Nutrient cycling in warm-climate grasslands

Crop Science

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 915-928

  Dubeux Jr , J C B ^a   Sollenberger, L E ^b   Mathews, B W ^c   Scholberg, J M ^b   Santos, H Q ^d  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DE PERNAMBUCO   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT HILO   (United States)

^d Dep Agronômico Cargill Fertilizantes   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; POACEAE;

EID: 34548180558     PISSN: 0011183X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2006.09.0581     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Ayarza, M.A. 1988. Potassium dynamics in a humid tropical pasture in the Peruvian Amazon. Ph.D. diss. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
2. Bardgett, R.D., and D.A. Wardle. 2003. Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities. Ecology 84:2258-2268.
3. Barrow, N.J. 1969. The accumulation of soil organic matter under pasture and its effects on soil properties. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 9:437-445.
4. Batjes, N.H. 2004. Estimation of soil carbon gains upon improved management within croplands and grasslands of Africa. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 6:133-143.
5. Batjes, N.H., and N.H. Sombroek. 1997. Possibilities for carbon sequestration in tropical and subtropical soils. Glob. Change Biol. 3:161-173.
6. Beck, M.A., and P.A. Sánchez. 1994. Soil phosphorus fraction dynamics during 18 years of cultivation on a Typic Paleudult. Soil Sci. Soc Am. J. 58:1424-1431.
7. Bernoux, M., B.J. Feigl, C.C. Cerri, A.P.A. Geraldes, and S.A.P. Fernandes. 1999. Carbono e nitrogênio em solos de uma cronosseqü ência de floresta tropical: Pastagem de Paragominas. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba) 56:777-783.
8. Blackshaw, J.K., and A.W. Blackshaw. 1994. Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behaviour: A review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 34:285-295.
9. Blair, J.M. 1997. Fire, N availability, and plant response in grasslands: A test of the transient maxima hypothesis. Ecology 78:2359-2368.
10. Blue, W.G. 1988. Response of Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) to fertilizer nitrogen on an Entisol and a Spodosol in north Florida. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. 47:135-139.
11. Boddey, R.M., R. Macedo, R.M. Tarré, E. Ferreira, O.C. de Oliveira, C.P. de Rezende, R.B. Cantarutti, J.M. Pereira, B.J.R. Alves, and S. Urquiaga. 2004. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 103:389-403.
12. Bower, C.A. 1977. Potassium in Hawaiian soils. p. 43-45. In Hawaii Fertilizer Conf., 10th. Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo.
13. Brady, N.C., and R.R. Weil. 2002. The nature and properties of soil. 13th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
14. Braz, S.P., D. Nascimento, Jr., R.B. Cantarutti, C.E. Martins, D.M. Fonseca, and R.A. Barbosa. 2003. Caracterização da distribuição espacial das fezes por bovinos em uma pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Rev. Bras. Zootecnia 32:787-794.
15. Braz, S.P., D. Nascimento, Jr., R.B. Cantarutti, A.J. Regazzi, C.E. Martins, D.M. Fonseca, and R.A. Barbosa. 2002. Aspectos quantitativos do processo de reciclagem de nutrientes pelas fezes de bovinos sob pastejo em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Rev. Bras. Zootecnia 31:858-865.
16. Cadisch, G., K.E. Giller, S. Urquiaga, C.H.B. Miranda, R.M. Boddey, and R.M. Schunke. 1994. Does phosphorus supply enhance soil-N mineralization in Brazilian pastures? Eur. J. Agron. 3:339-345.
17. Cantarutti, R.B. 1996. Dinâmica de nitrogênio em pastagens de Brachiaria humidicola em monocultivo e consorciada com Desmodium ovalifolium cv. Itabela no sul da Bahia. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) D.S. diss. Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
18. Cantarutti, R.B., D. Nascimento, Jr., and O.V. Costa. 2001. Impacto do animal sobre o solo: Compactação e reciclagem de nutrientes. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) CD-ROM. Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia. SBZ, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
19. Cantarutti, R.B., R. Tarré, R. Macedo, G. Cadisch, C.P. de Rezende, J.M. Pereira, J.M. Braga, J.A. Gomide, E. Ferreira, B.J.R. Alves, S. Urquiaga, and R.M. Boddey. 2002. The effect of grazing intensity and the presence of a forage legume on nitrogen dynamics in Brachiaria pastures in the Atlantic forest region of the south of Bahia, Brazil. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 64:257-271.
