The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and air pollution in Finland

Scandinavian Economic History Review

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 101-127

  Kunnas, Jan ^a   Myllyntaus, Timo ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Carbon dioxide; Energy consumption; Environmental Kuznets curve; Finland; Nitrogen oxides; Sulphur dioxide

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON EMISSION; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; KUZNETS CURVE; NITROGEN OXIDES; SULFUR DIOXIDE; SULFUR EMISSION;

EURASIA; EUROPE; FINLAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 34548494834     PISSN: 03585522     EISSN: 17502837     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03585520701435970     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B., Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. Princeton, NJ: Woodrow Wilson School 1992
2. Shafik, N. & Bandyopadhyay, S., Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence, Background Paper for World Development Report 1992. Washington D.C: World Bank 1992
3. Panayotou, T., Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development, Working Paper. Geneva: International Labor Office, Technology and Environment Programme 1993
4. Selden, T. M. & Song, D., Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Estimates?, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 27, 1994, 147-162.
5. Kuznets, S., Economic Growth and Income Inequality, American Economic Review, vol. 45, 1955:1, 1-28.
6. Rothman, D. S. & de Bruyn, S. M., Probing into the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis, Ecological Economics, vol. 25, 1998:2, 143-146.
7. Panayotou, T., 2000, Economic Growth and the Environment, CID Working Paper No. 56, Cambridge, MA: Center for International Development at Harvard University.
8. Khanna, N., The Income Elasticity of Non-point Source Air Pollutants: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Economic Letters, vol. 77, 2002, 387-392
9. Perman, R. & Stern, D. I., Evidence from Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Tests that the Environmental Kuznets Curve Does Not Exist. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol. 47, 2003:3, 325-347
10. Dijkgraaf, E. & Vollebergh, H., A Test for Parameter Homogenity in CO2 Panel EKC Estimations, Environmental & Resource Economics, vol. 32, 2005: 229-239.
11. Stern, D. I., The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, World Development, vol. 32, 2004:8, 1419-1439
12. Dinda, S., Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey, Ecological Economics, vol. 49, 2004:4, 431-455.
13. Kander, A., Lindmark, M., Energy Consumption, Pollutant Emissions and Growth in the Long Run: Sweden Through 200 Years, European Review of Economic History, vol. 8, 2004:3, 297-335;
14. Kander, A., Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Sweden 1800-2000. Lund Studies in Economic History 19, 2002;
15. Kriström, B., Tillväxt, sysselsättning och miljö, Arbetsrapport 278. Umeå: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för Skogsekonomi 1999
16. Lindmark, M., Towards Environmental Historical Accounts for Sweden Umeå: Umeå Studies in Economic History 21, 1999.
17. Myllyntaus, T. (ed.), Suomen historiallinen energiatase 1800-1998 [Historical energy balance of Finland, 1800-1998]. Unpublished manuscript.
18. Statistics Finland, www.stat.fi
19. Maddison, A., The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective & The World Economy: Historical Statistics. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2001 & 2003.
20. Hjerppe, R., The Finnish Economy 1860-985: Growth and Structural Change. Helsinki: Bank of Finland, Government Printing Centre 1989, 29-36
21. Hjerppe, R., Finland's Historical National Accounts 1860-1994: Calculation Methods and Statistical Tables, Suomen historian julkaisuja 24. Jyväskylä 1996.
22. Suri, V. & Chapman, D., Economic Growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Ecological Economics, vol. 25, 1998:2, 195-208.
23. Between 1914 and 1956, both energy and labour use for a given output decreased by 2/3 despite the diverging development in the beginning of the period. However, from 1956 to 2001 energy use/output decreased by 1/ 2, but labour use/output by 9/10.
24. Saunders, H. D., The Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate and Neoclassical Growth, The Energy Journal, vol. 13, 1992:4, 131-148
25. Herring, H., Does Energy Efficiency Save Energy: The Economists Debate. EERU Report No 074, 1998, available from: http://www-tec.open.ac.uk/eeru/staff/horace/hh3.htm. (accessed 1 March 2000).
26. Schipper, L., Editorial, Energy Policy 28, 2000, 351-353.
27. Wackernagel, M. & Rees, W., Perpetual and Structural Barriers to Investing in Natural Capital: Economics from an Ecological Footprint Perspective, Ecological Economics, vol. 20, 1997: 3, 3-24.
