Depositional dynamics and the record of ecosystem stability: Early Eocene faunal gradients in the Pyrenean foreland, Spain

Palaios

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 268-284

  Dominici, Stefano ^a   Kowalke, Thorsten ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONATE RAMP; DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE; ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EOCENE; FAUNA; FORELAND BASIN; GASTROPOD; MANGROVE; MOLLUSC; PALEOENVIRONMENT; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

ANTHOZOA; CERITHIOIDEA; GASTROPODA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 34548218780     PISSN: 08831351     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2110/palo.2005.p05-022r     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. ALLMON, W.D., 1988, Ecology of Recent turritelline gastropods (Prosobranchia, Turritellidae): Current knowledge and paleontological implications: PALAIOS, v. 3, p. 259-284.
2. ALLMON, W.D., 1996, Systematics and evolution of Cenozoic American Turritellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) I: Paleocene and Eocene Coastal Plain species related to "Turritella mortoni Conrad" and " Turritella humerosa Conrad": Paleontographica Americana, v. 59, p. 1-134.
3. ALONGI, D.M., 1990, The ecology of tropical soft-bottom benthic ecosystems: Oceanographic and Marine Biological Annual Review, v. 28, p. 381-496.
4. ANGELLA S., 1999, Analisi stratigrafico-sedimentologica del Gruppo di Figols all'interno dei bacini di Ager e Tremp (Pirenei centro-meridionali): Unpublished doctoral thesis, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 108 p.
5. ANTHONY, E.J., 2004, Sediment dynamics and morphological stability of estuarine mangrove swamps in Sherbro Bay, West Africa: Marine Geology, v. 208, p. 207-224.
6. BANDEL, K., and KOWALKE, T., 1999, Gastropod fauna of the Cameroonian coasts: Helgoland Marine Research, v. 53, p. 129-140.
7. BEAVINGTON-PENNEY, S.J., 2004, Analysis of the effects of abrasion on the tests of Paleonummulites venosus: Implications for the origin of nummulithoclastic sediments: PALAIOS, v. 19, p. 143-155.
8. BENNINGTON, J.B., and BAMBACH, R.K., 1996, Statistical testing for paleocommunity recurrence: Are similar fossil assemblages ever the same?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 127, p. 107-133.
9. BONUSO, N., NEWTON, C.R., BROWER, J.C., and IVANY, L.C., 2002a, Statistical testing of community patterns: Uppermost Hamilton Group, Middle Devonian: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 185, p. 1-24.
10. BONUSO, N., NEWTON, C.R., BROWER, J.C., and IVANY, L.C., 2002b, Does coordinated stasis yield taxonomic and ecologic stability?: Geology, v. 30, p. 1,055-1,058.
11. BRETT, C.E., 1998, Sequence stratigraphy, paleoecology, and evolution: Biotic clues and responses to sea-level fluctuations: PALAIOS, v. 13, p. 241-262.
12. BRETT, C.E., and BAIRD, G.C., 1995, Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to Middle Devonian faunas in the Appalachian Basin, in Erwin, D.H. and Anstey, R.L., eds., New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record: Columbia University Press, New York, p. 285-315.
13. BRETT, C.E., MILLER, K.B., and BAIRD, G.C., 1990, A temporal hierarchy of paleoecologic processes within a Middle Devonian epeiric sea, in Miller, W., III, ed., Paleocommunity Temporal Dynamics: The Long-Term Development of Multispecies Assemblies: Paleontological Society, Special Publication 5, p. 178-209.
14. BYERS, J.E., 2000, Competition between two estuarine snails: Implications for invasions of exotic species: Ecology, v. 81, p. 1225-1239.
15. CALABRESE, L., 1999, Stratigrafia fisica ed analisi di facies del Gruppo di Figols (Eocene, Pirenei centro-meridionali): Studio delle relazioni tra sistemi carbonatici e silico-clastici: Unpublished doctoral thesis, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 134 p.