20. Carreiro, M.M., R.L. Sinsabaugh, D.A. Repert, and D.G. Parkhurst. 2000. Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated nitrogen deposition. Ecology 81:2359-2365.
21. Castilla, C.E. 1992. Carbon dynamics in managed tropical pastures: The effect of stocking rate on soil properties and above-and below-ground carbon inputs. Ph.D. diss. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
22. Castilla, C.E., M.A. Ayarza, and P.A. Sanchez. 1995. Carbon and potassium dynamics in grass/legume grazing systems in the Amazon, p. 191-210. In J. M. Powell (ed.) Livestock and sustainable nutrient cycling in mixed farming systems of subSaharan Africa. Vol. 2. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
23. Dalal, R.C. 1979. Mineralization of carbon and phosphorus from carbon-14 and phosphorus-32 labeled plant material added to soil. Soil Sci. Soc Am. J. 43:913-916.
24. Decaëns, T., P. Lavelle, J.J. Jiminez, G. Escobar, and G. Rippstein. 1994. Impact of land management on soil macrofauna in the Oriental Llanos of Colombia. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 39:157-168.
25. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr. 2005. Management strategies to improve nutrient cycling in grazed Pensacola bahiagrass pastures. Ph.D. diss. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
26. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., H.Q. Santos, and L.E. Sollenberger. 2004. Ciclagem de nutrientes: Perspectivas de aumento da sustentabilidade da pastagem manejada intensivamente. p. 357-400. In C.G.S. Pedreira et al (ed.) Fertilidade do solo para pastagens produtivas. Luiz de Queiroz Agricultural Foundation, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
27. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, R.L. Stewart, Jr., and S.M. Interrante. 2006a. Litter mass, deposition rate, and chemical composition in bahiagrass pastures managed at different intensities. Crop Sci. 46:1299-1304.
28. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, S.M. Interrante, J.M.B. Vendramini, and R.L. Stewart, Jr. 2006b. Litter decomposition and mineralization in bahiagrass pastures managed at different intensities. Crop Sci. 46:1305-1310.
29. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., R.L. Stewart, Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, and S.M. Interrante. 2006c Spatial heterogeneity of herbage response to management intensity in continuously stocked Pensacola bahiagrass pastures. Agron. J. 98:1453-1459.
30. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, N.B. Comerford, J.M. Scholberg, A.C. Ruggieri, J.M.B. Vendramini, S.M. Interrante, and K.M. Portier. 2006d. Management intensity affects density fractions of soil organic matter from grazed bahiagrass swards. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:2705-2711.
31. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., M.A. Lira, M.V.F. Santos, and M.V. Cunha. 2006e. Fluxo de nutrientes em ecossistemas de pastagens: Impactos no ambiente e na produtividade. p. 439-506. In C.G.S. Pedreira et al (ed.) As pastagens e o meio ambiente. Luiz de Queiroz Agricultural Foundation, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
32. Eilitta, M., L.E. Sollenberger, R.C. Littell, and L.W. Harrington. 2003. On-farm experiments with maize-mucuna systems in southeastern Veracruz, Mexico: I. Mucuna biomass and maize grain yield. Exp. Agric. 39:5-17.
33. Feller, C., and M.H. Beare. 1997. Physical control of soil organic matter dynamics in the tropics. Geoderma 79:69-116.