28. Ympäristöministeriön kaasutyöryhmä, UN/FCCC:n sihteeristö lle raportoidut luvut. (Emissions reported to the Wecretary of UN/FCCC) 1999, available from: http:www.vyh.fi/ajankoht/ tiedote/ym/tied99/ym999lii.html
29. Lehtilä, A. & Pirilä, P., Suomen energiaperä isten hiilidioksidipää stöjen vä hentäminen ja verot sen ohjauskeinona, VTT Julkaisuja 785. Espoo: Valtion teknillinen tutkimuskeskus 1993.
30. Tilastokeskus, Energia ja pää stö t, Hiilidioksidi-, typenoksidi- ja rikkidioksidipää stö t Suomessa 1980-1993, SVT Ympäristö 1996:2, Helsinki, and the internet database of Statistics Finland www.stat.fi.
31. Myllyntaus, Suomen historiallinen energiatase 1800-1998.
32. Lehtilä & Pirilä, Suomen energiaperä isten hiilidioksidipää stöjen, 28.
33. Myllyntaus, T. & Mattila, T., Decline or Increase, The Standing Timber Stock in Finland, 1800-1997, Ecological Economics, vol. 41, 2002:2, 271-288
34. Kunnas, J., A Dense and Sickly Mist from thousands of Bog Fires: An Attempt to Compare the Energy Consumption in Slash-and-Burn Cultivation and Burning Cultivation of Peatlands in Finland in 1820-1920, Environment and History, vol. 11, 2005:4, 431-446
35. Kunnas, J., Potash, Saltpetre and Tar: Production, Exports and Use of Wood in Finland in the 19th Century, Scandinavian Journal of History Forthcoming.
36. Metsä tilastollinen vuosikirja. 2004. Helsinki: Metsäntutkimuslaitos, 2004.
37. Selvitys Suomen metsä taloudesta kansallista ilmasto-ohjelmaa varten. Luonnos 9.6.2005. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö, Helsinki 2000.
38. Pfister, C., The 'Syndrome of the 1950s' in Switzerland. Cheap Energy, Mass Consumption, and the Environment, in Getting and Spending, European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century, Eds. S. Strasse, C. McGovern & M. Judt. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 359-377.
39. Hiilidioksiditoimikunta II. Komiteanmietintö 1994:2, Helsinki: Ympäristö ministeriö 1994.
40. Rouvinen, S., Kuuluvainen, T. & Karjalainen L., Coarse Woody Debris in Old Pinus Sylvestris Dominated Forests Along a Geographic and Human Impact Gradient in Boreal Fennoscandia, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 12, 2002: 2184-2200
41. Sippola, A. L., Siitonen, J. & Kallio, R. Amount and Quality of Coarse Woody Debris in Natural and Managed Coniferous Forests Near the Timberline in Finnish Lapland, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 13, 1998: 2, 204-214.
42. Shafik, N., Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 46, 1994 (Special Issue on Environmental Economics), 757-773
43. Tucker, M., Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Global GDP, Ecological Economics, vol. 15, 1995: 215-223
44. 2 Emissions and Economic Growth, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 57, 1995:1, 85-101
45. Heil, M. & Selden, M., Carbon Emissions and Economic Development: Future Trajectories Based on Historical Experience, Environment and Development Economics, vol. 6, 2001: 63-83
46. 2 Emissions, Working Papers in Economics, No 29. Gothenburg University: Department of Economics 2001.
47. 2 Emissions in Sweden 1800-2000.
48. Tomppo, E., Forest Resources of Finnish Peatlands in 1951-94, International Peat Journal, 1999:9, 38-44.
49. Rassi, P., Alanen, A., Kanerva, T. & Mannerkoski, I. (Eds.), Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus 2000 (The 2000 Red List of Finnish species) Summary in English. Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö & Suomen ympäristö keskus 2001.
50. The decline of fish populations was first noticed in Norway in the early 1920s and in Sweden in the 1930s. Rask, M & Tuunainen, P., Acid-Induced Changes in Fish Populations of Small Finnish Lakes, in Acidification in Finland, Eds. Kauppi, P., Anttila, P. & Kenttämies, K. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag 1990, 911.
