Islam and authoritarianism

World Politics

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 4-37

  Fish, M Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DEMOCRATIZATION; GENDER RELATIONS; ISLAMISM; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

EID: 0036826555     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/wp.2003.0004     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Adrian Karatnycky, "Muslim Countries and the Democracy Gap," Journal of Democracy 13 (January 2002)
2. John Waterbury, "Democracy without Democrats?" in Ghassan Salamé, ed., Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994)
3. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (New York: Random House, 1982)
4. Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture (London: Frank Cass, 1994)
5. Judith Miller, God Has Ninety-nine Names (New York: Touchstone, 1997)
6. Daniel Pipes, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
7. John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, Islam and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)
8. Robert W. Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000)
9. Ali R. Abootalebi, "Islam, Islamists, and Democracy," Middle East Review of International Affairs 3 (March 1999)
10. Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982)
11. Glenn E. Robinson, "Can Islamists Be Democrats?" Middle East Journal 51 (Summer 1997)
12. Mary Ann Tetreault, "Patterns of Culture and Democratization in Kuwait," Studies in Comparative International Development 30 (Summer 1995)
13. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1996)
14. Robin Wright, "Two Visions of Reformation," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996)
15. Charles Kurzman, ed., Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998)
16. Joel Beinin and Joe Stork, eds., Political Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
17. François Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997)
18. Kevin Dwyer, Arab Voices: The Human Rights Debate in the Middle East (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
19. Dahl, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy (New Haven: Yale University, 1982).
20. John Bowker, ed., Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
21. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960)
22. Andrew C. Janos, East Central Europe in the Modern World (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000)
23. Valerie Bunce, "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations," Comparative Political Studies 33 (August-September 2000)
24. Andreas Schedler, "Measuring Democratic Consolidation," Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (Spring 2001).
25. Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
26. Donald L. Horowitz, "Democracy in Divided Societies," Journal of Democracy 4 (October 1993)
27. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977)
28. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971)
29. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1972).
30. Barbara F. Grimes, ed., Ethnologue Languages of the World, 14th ed. (Dallas: SIL International, 2000).
31. Evelyne Huber, "The Future of Democracy in the Caribbean," in Jorge I. Domingez, Robert A. Pastor, and R. DeLisle Worrell, eds., Democracy in the Caribbean (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993)
32. Michael Wallerstein, "The Collapse of Democracy in Brazil," Latin American Research Review 15, no. 3 (1980).
33. Karen L. Remmer, "The Sustainability of Political Democracy: Lessons from South America," Comparative Political Studies 29 (December 1996).
34. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
35. Myron Weiner, "Empirical Democratic Theory," in Myron Weiner and Ergun Özbudun, eds., Competitive Elections in Developing Countries (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1987), 20.
36. Guy Lardeyret, "The Problem with PR," in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 175-80
37. Anthony Payne, "Westminster Adapted: The Political Order of the Commonwealth Caribbean," in Domingez, Pastor, and Worrell (fn. 9).
38. Ken Jowitt, "The Leninist Legacy," in Ivo Banac, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992).
39. Marc Morjé Howard, "Free Not to Participate: The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe," Studies in Public Policy no. 325 (Glasgow: University of Stathclyde, 2000)
40. M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
41. Michael L. Ross, "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Politics 53 (April 2001); Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
42. Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
43. The source of the data is CIA World Factbook 2000 (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2000).
44. Henry E. Brady and Cynthia S. Kaplan, "Categorically Wrong? Nominal versus Graded Measures of Ethnic Identity," Studies in Comparative International Development 35 (Fall 2000)
45. David Laitin and Daniel Posner, "The Implications of Constructivism for Constructing Ethnic Fractionalization Indices," Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 12 (Winter 2001), 13-17.
46. The source of the data is Freedom House, Freedom in the World, 1999-2000 (New York: Freedom House, 2000).
47. Taylor and Hudson, World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, 2d ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972)
48. Matthew Krain, "Ethnic Fractionalization Data" (wooster.edu/polisci/ mkrain/Ethfrac, accessed September 2001)
49. "State-Sponsored Mass Murder," Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (June 1997)
50. Charles Louis de Secondat (Montesquieu), The Spirit of the Laws, ed. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 461-62.
51. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the Modern World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).
52. Monty G. Marshall, "Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946-1999" (members.aol.com/ CSPmgm/warlist, accessed December 2001).
53. Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton, "Composite Indicator Dataset," from "Governance Matters," World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper no. 2195 (world- bank.org/wbi/governance/gov⊣ta, accessed May 2001).
54. Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-De-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishney, "The Quality of Government," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15 (April 1999)
55. Samuel P. Huntington, "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly 99 (Summer 1984).
56. Mark E. Warren, ed., Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
57. David Garnham and Mark Tessler, eds., Democracy, War, and Peace in the Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 87.
58. Bernard Lewis, "Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996).
59. Abu Khalil, "Against the Taboos of Islam," in Charles E. Butterworth and I. William Zartman, eds., Between the State and Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 115.
60. Abdi Ismail Samatar, An African Miracle (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1999)
61. John A. Booth, Costa Rica: Quest for Democracy (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998)
62. Hemchand Gossai and Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, eds., Religion, Culture, and Tradition in the Caribbean (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000)
63. Grzegorz Ekiert, The State against Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)
64. V. Stanley Vardys and Judith B. Sedaitis, Lithuania: The Rebel Nation (Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1997).
65. Quoted passage from Philip Steenkamp, "The Churches," in Colin Leys and John S. Saul, eds., Namibia's Liberation Struggle (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995), 94.
66. Stepan, Arguing Comparativ Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 222.
67. Jan Goodwin, Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence in the Islamic World (New York: Penguin, 1995)
68. Hisham Sharabi, Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 6-8, 32-39
69. Ali Zay'our, The Psychoanalysis of the Arab Self (Beirut: Dar al-Tali'ah, 1977), cited in Sharabi, 41-42
70. Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998)
71. Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987)
72. Yesim Arat, "Feminists, Islamists, and Political Change in Turkey," Political Psychology 19 (March 1998)
73. Arab Human Development Report 2002 (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2002).
74. Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, "Cultural Barriers to Equal Representation," Journal of Democracy 12 (July 2001)
75. Katherine Meyer, Helen Rizzo, and Yousef Ali, "Islam and the Extension of Citizenship Rights to Women in Kuwait," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 (March 1998)
76. Mark Tessler, "Islam and Democracy in the Middle East: The Impact of Religious Orientations on Attitudes toward Democracy in Four Arab Countries," Comparative Politics 34 (April 2002).
77. Population Reference Bureau, Women of Our World 2002 (prb.org, accessed June 2002).
78. Mini Phillip and Kathakali S. Bagchi, The Endangered Half (New Delhi: Vedams, 1995)
79. Barbara D. Miller, "Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates," American Anthropologist 103 (December 2001)
80. Baochang Gu and Krishna Roy, "Sex Ratio at Birth in China, with Reference to Other Areas in East Asia," Asia-Pacific Population Journal 10, no. 3 (1995)
81. Ulla Larsen, Woojin Chung, and Monica Das Gupta, "Fertility and Son Preference in Korea," Population Studies 52 (November 1998).
82. Jonathan Berkowitz and Jack Snyder, "Racism and Sexism in Medically Assisted Conception," Bioethics 12 (January 1998)
83. S. Sudha and S. Irudaya Rajan, "Female Demographic Disadvantage in India, 1981-1991: Sex Selective Abortions and Female Infanticide," Development and Change 30 (July 1999).
84. Andrew Reynolds, "Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling," World Politics 51 (July 1999).
85. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
86. Mahnaz Afkhami, ed., Faith and Freedom: Women's Rights in the Muslim World (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1995)
87. Mahnaz Afkhami and Erika Friedl, eds., In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-Revolutionary Iran (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994)
88. Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993)
89. Alison Baker, Voices of Resistance: Oral Histories of Moroccan Women (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998)
90. Y. Y. Haddad and John L. Esposito, eds., Islam, Gender, and Social Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)
91. Rosemarie Skaine, The Women of Afghanistan under the Taliban (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2001)
92. Arlene E. MacLeod, Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990)
93. Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Islam and Gender (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
94. Abdellah Hammoudi, The Victim and Its Masks (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 46-47, 150-51
95. Master and Disciple: The Cultural Foundation of Moroccan Authoritarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)
96. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1999), 410-15.
97. Rose McDermott and Jonathan A. Cowden, "The Effects of Uncertainty and Sex in a Crisis Simulation Game," International Interactions 27, no. 4 (2001).
98. Felicia Pratto, L. M. Stallworth, and Jim Sidanius, "The Gender Gap: Differences in Political Attitudes and Social Dominance Orientation," British Journal of Social Psychology 36 (March 1997).