34. Ferreira, E., C.P. Rezende, R.M. Boddey, S. Urquiaga, and B.J.R. Alves. 1997. Decomposição da liteira de diferentes espécies forrageiras avaliadas no campo em diversas condições climáticas. (Arq496; CD-ROM.) 26th Congresso brasileiro de ciência do solo. SBCS, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
35. Fisher, M.J., I.M. Rao, and R.J. Thomas. 1997. Nutrient cycling in tropical pastures, with special reference to the neotropical savannas, p. 371-382. In J.G. Buchanan-Smith et al (ed.) Int. Grassl. Cong., 18th, Winnipeg and Saskatoon, Canada. 8-17 June 1997. Canadian Grassl. Soc., Winnipeg.
36. Fisher, M.J., I.M. Rao, M.A. Ayarza, C.E. Lascano, J.I. Sanz, R.J. Thomas, and R.R. Vera. 1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savannas. Nature 371:236-238.
37. Fog, K. 1988. The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biol. Rev. 63:433-462.
38. Franzluebbers, A.J., and J.A. Stuedemann. 2003. Bermudagrass management in the southern Piedmont USA: III. Particulate and biologically active soil carbon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:132-138.
39. Franzluebbers, A.J., J.A. Stuedemann, and H.H. Schomberg. 2000. Spatial distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen pools under grazed tall fescue. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:635-639.
40. Franzluebbers, A.J., J.A. Stuedemann, and S.R. Wilkinson. 2001. Bermudagrass management in the southern Piedmont USA: I. Soil and surface residue carbon and sulfur. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65:834-841.
41. Franzluebbers, A.J., S.R. Wilkinson, and J.A. Stuedemann. 2004. Bermudagrass management in the Southern Piedmont USA: VIII. Soil pH and nutrient cations. Agron. J. 96:1390-1399.
42. Friesen, D.K., I.M. Rao, R.J. Thomas, A. Oberson, and J.I. Sanz. 1997. Phosphorus acquisition and cycling in crop and pasture systems in low fertility tropical soils. Plant Soil 196:289-294.
43. Garcia-Montiel, D.C., and D. Binkley. 1998. Effect of Eucalyptus saligna and Albizia fakataria on soil processes and nitrogen supply in Hawaii. Oecologia 113:547-556.
44. Gerrish, J.R., J.R. Brown, and P.R. Peterson. 1993. Impact of grazing cattle on distribution of soil mineral. p. 66-70. In American Forage and Grassland Council Proc., Des Moines, IA. 29-31 March 1993. American Forage and Grassland Council, Georgetown, TX.
45. Gijsman, A.J., H.F. Alarcón, and R.J. Thomas. 1997. Root decomposition in tropical grasses and legumes, as affected by soil texture and season. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29:1443-1450.
46. Greenland, D.J. 1994. Soil science and sustainable land management. p. 1-15. In J.K. Sypers and D.L. Rimmer (ed.) Soil science and sustainable land management in the tropics. CAB Int., Wallingford, UK.
47. Guerra, J.G.M., M.C.C. Fonseca, D.L. Almeida, H. Polli, and M.S. Fernandes. 1995. Conteúdo de fósforo da biomassa microbiana de um solo cultivado com Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 30:543-551.
48. Hancock, J. 1950. Grazing behaviour of cattle. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 21:1-13.
49. Hassink, J. 1997. The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant Soil 191:77-87.
50. Hassink, J., A.P. Whitmore, and J. Kubát. 1997. Size and density fractionation of soil organic matter and the physical capacity of soils to protect organic matter. Eur. J. Agron. 7:189-199.
51. Haynes, R.J., and P.H. Williams. 1993. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Adv. Agron. 49:119-199.
52. Henzell, E.F., and P.J. Ross. 1973. The nitrogen cycle of pasture ecosystems. p. 227-246. In G.W. Butler and R.W. Bailey (ed.) Chemistry and biochemistry of herbage. Vol. 2. Academic Press, London.
53. Jarvis, S.C., D. Scholefield, and B. Pain. 1995. Nitrogen cycling in grazing systems. p. 381-419. In P.E. Bacon (ed.) Nitrogen fertilization in the environment. Marcel Dekker, New York.