51. Kauppi, P., Karjalainen-Balk, L., Kenttämies, K., Kämäri, J. & Savolainen, I., Happamoituminen Suomessa, HAPROn loppuraportti, Ympäristö ministeriön ympäristö nsuojeluosaston sarja A/89/1990. Helsinki: Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö ja ympäristö ministeriv/HAPRO.
52. Forsius, M., Kämäri, J., Kortelainen, P., Mannio, J., Verta, M. & Kinnunen, K. Statistical Lake Survey in Finland: Regional Estimates of Lake Acidification. In Kauppi et al., Acidification in Finland.
53. Der Spiegel, Säuregen: 'Da liegt was in der Luft', Der Spiegel (47): 96 -110; (48): 188-200; (49): 174-188. November 1981.
54. Väliverronen, E., Ympä ristöuhkan anatomia -Tiede, mediat ja metsän sairaskertomus. Jyväskylä: Vastapaino 1996
55. Huttunen, S., Pelastakaa metsät, Helsinki: Tammi, 1998.
56. Mikkola, K., Sateliittikuvat ja metsävaurioiden laajuus, in Kuolan saastepää stö t Lapin metsien rasitteena, Itä -Lapin metsä vaurioprojektin loppuraportti, Ed. E. Tikkanen. Maa- ja metsä talousministeriö, Metsäntutkimuslaitos, 1995, 198-208.
57. Mälkö nen, E., Helmisaari, H., Lindgren, M. & Raitio, H., Forest Condition in Finland -Concluding Remarks, in Forest Condition in a Changing Environment - The Finnish Case. Forestry Sciences, Vol. 65, Ed. E. Mälkö nen. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000, 363.
58. Kauppi, Happamoituminen Suomessa, 10.
59. Ilmanlaatutyöryhmä, Komiteanmietintö 1979:14. Helsinki: Sisäasiainministeriö
60. Toimialoittainen ilmansuojelutyv ryhmä, Komiteanmietintv 1981:70. Helsinki: Sisäasiainministeriö
61. Tilastokeskus, Energia ja pä ä stv t, Hiilidioksidi-, typenoksidi- ja rikkidioksidipä ä stv t Suomessa 1980-1993, SVT Ympäristv 1996:2
62. Suomen ympäristö keskus, available from: www.ymparisto.fi 3/2005.
63. Hoffrén, J., Measuring the Eco-efficiency of Welfare Generation in a National Economy. The Case of Finland, Research Reports 233. Helsinki: Statistics Finland 2001.
64. Suomen ympäristökeskus, available from: www.ymparisto.fi 3/2005.
65. Ilmanlaatutyöryhmä, Komiteanmietintö 1979:14. Helsinki: Sisäasiainministeriö.
66. Toimialoittainen ilmansuojelutyöryhmä, Komiteanmietintö 1981:70. Helsinki: Sisäasiainministeriö.
67. Kauppi, Happamoituminen Suomessa, 10.
68. Stern, D. I., The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, World Development, Vol. 32, 2004: 8, 1419-1439.
69. Panayotou, Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis.
70. A.S.L. And Associates, 'Sulfur Emissions by Country and Year,' Report DE96014790. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy 1997.
71. Stern, D. I. & Common, M. S., Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve for Sulphur?, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 41, 2001, 162-178.
72. (Various types of coal, crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, zinc, lead and nickel.) Lefohn, A., Husar, J. & Husar, R., Estimating Historical Anthropogenic Global Sulfur Emission Patterns Fort the Period 1850-1990, Atmospheric Environment, vol. 33, 1999, 3435-3444.
73. Mylona, S., Sulphur Dioxide Emissions in Europe 1880-1991 and Their Effect on Sulphur Concentrations and Depositions, Tellus, 48B, 1996, 662-689
74. Stern, D.I., Reversal of the Trend in Global Anthropogenic Sulphur Emissions, Global Environmental Change, 16, 2006, 207-220.
75. Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B., Economic Growth and the Environment, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, 1995:2, 353-377.
