Ammonia and inflammation in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: Pandora's box?

Hepatology

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 291-294

  Wright, Gavin ^a   Jalan, Rajiv ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1 INHIBITOR; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

BRAIN FUNCTION; DRUG MECHANISM; EDITORIAL; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; HYPERAMMONEMIA; KIDNEY DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PORTOCAVAL SHUNT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE;

AMMONIA; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; CYCLIC GMP; CYTOKINES; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; INFLAMMATION; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES; RATS;

EID: 34548314079     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hep.21843     Document Type: Editorial

References (33)

1. Rolando N, Wade J, Davalos M, Wendon J, Philpott-Howard J, Williams R. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure. HEPATOLOGY 2000;32:734-739.
2. Shawcross DL, Davies NA, Williams R, Jalan R. Systemic inflammatory response exacerbates the neuropsychological effects of induced hyperammonemia in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004;40:247-254.
3. Wright G, Davies NA, Shawcross DL, Hodges SJ, Zwingmann C, Brooks HF, et al. Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats. HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:1517-1526.
4. Jalan R, Damink SW, Deutz NE, Lee A, Hayes PC. Moderate hypothermia for uncontrolled intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Lancet 1999;354:1164-1168.
5. Clemmesen JO, Hansen BA, Larsen FS. Indomethacin normalizes intracranial pressure in acute liver failure: a twenty-three-year-old woman treated with indomethacin. HEPATOLOGY 1997;26:1423-1425.
6. Chung C, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Indomethacin prevents the development of experimental ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. HEPATOLOGY 2001;34:249-254.
7. Jalan R, Kapoor D. Reversal of diuretic-induced hepatic encephalopathy with infusion of albumin but not colloid. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004;106:467-474.
8. Liu Q, Duan ZP, Ha DK, Bengmark S, Kurtovic J, Riordan SM. Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2004;39:1441-1449.
9. Cauli OR, Rodrigo R, Piedrafita B, Boix J, Felipo V. Inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy: ibuprofen restores learning ability in rats with portacaval shunts. HEPATOLOGY 2007;46:514-519.
10. Haussinger D, Kircheis G, Fischer R, Schliess F, vom Dahl S. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema? J Hepatol 2000;32:1035-1038.
11. Takano T, Tian GF, Peng W, Lou N, Libionka W, Han X, et al. Astrocyte-mediated control of cerebral blood flow. Nat Neurosci 2006;9:260-267.
12. Jalan R, Bernau J. Induction of cerebral hypermia by ammonia plus endoroxin. Does hyperammonia unlock the blood-brain barrier? J Hepatol 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.hep.2007.04.013.
13. Licinio J, Wong ML. Pathways and mechanisms for cytokine signaling of the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2941-2947.
14. Wong D, Dorovini-Zis K, Vincent SR. Cytokines, nitric oxide, and cGMP modulate the permeability of an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. Exp Neurol 2004;190:446-455.
15. Sharshar T, Gray F, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Hopkinson NS, Ross E, Dorandeu A, et al. Apoptosis of neurons in cardiovascular autonomic centres Triggered by inducible nitric oxide synrhase after death from septic shock. Lancet 2003;362:1799-1805.
16. Perry VH. The influence of systemic inflammation on inflammation in the brain: implications for chronic neurodegenerative disease. Brain Behav Immun 2004;18:407-413.
17. Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Deutz NE, Hayes PC, Lee A. Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension. Gastroenterology 2004;127:1338-1346.
18. Master S, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Cerebral blood flow and the development of ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. HEPATOLOGY 1999;30:876-880.
19. Rao VL, Audet RM, Butterworth RF. Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in brain following portacaval anastomosis. Brain Res 1997;765:169-172.
20. Montes S, Perez-Severiano F, Vergara P, Segovia J, Ríos C, Muriel P. Nitric oxide production in striatum and pallidum of cirrhotic rats. Neurochem Res 2006;31:11-20.
21. Guevara M, Bru C, Gines P, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Sort P, Bataller R, et al. Increased cerebrovascular resistance in cirrhotic patients with ascites. HEPATOLOGY 1998;28:39-44.
22. Felipo V. Contribution of altered signal transduction associated to glutamate receptors in brain ro the neurological alterations of hepatic encephalopathy. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:7737-7743.
23. Erceg S, Monfort P, Hernandez-Viadel M, Rodrigo R, Monroliu C, Felipo V. Oral administration of sildenafil restores learning ability in rats with hyperammonemia and with portacaval shunts. HEPATOLOGY 2005:41:299-306.
24. Rodrigo R, Felipo V. Brain regional alterations in the modulation of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in liver cirrhosis. Role of hyperammonemia and cell types involved. Neurochem Int 2006;48:472-477.
25. Yamagata K, Andreasson KI, Kaufmann WE, Barnes CA, Worley PF. Expression of a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in brain neurons: regulation by synaptic activity and glucocorticoids. Neuron 1993;11:371-386.
26. Schwab JM, Schluesener HJ. Cyclooxygenases and central nervous system inflammation: conceptual neglect of cyclooxygenase 1. Arch Neurol 2003;60:630-632.
27. Kaufmann WE, Andreasson KI, Isakson PC, Worley PF. Cyclooxygenases and the central nervous system. Prostaglandins 1997;54:601-624.
28. Graham SH, Hickey RW. Cyclooxygenases in central nervous system diseases: a special role for cyclooxygenase 2 in neuronal cell death. Arch Neurol 2003;60:628-630.
29. Pepicelli O, Fedele E, Bonanno G, Raiteri M, Ajmone-Cat MA, Greco A, et al. In vivo activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the rat hippocampus increases prosraglandin E(2) extracellular levels and triggers lipid peroxidation through cyclooxygenase-mediated mechanisms. J Neurochem 2002;81:1028-1034.
30. Cuzzocrea S, Salvemini D. Molecular mechanisms involved in the reciprocal regulation of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase enzymes. Kidney Int 2007;71:290-297.
31. Tofteng F, Larsen FS. The effect of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion and extracellular lactate and glutamate concentrations in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004;24:798-804.
32. Abdel-Halim MS, Sjoquist B, Anggard E. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rat brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1978;43:266-272.
33. Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Russell JA, Schein R, Summer WR, Steinberg KP, et al. The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. The Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:912-918.