54. Jobbagy, E.G., and R.B. Jackson. 2000. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol. Appl. 10:423-436.
55. Johnson, M.G. 1995. The role of soil management in sequestering soil carbon. p. 351-363. In R. Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine, and B.A. Stewart (ed.) Soil management and greenhouse effect. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
56. Kanno, T., M.C. Macedo, V.P.B. Euclides, J.A. Bono, J.D.G. Santos, M.C. Rocha, and L.G.R. Beretta. 1999. Root biomass of five tropical grass pastures under continuous grazing in Brazilian savannas. Grassl. Sci. 45:9-14.
57. Kayser, M., and J. Isselstein. 2005. Potassium cycling and losses in grassland systems: A review. Grass Forage Sci. 60:213-224.
58. Lal, R., J. Kimble, E. Levine, and C. Whitman. 1995. Towards improving the global data base on soil carbon. p. 433-436. In R. Lal (ed.) Soils and global change. CRC Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
59. Lima, G.F.C., L.E. Sollenberger, W.E. Kunkle, J.E. Moore, and A.C. Hammond. 1999. Nitrogen fertilization and supplementation effects on performance of beef heifers grazing limpograss. Crop Sci. 39:1853-1858.
60. Lobert, J.M., D.H. Scharffe, W.M. Hao, and P.J. Crutzen. 1990. Importance of biomass burning in the atmospheric budgets of nitrogen-containing gases. Nature 346:552-554.
61. Luo, J., R.W. Tillman, and P.R. Ball. 2000. Nitrogen loss through denitrification in a soil under pasture in New Zealand. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32:497-509.
62. Macoon, B. 1999. Forage and animal responses in pasture-based dairy production systems for lactating cows. Ph.D. diss. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
63. Malhi, S.S., M. Nyborg, J.T. Harapiak, K. Heier, and N.A. Flore. 1997. Increasing organic C and N in soil under bromegrass with long-term N fertilization. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 49:255-260.
64. Marcelino, K.R.A., L. Vilela, G.G. Leite, A.F. Guerra, and J.M.S. Diogo. 2003. Manejo da adubação nitrogenada e de tensões hídricas sobre a produção de matéria seca e índice de área foliar de Tifton 85 cultivado no cerrado. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Rev. Bras. Zootecnia 32:268-275.
65. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
66. Martha, G.B., Jr., L. Vilela, L.G. Bariom, D.M.G. Sousa, and A.O. Barcellos. 2004. Manejo da adubação nitrogenada em pastagens. p. 155-215. In C.G.S. Pedreira, J.C. Moura, and V.P. Faria (ed.) Fertilidade do solo para pastagens produtivas. Luiz de Queiroz Agricultural Foundation, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
67. Mathews, B.W., J.R. Carpenter, L.E. Sollenberger, and K.D. Hisashima. 2001. Macronutrient, soil organic carbon, and earthworm distribution in subtropical pastures on an Andisol with and without long-term fertilization. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:209-230.
68. Mathews, B.W., J.R. Carpenter, L.E. Sollenberger, and S. Tsang. 2005. Phosphorus in Hawaiian kikuyugrass pastures and potential phosphorus release to water. J. Environ. Qual. 34:1214-1223.
69. 4) grasses. Agron. Monogr. 45. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
70. Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, V.D. Nair, and C.R. Staples. 1994a. Impact of grazing management on soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur distribution. J. Environ. Qual. 23:1006-1013.
71. Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, P. Nkedi-Kizza, L.A. Gaston, and H.D. Hornsby. 1994b. Soil sampling procedures for monitoring potassium distribution in grazed pastures. Agron. J. 86:121-126.
72. Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, and J.P. Tritschler, II. 1996. Grazing systems and spatial distribution of nutrients in pastures: Soil considerations. p. 213-229. In R.E. Joost and C.A. Roberts (ed.) Nutrient cycling in forage systems. PPI/FAR, Columbia, MO.
73. Mathews, B.W., J.P. Tritschler, J.R. Carpenter, and L.E. Sollenberger. 1999. Soil macronutrient distribution in rotationally stocked kikuyugrass paddocks with short and long grazing periods. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 30:557-571.
