Effectiveness of standard UV depuration at inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum recovered from spiked Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 73, Issue 16, 2007, Pages 5083-5087

  Sunnotel, O ^a   Snelling, W J ^a   McDonough, N ^b   Browne, L ^b   Moore, J E ^c   Dooley, J S G ^a   Lowery, C J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^c BELFAST CITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HEALTH RISKS; PATHOGENS; QUALITY CONTROL; RISK ASSESSMENT; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

MICROBIAL QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS; PERIODIC MONITORING;

FISH;

BACTERIUM; BIVALVE; CYST; DEPURATION; DISEASE VECTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FECAL COLIFORM; FOOD SAFETY; HEALTH RISK; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUALITY CONTROL; SURVIVAL; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

ARTICLE; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; GASTROENTERITIS; HEALTH PROGRAM; INFECTION RISK; NONHUMAN; OOCYST; OYSTER; QUALITY CONTROL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SALMONELLA; ULTRAVIOLET DEPURATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; WATER POLLUTION; WATER TREATMENT;

ANIMALS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; OOCYSTS; OSTREIDAE; SEAFOOD; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

CRASSOSTREA GIGAS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; OSTREIDAE; SALMONELLA;

EID: 34548215111     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00375-07     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bukhari, Z., M. M. Marshall, D. G. Korich, C. R. Fricker, H. V. Smith, J. Rosen, and J. L. Clancy. 2000. Comparison of Cryptosporidium parvum viability and infectivity assays following ozone treatment of oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2972-2980.
2. Butt, A. A., K. E. Aldridge, and C. V. Sanders. 2004. Infections related to the ingestion of seafood. Part II. Parasitic infections and food safety. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4:294-300.
3. CEFAS (Centre for Environmental, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science). November 2005, posting date. Shellfish news, 20, DEFRA (Department for Environment food and Rural Affairs), page 34-35. http://www.cefas.co.uk/ publications/shellfishnews/shellnews20.pdf.
4. Collins, M. V., G. J. Flick, S. A. Smith, R. Fayer, E. Rubendall, and D. S. Lindsay. 2005. The effects of E-beam irradiation and microwave energy on Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52:484-488.
5. Collins, M. V., G. J. Flick, S. A. Smith, R. Fayer, R. Croonenberghs, S. O'Keefe, and D. S. Lindsay. 2005. The effect of high-pressure processing on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from experimentally exposed eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52:500-504.
6. Craik, S. A., D. Weldon, G. R. Finch, J. R. Bolton, and M. Belosevic. 2001. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation. Water Res. 35:1387-1398.
7. European Communities. 1991. Council Directive 91/492 of 15 July 1991 laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market of live bivalve molluscs. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L268:1-14.
8. Fayer, R., T. K. Graczyk, E. J. Lewis, J. M. Trout, and C. A. Farley. 1998. Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1070-1074.
9. FDA Form 2400a (3/01), Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. 2004. Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, milk laboratory evaluation form. http://www.fda.gov/opacom/ morechoices/fdaforms/FDA-2400a.pdf.
10. Freire-Santos, F., H. Gomez-Couso, M. R. Ortega-Inarrea, J. A. Castro-Hermida, A. M. Oteiza-Lopez, O. Garcia-Martin, and M. E. Ares-Mazas. 2002. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from experimentally contaminated oysters (Ostrea edulis) and clams (Tapes decussatus). Parasitol. Res. 88:130-133.
11. Giangaspero, A., U. Molini, R. Iorio, D. Traversa, B. Paoletti, and C. Giansante. 2005. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater clams (Chamelea-gallina) in Italy. Vet. Med. 69:203-212.
12. Gilbert, R. J., J. de Louvois, T. Donovan, C. Little, K. Nye, C. D. Ribeiro, J. Richards, D. Roberts, and F. J. Bolton. 2000. Guidelines for the microbiological quality of some ready-to-eat foods sampled at the point of sale. PHLS Advisory Committee for Food and Dairy Products. Commun. Dis. Public Health 3:163-167.
13. Gomez-Bautista, M., L. M. Ortega-Mora, E. Tabares, V. Lopez-Rodas, and E. Costas. 2000. Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1866-1870.
14. Gomez-Couso, H., F. Freire-Santos, J. Martinez-Urtaza, O. Garcia-Martin, and M. E. Ares-Mazas. 2003. Contamination of bivalve molluscs by Cryptosporidium oocysts: the need for new quality control standards. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 87:97-105.
15. Gomez-Couso, H., F. Freire-Santos, M. R. Ortega-Inarrea, J. A. Castro-Hermida, and M. E. Ares-Mazas. 2003. Environmental dispersal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and cross transmission in cultured bivalve molluscs. Parasitol. Res. 90:140-142.
16. Gomez-Couso, H., F. Freire-Santos, G. A. Hernandez-Cordova, and M. E. Ares-Mazas. 2005. A histological study of the transit of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through clams (Tapes decussatus). Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 102:57-62.
17. Graczyk, T. K., R. Fayer, E. J. Lewis, C. A. Farley, and J. M. Trout. 1997. In vitro interactions between hemocytes of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791 and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Parasitol. 83:949-952.
18. Graczyk, T. K., and K. J. Schwab. 2000. Foodborne infections vectored by molluscan shellfish. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2:305-309.