99. Pamela Johnston Conover and Virginia Sapiro, "Gender, Feminist Consciousness and War," American Journal of Political Science 37 (November 1993)
100. Carol Gilligan, "In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality," in Diana Tietjens Meyers, Feminist Social Thought (New York: Routledge, 1997)
101. Janet Flammang, Women's Political Voice (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997)
102. Barbara Crossette, "Living in a World without Women," New York Times, November 4, 2001.
103. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, cited in Iliya Harik, "Democratic Thought in the Arab World," in Butterworth and Zartman (fn. 31), 143-44.
104. Pauline Jones Luong, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
105. Muriel Atkin, "Thwarted Democratization in Tajikistan," in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot, eds., Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
106. Kathleen Collins, Clans, Pacts, and Politics: Understanding Regime Change in Central Asia (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1999).
107. Mounira M. Charrad, States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
108. Eva Bellin, "Civil Society: Effective Tool for the Analysis of Middle East Politics?" PS: Political Science and Politics 27 (September 1994)
109. Sheila Carapico, Civil Society in Yemen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
110. Dennis Galvan, "Political Turnover and Social Change in Senegal," Journal of Democracy 12 (July 2001)
111. Linda L. Layne, "Tribesmen as Citizens," in Layne, ed., Elections in the Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1987)
112. Timothy J. Piro, "Liberal Professionals in the Arab World," in Butterworth and Zartman (fn. 31).
113. Fred Arnold, Minja Kim Choe, and T. K. Roy, "Son Preference, the Family-Building Process and Child Mortality in India," Population Studies 52 (November 1998)
114. Sabu M. George and Ranbir S. Dahiya, "Female Foeticide in Rural Haryana," Economic and Political Weekly 33, 32 (August 14, 1998), 2191-98
115. Monica Das Gupta and P. N. Mari Bhat, "Fertility Decline and Increased Manifestation of Sex Bias in India," Population Studies 51 (November 1997)
116. Gita Aravamudan, "Chilling Deaths," Week (India), January 24, 1999 (the-week.com, accessed December 2001)
117. Gilbert Rozman, Population and Marketing Settlements in Ch'ing China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
118. Yi Zeng et al., "Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex-Ratio at Birth in China," Population and Development Review 19 (June 1993)
119. Sten Johansson and Ola Nygren, "The Missing Girls of China," Population and Development Review 17 (March 1991)
120. Erik Eckholm, "Desire for Sons Drives Use of Prenatal Scans in China," New York Times, June 22, 2002
121. J. H. Chu, "Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex-Selective Abortion in Rural Central China," Population and Development Review 27 (June 2001).
122. Malim Karkal, "Invisibility of the Girl Child in India," Indian Journal of Social Work 52 (January 1991)
123. "Female Infanticide Continues Unchecked, Unheard," Times of India, November 6, 2000
124. Sudha Ramachandran, "New Technologies, Old Prejudices Blamed for India's Vanishing Girls," Panos (London), September 2001 (panos.org.uk, accessed March 2002)
125. Sampath Kumar, "Changing Views on Female Infanticide," BBC News, December 11, 2001 (news.bbc.co.uk, accessed April 2002)
126. R. P. Ravindra, "The Campaign against Sex Determination Tests," in Chhaya Datar, ed., The Struggle against Violence (Calcutta: Shree, 1993).
127. Xingwang Zhou, "Artificial Sex Selection Can Create Disorder in Society: There Is a Natural Ratio of Males to Females," Worker's Daily [Gongren Ribao], August 9, 1999 (usembassy-china.org.cn, accessed March 2002)
128. State Family Planning Commission of China, "Further Efforts to Seek Solutions for Problems in the Population Structure" (2001) (sfpc.gov.cn, accessed March 2002)
129. John Pomfret, "In China's Countryside, 'It's a Boy!' Too Often," Washington Post, May 29, 2001
130. Maureen J. Graham, Ulla Larsen, and Xiping Xu, "Son Preference in Anhui Province, China," International Family Planning Perspectives 24 (June 1998).
131. Fazlur Rahman, Islam, 2d ed. (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1979), 38-40, 231-32
132. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite (Cambridge: Mass.: Perseus, 1992)
133. Farid Esack, Qur'an Liberation and Pluralism (Oxford: Oneworld, 1997);
134. Amina Wadud, Qur'an and Woman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).