74. McDowell, L.R. 1996. Feeding minerals to cattle on pasture. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 60:247-271.
75. McLaughlin, M.J., and A.M. Alston. 1986. The relative contribution of plant residues and fertilizer to the phosphorus nutrition of wheat in a pasture/cereal system. Aust. J. Soil Res. 24:517-526.
76. McLaughlin, M.J., T.G. Baker, T.R. James, and J.A. Rundle. 1990. Distribution and forms of phosphorus and aluminum in acidic topsoils under pastures in southeastern Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28:371-385.
77. Melo, V.F. 1998. Potássio e magnésio em minerals de solos e relação entre propriedades da caulinita com formas não-trocáveis destes nutrientes. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Ph.D. diss. Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
78. 4) grasses. Agron. Monogr. 45. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
79. Minson, D.J. 1990. Forage in ruminant nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
80. Miyasaka, S.C., and M. Habte. 2001. Plant mechanisms and mycorrhizal symbioses to increase phosphorus uptake efficiency. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:1101-1148.
81. Moore, J.E. 1980. Forage crops. p. 61-91. In C.S. Hoveland (ed.) Crop quality, storage, and utilization. ASA and CSSA, Madison, WI.
82. Müller, M.S., A.L. Fancelli, D. Dourado Neto, A.G. García, and R.F.L. Ovejero. 2002. Produtividade do Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça irrigado, sob pastejo rotacionado. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba) 59:427-433.
83. Myers, R.J.K., C.A. Palm, E. Cuevas, I.U.N. Gunatillike, and M. Brossard. 1994. The synchronisation of nutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand. p. 81-116. In P. L. Woomer and M. J. Swift (ed.) The biological management of tropical soil fertility. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
84. Myers, R.J.K., I. Valhs, W.B. McGill, and E.F. Henzell. 1986. Nitrogen in grass-dominant, unfertilized pasture systems. p. 761-771. Int. Soc. Soil Sci. Cong., 13th. Vol. 6. 13-20 Aug. 1986. Hamburg, Germany.
85. Novais, R.F., and T.J. Smyth. 1999. Fósforo em solo e planta em condições tropicais. Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
86. Oberson, A., D.K. Friesen, H. Tiessen, C. Morel, and W. Stahel. 1999. Phosphorus status and cycling in native savanna and improved pastures on an acid low-P Colombian Oxisol. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 55:77-88.
87. Olander, L.P., and P.M. Vitousek. 2005. Short-term controls over inorganic phosphorus during soil and ecosystem development. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37:651-659.
88. Oliveira, J.R.A., L. Vilela, and M.A. Ayarza. 2000. Adsorção de nitrato em solos de cerrado do distrito federal. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 35:1199-1205.
89. Pakrou, N., and P. Dillon. 2000. Key processes of the nitrogen cycle in an irrigated and a non-irrigated grazed pasture. Plant Soil 224:231-250.
90. Peterson, P.R., and J.R. Gerrish. 1996. Grazing systems and spatial distribution of nutrients in pastures: Livestock management considerations. p. 203-212. In R.E. Joost and C.A. Roberts (ed.) Nutrient cycling in forage systems. PPI/FAR, Columbia, MO.
91. Pulleman, M.M., J. Bouma, E.A. Van Essen, and E.W. Meijles. 2000. Soil organic matter as a function of different land use history. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:689-693.
92. Raison, R.J. 1979. Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: A review. Plant Soil 51:73-108.
93. Rao, I.M. 1998. Root distribution and production in native and introduced pastures in the South America savannas. p. 19-41. In J.E. Box, Jr. (ed.) Root demographics and their efficiencies in sustainable agriculture, grasslands, and ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
94. Rao, I.M., D.K. Friesen, and M. Osaki. 1999. Plant adaptation to phosphorus-limited tropical soils. p. 61-95. In M. Pessarakli (ed.) Handbook of plant and crop stress. 2nd. ed. Marcel Dekker, New York.