16. CALLAWAY, R.M., REINHART, K.O., MOORE, G.W., MOORE, D.J., and PENNINGS, S.C., 2002, Epiphyte host preferences and host traits: Mechanisms for species-specific interactions: Oecologia, v. 132, p. 221-230.
17. CARMINATTI, M., 1992, Stratigrafia fisica e modellizzazione sismica inversa del Gruppo di Figols affiorante tra la Val Isabena e la Val Esera (Eocene inferiore, Pirenei centro-meridionali, Spagna): Unpublished doctoral thesis, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 134 p.
18. CLARKE, J.D.A., BONE, Y., CANN, J.H., DAVIES, M., MACPHAIL, M.K., and WELLS, F., 2001, Post-glacial biota from the inner part of southwest Joseph Bonaparte Gulf: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 48, p. 63-79.
19. CLARKE, K.R., and WARWICK, R.M., 1994, Changes in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation: National Environmental Research Council, Plymouth, UK, 144 p.
20. DAVOLI G., 1996, Facies e stratigrafia fisica ad alta risoluzione dell'Allogruppo di Castigaleu nell'area compresa fra Montllobat e il Rio Noguera Ribagorçana (Eocene Inferiore, Pirenei centro-meridionali, Spagna): Unpublished doctoral thesis, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 112 p.
21. DIMICHELE, W.A., BEHRENSMEYER, A.K., OLSZEWSKI, T.D., LABANDEIRA, C.C., PANDOLFI, J.M., WING, S.L., and BOBE, R., 2004, Long-term stasis in ecological assemblages: Evidence from the fossil record: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, v. 35, p. 285-322.
22. DOMINICI, S., 1994, Paleoecologia e stratigrafia sequenziale dell'Allogruppo di Castigaleu nell'area compresa tra Bacamorta e Val Esera (Eocene Inferiore, Pirenei centro-meridionali, Spagna): Unpublished doctoral thesis, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 94 p.
23. DOMINICI, S., 2001, Taphonomy and paleoecology of shallow marine macrofossil assemblages in a collisional setting (Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene, Western Emilia, Italy): PALAIOS, v. 16, p. 336-353.
24. DOMINICI, S., 2003, Eutrophic vs. oligotrophic conditions as deduced from the distribution of Mollusca and foraminifera in a Lower Eocene succession: Abstracts of the First Austrian Reef Workshop, University of Vienna, p. 8.
25. DOMINICI, S., and ZUSCHIN, M., 2005, Infidelities of fossil assemblages: Lethaia, v. 38, p. 1-3.
26. ELLIS, J., NICHOLLS, P., CRAGGS, R., HOFSTRA, D., and HEWITT, J., 2004, Effects of terrigenous sedimentation on mangrove physiology and associated macro-benthic communities: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 207, p. 71-82.
27. ELLISON, A.M., and FARNSWORTH, E.J., 1999, Simulated sea level change alters anatomy, physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.): Oecologia, v. 112, p. 435-446.
28. ELLISON, A.M., FARNSWORTH, E.J., and MERKT, R. E., 1999, Origins of mangrove ecosystems and the mangrove biodiversity anomaly: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 8, p. 95-115.
29. FELLER, I.C., WHIGHAM, D.F., O'NEILL, J.P., and MCKEE, K.L., 1999, Effects of nutrient enrichment on within-stand cycling in a mangrove forest: Ecology, v. 80, p. 2193-2205.
30. FIGONI, M., 1994, Analisi di facies e stratigrafia sequenziale dell' Allogruppo di Castigaleu (Eocene Inferiore, Pirenei Centro-Meridionali): Unpublished laurea thesis (tesi di laurea), Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 89 p.
31. FONNESU, F., 1984, Estratigrafia fisica y analysis de facies de la sequencia de Figols entre el Rio Noguera Pallaresa y Iscles (Provs. de Lerida y Huesca): unpublished Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 317 p.