76. Ilmanlaatutyö ryhmä, Ilmanlaatutyö ryhmän mietintö. Komiteanmietintö 1979:14. Sisäasiainministeriö.
77. Toimialoittainen ilmansuojelutyöryhmä, Toimialoittaisen ilmansuojelutyöryhmän mietintö. Sisäasiainministeriö 1981.
78. Sulfiittisellukomitea. Sulfiittisellukomitean mietintö. Komiteanmietintö 1978:7. Valtioneuvosto.
79. Compare to Porter, M., The Competitive Advantage of Nations. London: Collier Macmillan 1990
80. Hetemäki, L., The Impact of Pollution Control on Firm Production Technology and Efficiency: Stochastic Distance Function Approach, 124-167, in Environmental Economics -Proceedings international conference held at Ulvön, Sweden, June 10-13, 1993, Rapport 106, Ed. R. Brännlund, Kriström, K. Lö fgren & L. Mattson. Umeå: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen Skogsekonomi 1994
81. Kriström, B. & Lundgren, T., 2000, Abatement Investments and Green - An Empirical Application to the Swedish Pulp Industry, Arbetsrapport 285. Umeå: Lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen fö r Skogsekonomi 2000.
82. Kriström, Tillvä xt, sysselsä ttning och miljö.
83. In 1974 the forest industry's contribution to Sweden's sulphur dioxide emissions was around 59 Arnberg, E. & Lö vblad, G., 1985. Minskade svavelutslä pp 1970 -1983. Kartläggning avorsaker. rapport B799, Stockholm & Gö teborg: Institutet fö r vatten- och lufvårdsforskning 1985.
84. Cited in Lundgren, L., Acid Rain on the Agenda, A Picture of a Chain of Events in Sweden 1966 Lund University Press, 1998, 143.
85. Lundgren, Acid Rain on the Agenda.
86. Arbetet, 8/3 1968: 'Oil as a threat to the environment', cited in Lundgren, Acid Rain on the Agenda.
87. Hoffrén, Measuring the Eco-efficiency.
88. Hämälä, S., Laine, J. & Vesa, P., Ilmansuojelutekniikka. Tampere: Tammertekniikka 1992, 40 -41. 65 Ansuategi, A. & Escapa, M., Economic Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Ecological Economics, vol. 40, 2002:1, 23-37.
89. Andreoni, J. & Levinson, A., The Simple Analytics of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Working Paper 6379, available from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w6739. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research 1998.
90. c.f. Cole, M.A., Rayner, A.J. & Bates, J.M., Environment and Development Economics, 1997:2, 401- 416;
91. Strand, J., Environmental Kuznets Curves: Empirical Relationships Between Environmental Quality and Economic Development, Memorandun No 04/2002. Oslo: Department of Economics, University of Oslo. Kriström, Tillväxt, sysselsättning och miljö, 22.
92. Calculations based on Ali-Yrkkö, J., Reilly, C. & Shen, J., The Long March to Asia. Helsinki: Taloustieto Oy, 1999 and Marland,
93. G., Boden, T. & Andres, R. J., National CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751 -1998. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Carbon Dioxide Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy 2001.
94. c.f. Cole, M.A., Rayner, A.J. & Bates, J.M., Environment and Development Economics, 1997:2, 401-416;
95. Strand, J., Environmental Kuznets Curves: Empirical Relationships Between Environmental Quality and Economic Development, Memorandun No 04/2002. Oslo: Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
96. Kriström, Tillvä xt, sysselsä ttning och miljö, 22.
97. Calculations based on Ali-Yrkkö, J., Reilly, C. & Shen, J., The Long March to Asia.
98. Helsinki: Taloustieto Oy, 1999 and Marland, G., Boden, T. & Andres, R. J., National CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751 -1998. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Carbon Dioxide Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy 2001.
99. Klimatkommittén, Förslag till Svensk Klimatstrategi, SOU 2000:23, (English summary: Proposed Swedish Climate Strategy), available from: http://miljo.regeringen.se/propositionermm/sou/pdf/ sou2000_23samf_eng.pdf
100. Grossman & Krueger, Economic Growth and the Environment, 360.
101. c.f. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations;
102. Hetemäki, The Impact of Pollution Control; Kriström & Lundgren, Abatement Investments and Green Goodwill.
103. Klimatkommittén, Förslag till Svensk Klimatstrategi, SOU 2000:23, (English summary: Proposed Swedish Climate Strategy), available from: http://miljo.regeringen.se/propositionermm/sou/pdf/ sou2000_23samf_eng.pdf
104. Grossman & Krueger, Economic Growth and the Environment, 360.
105. c.f. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations;
106. Hetemäki, The Impact of Pollution Control;
107. Kriström & Lundgren, Abatement Investments and Green Goodwill.