Muslim exceptionalism? Measuring the "democracy gap"

Middle East Policy

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 86-96

  Goldsmith, Arthur A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548410874     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: 14754967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2007.00315.x     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. George W Bush, "President Discusses War on Terror at National Endowment for Democracy," The White House (October 6, 2005).
2. Arab Human Development Report: Freedom and Good Governance (UNDP, 2004).
3. Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Enhancing Inclusiveness and Accountability (World Bank, 2003).
4. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 29.
5. Larry Diamond, "Can the Whole World Become Democratic? Democracy, Development, and International Policies" (Center for the Study of Democracy, Paper 03-05, April 17, 2003), p. 13. For additional observations regarding this debate, see Muqtedar Khan, "Prospects for Muslim Democracy: The Role of U.S. Policy," Middle East Policy, Vol. 10 (September 2003), pp. 79-89;
6. Sanford A. Lakoff, "The Reality of Muslim Exceptionalism," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 15 (October 2004), pp. 133-139;
7. and Marcus Noland, "Explaining Middle Eastern Authoritarianism" (Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 05-5, 2005): Available at Social Science Research Network: http://ssrn.com/abstract=759652.
8. Pew Research Center, "Iraqi Vote Mirrors Desire for Democracy in Muslim World" (A Pew Global Attitudes Project Commentary, February 3, 2005): Available at 〈http://peoplepress.org/commentary/display.php3? AnalysisID=107〉.
9. Salwa Ismail, "Democracy in Contemporary Arab Discourse," in Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World: Vol. 1, Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Rex Brynen, Bahjgat Korany, and Paul Noble (Lynne Rienner, 1995).
10. Valerie Bunce, "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations," Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 33 (August-September 2000), p. 714.
11. Freedom House, Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress amid Global Gains in Freedom (New York, 2005).
12. Daniel Brumberg, "Democratization Versus Liberalization in the Arab World: Dilemmas and Challenges for U.S. Foreign Policy" (Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, July 2005).
13. Several other indexes of political-regime type exist, most of which correlate highly despite using different methodologies, according to Adam Przeworski and his colleagues in Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 56-57.
14. Calculated from Alan Heston, Robert Summers, and Berttina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.2 (Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices, University of Pennsylvania, September 2006).
15. Michael L. Ross, "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Politics, Vol. 53 (April 2001), p. 356.
16. For similar conclusions, see Manus Midlarsky, "Democracy and Islam: Implications for Civilizational Conflict and the Democratic Peace," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42 (September 1998), p. 504;
17. and Steven M. Fish, "Islam and Authoritarianism," World Politics, Vol. 55 (October 2002), p. 16.
18. Marc Howard and Philip Roessler, "Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 50 (April 2006), pp. 365-366.
19. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), pp. 266-267.
20. George W Bush, "Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy," The White House, November 6,2003.