32. GAEMERS, P.A.M., 1978, Biostratigraphy, paleoecology and paleogeography of the mainly marine Ager Formation (Late Paleocene-Early Eocene) in the Tremp-Graus basin, south-central Pyrenees, Spain: Leidse Geologische Mededeelingen, v. 51, p. 151-231.
33. GARDINER, L., 2001, Stability of Late Pleistocene reef mollusks from San Salvador Island, Bahamas: PALAIOS, v. 16, p. 372-386.
34. GILINSKY, N.L., and BENNINGTON, J.B., 1994, Estimating numbers of whole individuals from collections of body parts: A taphonomic limitation of the paleontological record: Paleobiology, v. 20, p. 245-258.
35. HALLAM, A., and WIGNALL, P.B., 2001, Mass extinctions and sea-level changes: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 48, p. 217-250.
36. HEALY, J.M., 1993, Transfer of the gastropod family Plesiotrochidae to the Campaniloidea based on sperm ultrastructural evidence: Journal of Molluscan Studies, v. 59, p. 135-146.
37. HEAP, A.D., BRYCE, S., and RYAN, D.A., 2004, Facies evolution of Holocene estuaries and deltas: A large-sample statistical study from Australia: Sedimentary Geology, v. 168, p. 1-17.
38. HOLLAND, S.M., 1995, The stratigraphic distribution of fossils: Paleobiology, v. 21, p. 92-109.
39. HOLLAND, S.M., 1996, Recognizing artifactually generated coordinated Stasis: Implications of numerical models and strategies for field tests: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 127, p. 147-156.
40. HOLLAND, S.M., and PATZKOWSKY, M.E., 2004, Ecosystem structure and stability: Middle Upper Ordovician of Central Kentucky, USA: PALAIOS, v. 19, p. 316-331.
41. HOLTERHOFF, P.F., 1996, Crinoid biofacies in Upper Carboniferous cyclothems, Midcontinent North America: faunal tracking and the role of regional processes in biofacies recurrence: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 127, p. 47-81.
42. HOUBRICK, R.S., 1984, Revision of higher taxa in genus Cerithidea (Mesogastropoda: Potamididae) based on comparative morphology and biological data: American Malacological Bulletin, v. 2, p. 1-20.
43. HOUBRICK, R.S., 1985, Genus Clypeomorus Joussseaume (Cerithiidae: Prosobranchia): Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, v. 403, p. 1-131.
44. HOUBRICK, R.S., 1991, Systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails Terebralia and Telescopium (Potamidiidae; Prosobranchia): Malacologia, v. 33, p. 289-383.
45. IVANY, L.C., 1996, Coordinated stasis or coordinated turnover? Exploring intrinsic vs. extrinsic controls on pattern: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 127, p. 239-256.
46. IVANY, L.C., WILKINSON, B.H., LOHMANN, K.C., JOHNSON, E.R., MCELROY, B.J., and COHEN, G.J., 2004, Intra-annual isotopic variation in Venericardia bivalves: Implications for Eocene temperature, seasonality, and salinity on the U.S. Gulf Coast: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 74, p. 7-19.
47. JABLONSKI, D., and BOTTIER, D.J., 1990, Onshore-offshore trends in marine invertebrate evolution, in Ross, R.M., and Allmon, W.D., eds., Causes of Evolution: A Paleontological Perspective, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 21-75.
48. JACKSON, S.T., and OVERPECK, J.Y., 2000, Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the Late Quaternary: Paleobiology, v. 26, p. 194-220.
49. JACKSON, J.B.C., BUDD, A.F., and PANDOLFI, J.M., 1996, The shifting balance of natural communities?, in Jablonski, D., Erwin, D.H., and Lipps, J.H., eds., Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 89-122.
50. JOHNSON, C.C., SANDERS, D., KAUFFMAN, E.G., and HAY, W.W., 2002, Upper Cretaceous reefal patterns and processes affecting their development and denise, in Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and Golonka, J., eds., Phanerozoic Reef Patterns: Society of Economical Paleontology and Mineralogy, Special Publication 72, p. 549-585.
