions one year after a sniper attack at their school. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1526-1530.
57. Newman, C.J. (1976). Children of disaster: Clinical observations at Buffalo Creek. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 306-312.
58. Ollendick, T. H., & Yule, W. (1990). Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 126-129.
59. Pert, C. B. (1997). Molecules of emotion: The science behind mind and body medicine. New York: Touchstone.
60. Petruzzello, S. J., Landers, D. M., Hatfield, B. D., Kubitz, K. A., & Salaza, W. (1991). A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise. Sports Medicine, 11, 143-182.
61. Pynoos, R.S. (1994). Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents. In: R.S. Pynoos (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: A clinical review (pp. 64-98). Lutherville, MD: The Sidran Press.
62. Pynoos, R.S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., et al. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1057-1063.
63. Pynoos, R. S., Rodriguez, N., Steinberg, A. S., Stuber, M., & Frederick, C. (1998). The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV (Revision 1). Los Angeles: UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Program.
64. Reich, W., Leacock, N., & Shanfeld, C. (1994). Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R). St. Louis, MO: Washington University.
65. Reynolds, C.R., & Richmond, K.D. (1978). What I think and Feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280.
66. Rodriquez, N., Steinberg, A. S., Saltzman, W. S., & Pynoos, R. S. (2001, December). PTSD Index: psychometric analyses of the adolescent version. Symposium conducted at the Annual Meeting of the International Social for Traumatic Stress Studies. New Orleans, LA.
67. Roussos, A., Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Sotiropoulou, C., Kakaki, M., Kabakos, C., et al. (2005). Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake in Ano Liosia, Greece. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 530-537.
68. Rowland, T. W. (1990). Exercise and children's health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
69. Saigh, P.A. (1991). The development of post-traumatic stress disorder following four different types of traumatization. Behavior Research and Therapy, 29, 213-216.
70. Saigh, P.A. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents: An introduction. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 103-105.
71. Saigh, P. A. (2004). Children's PTSD Inventory manual: A structured Interview for Diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
72. Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Green, B. L., Halamandaris, P. V., Rubenstein, J. N., et al. (2000). The Children's PTSD Inventory: Development and Reliability. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 369-380.
73. Salmon, P. (2001). Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: A unifying theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 33-61.
74. Salmon, K., & Bryant, R.A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 163-188.
75. Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The Children's Depression Inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 955-967.
76. Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children's Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25-39.
77. Speilberger, C. D. (1973). Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children ("How I Feel Questionnaire"). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
78. Speilberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults: Sampler Manual, Test, Set Scoring Key. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
79. Stich, F. A. (1999). A meta-analysis of physical exercise as a treatment for symptoms of anxiety and depression. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 4487.
80. Taxe, P.W. (1985). An exploratory investigation in the use of aerobic exercise as a stress management technique in short-term therapy. (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 1348B.
81. Terr, L.C. (1979). Children of Chowchilla: Study of psychic trauma. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 34, 547-623.
82. Terr, L.C. (1983). Chowchilla revisited: The effects of psychic trauma four years after a school bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1543-1550.
83. Terr, L.C. (1984). Children at acute risk: Psychic trauma. In L. Grinspoon (Ed.), Psychiatry update (pp. 104-120). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
84. Terr, L.C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10-20.
85. Weiss, B., & Weisz, J. R. (1988). Factor structure of self-reported depression: Clinic-referred children versus adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 492-495.
86. Yasik, A. E., Saigh, P. A., Oberfield, R. A., Green, B., Halamandaris, P., & McHugh, M.(2001). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14,81-94.
87. Yule, W., (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and its treatment. In T. W. Miller (Ed.), Children of trauma: Stressful life events and their effects on children and adolescents (pp. 219-243). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
88. Yule, W., & Canterbury, R. (1996). The treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. International Review of Psychiatry, 6, 141-151.
89. Yule, W., & Udwin, O. (1991). Screening child survivors for posttraumatic stress disorder: Experiences from the "Jupiter" sighting. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 131-138.