19. Graczyk, T. K., A. S. Girouard, L. Tamang, S. P. Nappier, and K. J. Schwab. 2006. Recovery, bioaccumulation, and inactivation of human waterborne pathogens by the Chesapeake Bay nonnative oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:3390-3395.
20. Hijnen, W. A., E. F. Beerendonk, and G. J. Medema. 2006. Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review. Water Res. 40:3-22.
21. Kim, J. H., M. S. Elovitz, U. von Gunten, H. M. Shukairy, and B. J. Marinas. 2007. Modeling Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate in a flow-through ozone contactor treating natural water. Water Res. 41:467-475.
22. Leclercq, A., C. Wanegue, and P. P. Baylac. 2002. Comparison of fecal coliform agar and violet red bile lactose agar for fecal coliform enumeration in foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:1631-1638.
23. Limor, J. R., A. A. Lai, and L. Xiao. 2002. Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium parasites that are pathogenic for humans by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2335-2338.
24. Linden, K. G., G. Shin, G. Faubert, W. Cairns, and M. D. Sobsey. 2002. UV disinfection of Giardia lamblia cysts in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:2519-2522.
25. Lipp, E. K., S. A. Farrah, and J. B. Rose. 2001. Assessment and impact of microbial fecal pollution and human enteric pathogens in a coastal community. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42:286-293.
26. Lowery, C. J., P. Nugent, J. E. Moore, B. C. Millar, X. Xiru, and J. S. Dooley. 2001. PCR-1MS detection and molecular typing of Cryptosporidium parvum recovered from a recreational river source and an associated mussel (Mytilus edulis) bed in Northern Ireland. Epidemiol. Infect. 127:545-553.
27. MacRae, M., C. Hamilton, N. J. Strachan, S. Wright, and I. D. Ogden. 2005. The detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli O157 in UK bivalve shellfish. J. Microbiol. Methods 60:395-401.
28. Millar, B. C., M. Finn, L. H. Xiao, C. J. Lowery, J. S. G. Dooley, and J. E. Moore. 2002. Cryptosporidium in foodstuffs: an emerging aetiological route of human foodborne illness. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 13:168-187.
29. Miller, W. A., E. R. Atwill, I. A. Gardner, M. A. Miller, H. M. Fritz, R. P. Hedrick, A. C. Melli, N. M. Barnes, and P. A. Conrad. 2005. Clams (Corbicula fluminea) as bioindicators of fecal contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in freshwater ecosystems in California. Int. J. Parasitol. 35:673-684.
30. Morita, S., A. Namikoshi, T. Hirata, K. Oguma, H. Katayama, S. Ohgaki, N. Motoyama, and M. Fujiwara. 2002. Efficacy of UV irradiation in inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5387-5393.
31. Nichols, R. A., J. E. Moore, and H. V. Smith. 2006. A rapid method for extracting oocyst DNA from Cryptosporidium-positive human faeces for outbreak investigations. J. Microbiol. Methods 65:512-524.
32. Nydam, D. V., and H. O. Mohammed. 2005. Quantitative risk assessment of Cryptosporidium species infection in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3932-3943.
33. Oppenheimer, J. A., J. G. Jacangelo, J. M. Laine, and J. E. Hoagland. 1997. Testing the equivalency of ultraviolet light and chlorine for disinfection of wastewater to reclamation standards. Water Environ. Res. 69:14-24.
34. Pandak, N., K. Zeljka, and A. Cvikovic. 2006. A family outbreak of cryptosporidiosis: probable nosocomial infection and person-to-person transmission. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 118:485-487.
35. Pouillot, R., P. Beaudeau, J. B. Denis, and F. Derouin. 2004. A quantitative risk assessment of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in France using second-order Monte Carlo simulation. Risk Anal. 24:1-17.
36. Seafish Industry Authority. 1997. Guidelines for the harvesting, handling and distribution of live bivalve molluscs. Seafish Industry Authority. Hull, United Kingdom. http://www.seafish.org/pdf.pl?file=seafish/Documents/ guideline_bivalve_molluscs_facilities.pdf.
37. Smith, H. V., B. M. Campbell, C. A. Paton, and R. A. Nichols. 2002. Significance of enhanced morphological detection of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in water concentrates determined by using 4′,6′- diamidino-2-phenylindole and immunofluorescence microscopy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5198-5201.
38. Sunnotel, O., C. J. Lowery, J. E. Moore, J. S. Dooley, L. Xiao, B. C. Millar, P. J. Rooney, and W. J. Snelling. 2006. Cryptosporidium. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43:7-16.
39. Sunnotel, O., W. J. Snelling, L. Xiao, K. Moule, J. E. Moore, B. Cherie Millar, J. S. G. Dooley, and C. J. Lowery. 2006. Rapid and sensitive detection of single Cryptosporidium oocysts from archived glass slides. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3285-3291.
40. Tamburrini, A., and E. Pozio. 1999. Long-term survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and in experimentally infected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int. J. Parasitol. 29:711-715.
41. Tufenkji, N., D. R. Dixon, R. Considine, and C. J. Drummond. 2006. Multiscale Cryptosporidium/sand interactions in water treatment. Water Res. 40:3315-3331.
42. Wetzel, D. M., J. Schmidt, M. S. Kuhlenschmidt, J. P. Dubey, and L. D. Sibley. 2005. Gliding motility leads to active cellular invasion by Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. Infect. Immun. 73:5379-5387.
43. Xiao, L., L. Escalante, C. Yang, I. Sulaiman, A. A. Escalante, R. J. Montali, R. Fayer, and A. A. Lal. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1578-1583.
44. Xiao, L., A. Singh, J. Limor, T. K. Graczyk, S. Gradus, and A. Lal. 2001. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1097-1101.