51. KENKEL, N., and ORLOCI, L., 1996, Applying metric and nonmetric multidimensional scaling to ecological studies: Some new results: Ecology, v. 67, p. 919-928.
52. KIDWELL, S.M., and HOLLAND, S.M., 1991, Field description of coarse bioclastic fabrics: PALAIOS, v. 6, p. 426-434.
53. KIESSLING, W., FLÜGEL, E., and GOLONKA, J., 2003, Patterns of Phanerozoic carbonate platform sedimentation: Lethaia, v. 36, p. 195-226.
54. KÖHLER, F., and GLAUBRECHT, M., 2002, Morphology, reproductive biology and molecular genetics of ovoviviparous freshwater gastropods (Cerithioidea, Pachychilidae) from the Philippines with description of a new genus Jagora: Zoologica Scripta, v. 32, p. 35-59.
55. KOJIMA, S., OTA, N., MORI, K., KUROZUMI, T., and FUROTA, T., 2001, Molecular phylogeny of Japanese gastropods in the genus Batillaria: Journal of Molluscan Studies, v. 67, p. 377-384.
56. KOWALKE, T., 1998, Palaeoecology, protoconch-morphology and systematic position of the genus Pseudamaura P. Fischer, 1885 (Caenogastropoda: Pseudamauridae): Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, v. 10, p. 577-586.
57. KOWALKE, T., 2001, Cerithioidea (Caenogastropoda, Cerithiimorpha) of Eocene Tethyan coastal swamps and their relations to modern mangal communities: Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, v. 76, p. 253-271.
58. KOWALKE, T., 2004, Evolution of the Pachychilidae Troschel, 1857 (Caenogastropoda, Cerithioidea) - from the Tethys to modern tropical rivers: Zitteliana, v. 44, p. 41-50.
59. LEE, S.Y., 1999, Tropical mangrove ecology: Physical and biotic factors influencing ecosystem structure and function: Australian Journal of Ecology, v. 24, p. 355-366.
60. LLOMPART, C., 1977, Paleoecología de la fauna de moluscos ilerdienses en un sector de la vall d'Ager (prov. Lleida): Publicaciones de Geología 7, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 249 p.
61. LORTIE, C.J., BROOKER, R.W., CHOLER, P., KIKVIDZE, Z., MICHALET, R., PUGNAIRE, F., and CALLAWAY, R.M., 2004, Rethinking plant community theory: Oikos, v. 107, p. 433-438.
62. LUTERBACHER, H.P., 1970, Environmental distribution of Early Tertiary microfossils, Tremp Basin, northeastern Spain: Esso Production Research-European Laboratories, Houston, Texas, 47 p.
63. MARTIN, R.E., 2003, The fossil record of biodiversity: Nutrients, productivity, habitat area and differential preservation: Lethaia, v. 36, p. 179-194.
64. MARTINIUS, A.W., and MOLENAAR, N., 1991, A coral-mollusc (Goniarea-Crassatella) dominated hardground community in a siliciclastic-carbonate sandstone (the Lower Eocene Roda Formation, Southern Pyrenees, Spain): PALAIOS, v. 6, p. 142-155.
65. McKINNEY, M.L., and ALLMON, W.D., 1995, Metapopulation and disturbance: from patchy dynamics to biodiversity dynamics, in Erwin, D.H., and Anstey, R.L., eds., New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 123-183.
66. MILLER, A.I., 1997, Coordinated stasis or coincident relative stability?: Paleobiology, v. 23, p. 155-164.
67. MILLER, W., III, 2001, What's in a name? Ecologic entities and the marine paleoecologic record, in Allmon, W.D., and Bottjer, D.J., eds., Evolutionary Paleoecology, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 15-33.
68. MINCHIN, P.R., 1987, An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination: Vegetatio, v. 69, p. 89-107.
69. MITCHUM, R.M., and VAN WAGONER, J.C., 1991, High-frequency sequences and their stacking patterns: Sequence-stratigraphic evidence of high-frequency eustatic cycles: Sedimentary Geology, v. 70, p. 131-160.