95. Resh, S.C., D. Binkley, and J.A. Parrotta. 2002. Greater soil carbon sequestration under nitrogen-fixing trees compared with Eucalyptus species. Ecosystems 5:217-231.
96. Rezende, C.P., R.B. Cantarutti, J.M. Braga, J.A. Gomide, E. Ferreira, R. Tarré, R. Macedo, B.J.R. Alves, S. Urquiaga, G. Cadisch, K.E. Giller, and R.M. Boddey. 1999. Litter deposition and disappearance in Brachiaria pastures in the Atlantic forest region of the South of Bahia, Brazil. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 54:99-112.
97. Robbins, G.B., J.J. Bushell, and G.M. McKeon. 1989. Nitrogen immobilization in decomposing litter contributes to productivity decline in ageing pastures of green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume). J. Agric. Sci. 113:401-406.
98. Robertson, F.A., R.J.K. Myers, and P.G. Saffigna. 1993a. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in cultivated and grassland soils in subtropical Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 31:611-619.
99. Robertson, F.A., R.J.K. Myers, and P.G. Saffigna. 1993b. Distribution of carbon and nitrogen in a long-term cropping system and permanent pasture system. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44:1323-1336.
100. Rotz, C.A., F. Taube, M.P. Russelle, J. Oenema, M.A. Sanderson, and M. Wachendorf 2005. Whole-farm perspectives of nutrient flows in grassland agriculture. Crop Sci. 45:2139-2159.
101. Russelle, M.P. 1992. Nitrogen cycling in pasture and range. J. Prod. Agric 5:13-28.
102. Russelle, M.P. 1996. Nitrogen cycle in pasture systems. p. 125-166. In R.E. Joost and C.A. Roberts (ed.) Nutrient cycling in forage systems. PPI/FAR, Columbia, MO.
103. Ryden, J.C. 1986. Gaseous losses of nitrogen from grassland. p. 59-74. In H.G. Van Der Meer (ed.) Nitrogen fluxes in intensive grassland systems. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
104. Schlesinger, W.H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
105. Scholefield, D., and O. Oenema. 1997. Nutrient cycling within temperate agricultural grasslands. p. 357-370. In J.G. Buchanan-Smith (ed.) Int. Grassl. Cong. Proc., 18th, Winnipeg and Saskatoon, Canada. 8-17 June 1997. Canadian Grassl. Soc., Winnipeg.
106. Schunke, R.M. 1998. Qualidade, decomposição e liberação de nutrientes da "litter" de quatro cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. (In Portuguese, with English abstract.) Ph.D. diss. Rural Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro.
107. Silva, A.P., S. Imhoff, and M. Corsi. 2003. Evaluation of soil compaction in an irrigated short-duration grazing system. Soil Tillage Res. 70:83-90.
108. Silva, J.E., D.V.S. Resck, E.J. Corazza, and L. Vivaldi. 2000. Carbon storage under cultivated pastures in a clayey Oxisol in the cerrado region. (S5 T4; CD-ROM.) 1st Int. Symp.: Aoil Functioning under Pasture in Intertropical Areas. EMBRAPA, IRD, Brazil.
109. Six, J., R.T. Conant, E.A. Paul, and K. Paustian. 2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil 241:155-176.
110. Sollenberger, L.E., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., H.Q. Santos, and B.W. Mathews. 2002. Nutrient cycling in tropical pasture ecosystems. p. 151-179. In A.M.V. Batista et al. (ed.) Reunião Anual da Soc. Bras. Zootecnia. 30 July-2 Aug. 2002. SBZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
111. 4) grasses. Agron. Monogr. 45. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
112. Stevenson, F.J., and M.A. Cole. 1999. Cycles of soil-carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and micronutrients. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
113. Sugimoto, Y., M. Hirata, and M. Ueno. 1987. Energy and matter flows in bahiagrass pasture. V. Excreting behavior of Holstein heifers. J. Jpn. Soc. Grassl. Sci. 33:8-14.