70. MOLENAAR, N., and MARTINIUS, A. W., 1996, Fossiliferous intervals and sequence boundaries in shallow marine, fan-deltaic deposits (Early Eocene, Southern Pyrenees, Spain): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 121, p. 147-168.
71. MUMBY, P.J., EDWARDS, A.J., ARIAS-GONZÁLEZ, J.C., LINDEMAN, K.C., BLACKWELL, P.G., GALL, A., GORCYZYNSKA, M.I., HARBORNE, A.R., PESCOD, C.L., RENKEN, H., WABNITZ, C.C.C., and LLEWELLYN, G., 2004, Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean: Nature, v. 427, p. 533-536.
72. MUTTI, E., DAVOLI, G., MORA, S., and SGAVETTI, M., 1994, The eastern sector of the south-central folded Pyrenean foreland: Criteria for stratigraphic analysis and excursion notes: Second High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy Conference, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 83 p.
73. MUTTI, E., DAVOLI, G., TINTERRI, R., and ZAVALA, C., 1996, The importance of ancient fluvio-deltaic systems dominated by catastrophic flooding in tectonically active basins: Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, v. 84, p. 233-291.
74. MUTTI, E., SEGURET, M., and SGAVETTI, M., 1988, Sedimentation and deformation in the Tertiary sequences of the southern-central Pyrenees, Spain: American Association of Petroleum Geology Mediterranean Basin Conference, Field Trip 7, Parma, Italy, 153 p.
75. MUTTI, E., TINTERRI, R., BENEVELLI, G., DI BIASE, D., and CAVANNA, G., 2003, Deltaic, mixed and turbidite sedimentation of ancient foreland basins: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 20, p. 733-755.
76. NUMAN, W., and NIO, S.D., 1975, The Eocene Montañana delta (Tremp-Graus basin), provinces of Lerida and Huesca, southern Pyrenees, Spain: IX International Congress of the International Association of Sedimentology, The Sedimentary Evolution of the Paleogene South-Pyrenean Basin, Field Trip B Guidebook, Nice, p. 1-20.
77. OLSZEWSKI, T.D., and PATZROWSKY, M.E., 2001, Measuring recurrence of marine biotic gradients: A case study from the Pennsylvanian-Permian Midcontinent: PALAIOS, v. 16, p. 444-460.
78. PANDOLFI, J.M., 1996, Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: Constancy during global change: Paleobiology, v. 22, p. 152-176.
79. PEARSON, T.H., and ROSENBERG, R., 1978, Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment: Oceanographic and Marine Biological Annual Review, v. 16, p. 229-311.
80. PICARD, J., 1965, Recherches qualitatives Sur les biocenoses marines des substrats meubles dragables de la région marseillaise: Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, v. 36, p. 1-160.
81. PLAZIAT, J.-C., 1982, Introduction à l'écologie des milieux de transition eau douceeau salée pour l'identification des paléoenvironnements correspondants: Critique de la notion de dornaine margino-littoral: Mémoire Société Géologique de France, v. 144, p. 187-206.
82. PLAZIAT, J.-C., 1984, Le domaine Pyrénéen de la fin du Crétacé à la fin de l'Eocène - Stratigraphie, paléoenvironnements et évolution paléogéographique: unpublished Doctoral thesis, Université Paris-Sud, 1,362 p.
83. PLAZIAT, J.-C., CAVAGNETTO, C., KOENIGUIER, J.-C., and BALTZER, F., 2001, History and biogeography of the mangrove ecosystem, based on a critical reassessment of the paleontological record: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 9, p. 161-179.
84. RAHEL, F., 1990, The hierarchical nature of community persistence: A problem of scale: American Naturalist, v. 136, p. 328-344.
85. ROLLINS, H.B., WEST, R., and BUSCH, R., R.M., 1990, Hierarchical genetic stratigraphy and marine paleoecology, in Miller, W, III, ed., Paleocommunity Temporal Dynamics: The Long-Term Development of Multispecies Assemblies: Paleontological Society, Special Publication 5, p. 273-308.
86. SCARPONI, D., and KOWALEEWSKI, M., 2004, Stratigraphic paleoecology: Bathymetric signature and sequence overprint of mollusk associations from upper Quaternary sequences of the Po Plain, Italy: Geology, v. 32, p. 989-992.
87. SCHAUB, H., 1981, Nummulites et assilines de la Téthys paléogène: Taxonomie, phylogenèse et biostratigraphie: Memoires Suisses de Paléontologie, v. 104-106, p. 1-238.
88. SCHAUB, H., 1992, The Campo section (NE Spain), a Tethyan parastratotype of the Cuisian: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, v. 186, p. 63-70.
89. SEPKOSKI, J.J., JR., 1991, A model of onshore-offshore change in faunal diversity: Paleobiology, v. 17, p. 58-77.
90. SERRA-KIEL, J., HOTTINGER, L., CAUS, E., DROBNE, K., FERRANDEZ, C., JAUHRI, A.K., LESS, G., PAVLOVEC, R., PIGNATTI, J., SAMSO, J.M., SCHAUB, H., SIREL, E., STROUGO, A., TAMBERAU, Y., TOSQUELLA, J., and ZAKREVSKAYA, E., 1998, Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 169, p. 281-299.
91. SGAVETTI, M., 1992, Criteria for stratigraphic correlation using aerial photographs: Examples from the south-central Pyrenees: AAPG Bulletin, v. 76, p. 708-730.
92. SHEFFER, S., ABELSON, A., MOKADY, O., and GEFFEN, E., 2004, Red to Mediterranean Sea bioinvasion: Natural drift through the Suez Canal, or anthropogenic transport?: Molecular Ecology, v. 13, p. 2,333-2,343.
93. STANLEY, S, 1970, Relation of shell form to life habit of the Bivalvia (Mollusca): Geological Society of America Memoir 125, 296 p.
94. STENZEL, H.B., 1970, Oysters, in Moore, R.C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, (N) Mollusca 6: Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, v. 3, p. N953-N1,224.
95. TINTERRI, R., 1999, Sedimentologia e stratigratia dei depositi di barra di foce e lobi di piattaforma della successione eocenica del Bacino di Tremp-Graus nell'area della Val Isabena (Pirenei centro meridionali): Unpublished doctoral thesis, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 92 p.
96. VAIL, P.R., AUDEMARD, F., BOWMAN, S.A., EISNER, P.N., and PEREZ-CRUZ, G. 1991, The stratigraphic signature of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentation, in Einsele, G., Ricken, W., and Seilacher, A., eds., Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 617-659.
97. VALENTINE, J.W., 1973, Evolutionary Paleoecology of the Marine Biosphere, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 511 p.
98. WAEHRY, A., 1999, Facies analysis and physical stratigraphy of the Ilerdian in the Eastern Tremp-Graus Basin (South-Central Pyrenees, Spain): Terre et Environnement, v. 15, 191 p.
99. WHITAKER, R.H., 1975, Communities and Ecosystems: Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 385 p.
100. WILLAN, R, and DREDGE, M, 2004, Molluscs, in National Oceans Office, Description of Key Species Groups in the Northern Planning Area: National Oceans Office, Hobart, Australia, http:// www.oceans.gov.au/pdf/Keyspecies_North/17.pdf. Checked December 2006.
101. WOLANSKI, E., and CHAPELL, J., 1996, The response of tropical Australian estuaries to a sea level rise: Journal of Marine Systems, v. 7, p. 267-279.
102. ZACHOS, J., PAGANI, M., SLOAN, L., THOMAS, L., and BILLUPS, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to Present: Science, v. 292, p. 686-693.
103. ZUSCHIN, M., and OLIVER, P.G., 2003, Bivalve and Bivalve Habitats in the Northern Red Sea: Naturhistorische Museum, Vienna, 304 p.