114. Tarre, R., R. Macedo, R.B. Cantarutti, C.P. de Rezende, J.M. Pereira, E. Ferreira, B.J.R. Alves, S. Urquiaga, and R.M. Boddey. 2001. The effect of the presence of a forage legume on nitrogen and carbon levels in soils under Brachiaria pastures in the Atlantic forest region of the south of Bahia, Brazil. Plant Soil 234:15-26.
115. Thomas, R.J. 1992. The role of the legume in the nitrogen cycle of productive and sustainable pastures. Grass Forage Sci. 47:133-142.
116. Thomas, R.J., and N.M. Asakawa. 1993. Decomposition of leaf litter from tropical grasses and legumes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25:1351-1361.
117. Tiessen, H., E.V.S.B. Sampaio, and I.H. Salcedo. 2001. Organic matter turnover and management in low input agriculture of NE Brazil. Plant Soil 61:99-103.
118. Urquiaga, S., G. Cadisch, B.J.R. Alves, R.M. Boddey, and K.E. Giller. 1998. Influence of decomposition of roots of tropical forage species on the availability of soil nitrogen. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:2099-2106.
119. Valadares Filho, S.C., and L.S. Cabral. 2002. Aplicação dos princípios de nutrição de ruminantes em regiões tropicais. p. 514-543. In A.M.V. Batista et al. (ed.) Reunião Anual da Soc. Bras. Zootecnia. 30 July-2 Aug. 2002. SBZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
120. Valk, H., and M.E.J. Hobbelink. 1992. Supplementation of dairy grazing cows to reduce environmental pollution. p. 400-405. General Meeting of the European Grassland Fed., 14th, Lahti, Finland. 8-11 June. European Grassland Federation, Cirencester, UK.
121. 2O and NO emissions from soils in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12:71-79.
122. Vendramini, J.M.B., L.E. Sollenberger, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., S.M. Interrante, R.L. Stewart, Jr., and J.D. Arthington. 2006. Concentrate supplementation effects on forage characteristics and performance of early weaned calves grazing rye-ryegrass pastures. Crop Sci. 46:1595-1600.
123. Vera, R.R. 2001. The future for savanna and tropical grasslands: A Latin American perspective. p. 935-938. In J. A. Gomide et al (ed.) Proc. Int. Grassl. Cong., 19th, São Pedro, Brazil, 10-21 Feb. Brazilian Society of Animal Husbandry, Piracicaba, Brazil.
124. Warren, S.D., M.B. Nevill, W.H. Blackburn, and N.E. Garza. 1986. Soil response to trampling under intensive rotational grazing. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:1336-1341.
125. Wedin, D.A. 1996. Nutrient cycling in grasslands: An ecologist's perspective. p. 29-44. In R.E. Joost and C.A. Roberts (ed.) Nutrient cycling in forage systems. PPI/FAR, Columbia, MO.
126. 4) grasses. Agron. Monogr. 45. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
127. White, S.L., R.E. Sheffield, S.P. Washburn, L.D. King, and J.T. Green, Jr. 2001. Spatial and time distribution of dairy cattle excreta in an intensive pasture systems. J. Environ. Qual. 30:2180-2187.
128. Whitehead, D.C. 1970. The role of nitrogen in grassland productivity. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal, Bucks, UK.
129. Wilkinson, S.R., J.A. Stuedemann, and D.P. Belesky. 1989. Soil potassium distribution in grazed K-31 tall fescue pastures as affected by fertilization and endophytic fungus infection level. Agron. J. 81:508-512.
130. Williams, P.H., P.E.H. Gregg, and M.J. Hedley. 1990. Mass balance modeling of potassium losses from grazed dairy pasture. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 33:661-668.
131. Woodard, K.R., E.C. French, L.A. Sweat, D.A. Graetz, L.E. Sollenberger, B. Macoon, K.M. Portier, S.J. Rymph, B.L. Wade, G.M. Prine, and H.H. Van Horn. 2003. Nitrogen removal and nitrate leaching for two perennial, sod-based forage systems receiving dairy effluent. J. Environ. Qual. 32:996-1007.